Dihydrodaidzein is one of the most prominent dietary phytoestrogens. Dietary phytoestrogens have been implicated in the prevention of chronic diseases (PMID:12270199). Dihydrodaidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders. [PubChem]
A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders. [PubChem]
Cefpodoxime is an oral third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against most Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It is commonly used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug which is absorbed and de-esterified by the intestinal mucosa to Cefpodoxime.
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
3'-Hydroxyhexobarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken Hexobarbital. 3'-Hydroxyhexobarbital is a metabolite of Hexobarbital. 3'-hydroxyhexobarbital belongs to the family of Barbituric Acid Derivatives. These are compounds containing a perhydropyrimidine ring substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups.
Edultin is found in green vegetables. Edultin is a constituent of Angelica edulis
Cholesteryl acetate is a normal human cholesteryl ester present in diverse fluids and organs. Cholesteryl acetate is also present in foods. Food oxidation affects the quality and safety of the human diet by generating compounds with biological activities that can adversely affect health. In particular the susceptibility of cholesterol to oxidation is well known; certain products of cholesterol oxidation have been reported to produce cytotoxic, angiotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Cholesteryl ester (CE) is the major transport and storage form of cholesterol in lipoprotein particles and most cell types. Molecular composition of CE species is of high interest for arteriosclerosis research, i.e., as components of lipoprotein subclasses or in studies investigating the mechanisms involved in the generation of lipid laden foam cells. Thus, it has been shown that CE species in circulating plasma are strongly correlated with development of coronary heart disease. This may be related to specific CE species profiles generated by enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism like lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43, LCAT), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (EC 2.3.1.26, ACAT2) or cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The cholesteryl ester transfer protein has a key role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), mediating the exchange of lipids between lipoproteins, resulting in the net transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to other lipoproteins and in the subsequent uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes. By increasing the cholesteryl ester content of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins, CETP promotes the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins. In addition, high plasma concentrations of CETP are associated with reduced concentrations of HDL cholesterol. (PMID: 10918380, 16458590, 9420339, 3343104, 6721900, 7278520).
L-3-Aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone is found in pulses. L-3-Aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone is a constituent of pea Pisum sativum seedlings
MG(0:0/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
Minocycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant staphylococcus infections. [PubChem]Minocycline passes directly through the lipid bilayer or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Tetracyclines like minocycline bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the binding of tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex and interfering with protein synthesis.
Thiourea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen, with the formula CSN2H4 or (NH2)2CS. It is similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom. The properties of urea and thiourea differ significantly because of the relative electronegativities of sulfur and oxygen. Thiourea is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. "Thioureas" refers to a broad class of compounds with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=S. Thioureas are related to thioamides, e.g. RC(S)NR2, where R is methyl, ethyl, etc. Thiourea is prohibited from use in food. Industrial uses of thiourea include production of flame retardant resins, and vulcanization accelerators. Thiourea is used as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper (light-sensitive photocopy paper) and almost all other types of copy paper. It is also used to tone silver-gelatin photographic prints. The liquid silver cleaning product TarnX is essentially a solution of thiourea. A leaching agent for gold leaching and silver leaching can be created by selectively oxidizing thiourea, bypassing the steps of cyanide use and smelting. Another common application for use of thiourea is a common sulfur source for making semiconductor cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Thiourea is a planar molecule. The C=S bond distance is 1.60±0.1 for a wide range of derivatives. This narrow range indicates that the C=S bond is insensitive to the nature of the substitutent. Thus, the thioamide, which is similar to an amide group, is difficult to perturb. Thiourea reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols. The intermediate of the reaction is an unstable epidioxide which can only be identified at -100 &deg;C. Epidioxide is similar to epoxide except with two oxygen atoms. This intermediate reduces to diol by thiourea
Thiourea is an organic compound of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen, with the formula CSN2H4 or (NH2)2CS. It is similar to urea, except that the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom. The properties of urea and thiourea differ significantly because of the relative electronegativities of sulfur and oxygen. Thiourea is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. "Thioureas" refers to a broad class of compounds with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=S. Thioureas are related to thioamides, e.g. RC(S)NR2, where R is methyl, ethyl, etc. Thiourea is prohibited from use in food. Industrial uses of thiourea include production of flame retardant resins, and vulcanization accelerators. Thiourea is used as an auxiliary agent in diazo paper (light-sensitive photocopy paper) and almost all other types of copy paper. It is also used to tone silver-gelatin photographic prints. The liquid silver cleaning product TarnX is essentially a solution of thiourea. A leaching agent for gold leaching and silver leaching can be created by selectively oxidizing thiourea, bypassing the steps of cyanide use and smelting. Another common application for use of thiourea is a common sulfur source for making semiconductor cadmium sulfide nanoparticle. Thiourea is a planar molecule. The C=S bond distance is 1.60±0.1 for a wide range of derivatives. This narrow range indicates that the C=S bond is insensitive to the nature of the substitutent. Thus, the thioamide, which is similar to an amide group, is difficult to perturb. Thiourea reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols. The intermediate of the reaction is an unstable epidioxide which can only be identified at -100 &deg;C. Epidioxide is similar to epoxide except with two oxygen atoms. This intermediate reduces to diol by thiourea
Grewinol is found in fruits. Grewinol is a constituent of the flowers of Grewia asiatica (phalsa)
Bupranolol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-selective beta blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), but with strong membrane stabilizing activity. Its potency is similar to 'propranolol':http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00571. Bupranolol competes with sympathomimetic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart, inhibiting sympathetic stimulation. This results in a reduction in resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension.
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin. It is also classified as a stilbenoid, a derivate of stilbene, and is produced in plants with the help of the enzyme stilbene synthase. The levels of resveratrol found in food vary greatly. Red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L depending on the grape variety, while white wine has much less. The reason for this difference is that red wine is fermented with grape skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol, whereas white wine is fermented after the skin has been removed. Resveratrol is also sold as a nutritional supplement. A number of beneficial health effects, such as anti-cancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and life-prolonging effects have been reported for resveratrol. The fact that resveratrol is found in the skin of red grapes and as a constituent of red wine may explain the "French paradox". This paradox is based on the observation that the incidence of coronary heart disease is relatively low in southern France despite high dietary intake of saturated fats. Resveratrol is thought to achieve these cardioprotective effects by a number of different routes: (1) inhibition of vascular cell adhesion molecule expression; (2) inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; (3) stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity; (4) inhibition of platelet aggregation; and (5) inhibition of LDL peroxidation (PMID: 17875315, 14676260, 9678525). Resveratrol is a biomarker for the consumption of grapes and raisins.
7,8-dihydrofolate is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7,8-dihydrofolate can be found in a number of food items such as pineapple, common verbena, pear, and citrus, which makes 7,8-dihydrofolate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Vesnarinone (INN) is a cardiotonic agent. A mixed phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor and ion-channel modifier that has modest, dose-dependent, positive inotropic activity, but minimal negative chronotropic activity. Vesnarinone improves ventricular performance most in patients with the worst degree of heart failure.
The hypochlorite ion is ClO-. A hypochlorite compound is a chemical compound containing this group. Hypochlorite is a strong oxidant. About 28% of oxygen consumed by phagocytes upon activation participates in its generation. Hypochlorite reacts with H2O2 producing singlet oxygen (1O2) - a strong initiator of Lipid peroxidation. O-sub 2, along with H2O2 can serve as the substrate for myeloperoxidase. When this takes place, Hypochlorite is formed. Hypochlorite is able to modify antioxidants incorporated into lipoproteins such as Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene, lycopene, and ubiquinol-10. It is also able to modify a number of proteins which possess antioxidant functions such as ceruloplasmin, transferrin, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Active myeloperoxidase is found at sites of atherosclerotic damage to the arterial vessel wall in humans. Lipid peroxidation is known to contribute to the development of pathological processes, among them atherosclerosis. The present hypothesis is that blood lipoproteins modified by Lipid peroxidation play a key role in the pathogenesis of this disease. One of the possible reasons for the appearance of oxidized blood lipoproteins in blood is the interaction of native blood lipoproteins with the reactive oxygen species generated by stimulated neutrophils, monocytes and other cells. The main reaction of Hypochlorite with unsaturated lipid is probably the generation of chlorohydrins. However, this reaction is not accompanied by generation of free radicals and Lipid peroxidation. This reaction is accompanied by the production of free radicals (but not singlet oxygen), probably alkoxyl radicals, which may play a role in the initiation of Hypochlorite-induced Lipid peroxidation. (PMID: 9260000, Biofactors. 1997;6(2):181-90.).
Dihydrolipoic acid is an organic compound that is the reduced form of lipoic acid. This carboxylic acid features a pair of thiol groups. It is optically active but only the R-enantiomer is biochemically significant. The lipoic acid/dihydrolipoic acid pair participate in a variety of biochemical transformations.( from Wiki). Inside the cell, alpha lipoic acid is readily reduced or broken down to dihydrolipoic acid. Dihydrolipoic acid is even more potent than alpha lipoic acid, neutralizing free radicals, preventing them from causing harm. It directly destroys damaging superoxide radicals, hydroperoxy radicals and hydroxyl radicals. It has been shown in vitro that dihydrolipoate (DL-6,8-dithioloctanoic acid) has antioxidant activity against microsomal lipid peroxidation.Dihydrolipoate is tested for its neuroprotective activity using models of hypoxic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in vitro and rodent models of cerebral ischemia in vivo. Dihydrolipoate, similarly to dimethylthiourea, is able to protect neurons against ischemic damage by diminishing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the cerebral tissue.(PMID: 1345759).
L-L-Homoglutathione is found in pulses. L-L-Homoglutathione occurs in seeds of various legume
Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. The peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) is a reactive species produced in the reaction between the superoxide anion (O2*-) and nitric oxide (*NO). Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is a strong oxidation and nitration agent, which damages DNA, proteins and other cellular structures. ONOO- is involved in several pathological conditions such as inflammation, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. ONOO- inhibits different steps of blood platelet activation and causes the depletion of platelet thiols. (PMID 15647782).
Bumetanide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfamyl diuretic.Bumetanide interferes with renal cAMP and/or inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Bumetanide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water and, hence, diuresis.
Tetrahydrobiopterin (CAS: 17528-72-2), also known as BH4, is an essential cofactor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (PMID: 16946131). In fact, it is used by all three human nitric-oxide synthases (NOS) eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS as well as the enzyme glyceryl-ether monooxygenase. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine into tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine into L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and the conversion of tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase. Specifically, tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor for tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and phenylalanine hydroxylase, all of which are essential for the formation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. Tetrahydrobiopterin has been proposed to be involved in the promotion of neurotransmitter release in the brain and the regulation of human melanogenesis. A defect in BH4 production and/or a defect in the enzyme dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) causes phenylketonuria type IV, as well as dopa-responsive dystonias. BH4 is also implicated in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and depression. Tetrahydrobiopterin is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher animals. On the other hand, most bacteria, fungi and plants do not synthesize tetrahydrobiopterin (Wikipedia).
Methylcitric acid (MCA) is elevated in body fluids of patients with propionic acidaemia (PA; OMIM 232000, 232050), methylmalonic aciduria (MMA; OMIM 251000, 251120) and multiple carboxylase deficiency (OMIM 253260, 253270), which are inherited disorders. MCA is formed by condensation of accumulated propionyl- CoA and oxalacetate by the enzyme si-citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). MCA molecule has two stereogenic centers so that it can occur in the form of four stereoisomers. Only two stereoisomers of MCA, (2S, 3S) and (2R, 3S), were found in human urine (PMID: 17295121).
Methyl-[10]-shogaol is found in ginger. Methyl-[10]-shogaol is isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) [DFC] (Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Diphenylpyraline is an antihistamine. Antihistamines used in the treatment of allergy act by competing with histamine for H 1-receptor sites on effector cells. Antihistamines prevent, but do not reverse, responses mediated by histamine alone. Antihistamines antagonize, in varying degrees, most of the pharmacological effects of histamine, including urticaria and pruritus.
13-cis-Retinoic acid is a topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects (PubChem). 13-cis-Retinoic acid is also a naturally occurring retinoid that is present in the circulation. Although 13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin) does not have the potent gene regulatory activity of other isomers, it is an effective pharmacologic agent for treating a variety of dermatologic conditions (PMID:11606944). The steric conversion of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) to all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) has been proposed as an activation mechanism for the observed therapeutic and teratogenic activities of 13-cRA (PMID:9806904). 13-cis Retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoid acid receptors (PMID:10951254).
2-Ketobutyric acid, also known as alpha-ketobutyrate or 2-oxobutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain keto acids and derivatives. These are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. 2-Ketobutyric acid is a substance that is involved in the metabolism of many amino acids (glycine, methionine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine) as well as propanoate metabolism and C-5 branched dibasic acid metabolism. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine. It can be converted into propionyl-CoA (and subsequently methylmalonyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA, a citric acid cycle intermediate), and thus enter the citric acid cycle. More specifically, 2-ketobutyric acid is a product of the lysis of cystathionine.
Vicine is found in bitter gourd. Vicine is isolated from Vicia faba and other legumes.
Indapamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzamide-sulfonamide-indole. It is called a thiazide-like diuretic but structure is different enough (lacking the thiazo-ring) so it is not clear that the mechanism is comparable. [PubChem]Indapamide blocks the slow component of delayed rectifier potassium current (IKs) without altering the rapid component (IKr) or the inward rectifier current. Specifically it blocks or antagonizes the action the proteins KCNQ1 and KCNE1. Indapamide is also thought to stimulate the synthesis of the vasodilatory hypotensive prostaglandin PGE2.
Fomepizole is used as an antidote in confirmed or suspected methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the initial steps in the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol to their toxic metabolites.
Morphiceptin is a peptide isolated from beta-casein.
Flucytosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. [PubChem]Although the exact mode of action is unknown, it has been proposed that flucytosine acts directly on fungal organisms by competitive inhibition of purine and pyrimidine uptake and indirectly by intracellular metabolism to 5-fluorouracil. Flucytosine enters the fungal cell via cytosine permease; thus, flucytosine is metabolized to 5-fluorouracil within fungal organisms. The 5-fluorouracil is extensively incorporated into fungal RNA and inhibits synthesis of both DNA and RNA. The result is unbalanced growth and death of the fungal organism. It also appears to be an inhibitor of fungal thymidylate synthase.
Econazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a broad spectrum antimycotic with some action against Gram positive bacteria. It is used topically in dermatomycoses also orally and parenterally. [PubChem]Econazole interacts with 14-alpha demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme necessary to convert lanosterol to ergosterol. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Econazole may also inhibit endogenous respiration, interact with membrane phospholipids, inhibit the transformation of yeasts to mycelial forms, inhibit purine uptake, and impair triglyceride and/or phospholipid biosynthesis.
Dichlorvos is used as a household and public health fumigant, for crop protection and as an anthelmintic in animal feeds.Dichlorvos or 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) is a highly volatile organophosphate, widely used as a insecticide to control household pests, in public health, and protecting stored product from insects. It is effective against mushroom flies, aphids, spider mites, caterpillars, thrips, and whiteflies in greenhouse, outdoor fruit, and vegetable crops. (Wikipedia
Carboxyglutamic acid (or the conjugate base, carboxyglutamate), is an uncommon amino acid introduced into proteins by a post-translational carboxylation of glutamic acid residues. This modification is found, for example, in clotting factors and other proteins of the coagulation cascade. This modification introduces an affinity for calcium ions. In the blood coagulation cascade, Vitamin K is required to introduce gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X and protein Z.
A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of haloperidol. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
Alginic acid, also referred to as algin or alginate, is a hydrophilic, anionic polysaccharide that occurs naturally in brown seaweeds (Laminaria sp., Macrocystis sp., Lessonia sp., and others). It is normally present on the cell walls and in the intracellular spaces of these seaweeds (PMID: 30000910). Alginate forms a viscous gel when mixed with water. It is mainly used as a thickener and stabilizer in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It has a unique ability to absorb and conform to small details making it ideal for creating dental impressions, hands, feet or other small-scale items. Alginate is also used as a thickening agent for soups, ice-cream, cosmetics, jellies, drinks and pharmaceutical preparations, including Gaviscon, which is used to inhibit acid reflux (PMID: 2258131, 231639, 4738939, 6483217, 13224336). Alginate is also used as a pharmaceutical ingredient to treat a variety of health conditions including diabetes, cholesterol, obesity, and digestive tract problems (PMID: 27738945, 6355904, 22054948). Its principal function in biomedical applications is as a hydrogel to treat wound healing and in tissue engineering (PMID: 23020277, 1724711, 31841826, 391598, 19235799, 30959985).
Propylene glycol alginate is a stabiliser, emulsifier, thickener, formulation aid, surface active agent and flavouring adjunct or adjuvant for foodstuffs Propylene glycol alginate (PGA) is an emulsifier, stabilizer, and thickener used in food products. It is a food additive with E number E405. Chemically, propylene glycol alginate is an ester of alginic acid, which is derived from kelp. Some of the carboxyl groups are esterified with propylene glycol, some are neutralized with an appropriate alkali, and some remain free.
Methoxyl, also known as ch3-o(.) or methyloxy, is a member of the class of compounds known as organooxygen compounds. Organooxygen compounds are organic compounds containing a bond between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Methoxyl can be found in coconut and tamarind, which makes methoxyl a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. A methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula O‚ÄìCH3. On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent as an electron-donating group .
Nutrient supplement. Iron(III) chloride is a mild oxidising agent, for example capable of oxidising copper(I) chloride to copper(II) chloride. Reducing agents such as hydrazine convert iron(III) chloride to complexes of iron(II).; Iron(III) chloride is a moderately strong Lewis acid, forming adducts with Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine oxide, e.g. FeCl3(OPPh3)2 where Ph = phenyl.; Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl3. The colour of iron(III) chloride crystals depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is deliquescent, forming hydrated hydrogen chloride mists in moist air. It is rarely observed in its natural form, mineral molysite, known mainly from some fumaroles.; The ferric chloride test is a traditional colorimetric test for phenols, which uses a 1% iron(III) chloride solution that has been neutralised with sodium hydroxide until a slight precipitate of FeO(OH) is formed. The mixture is filtered before use. The organic substance is dissolved in water, methanol or ethanol, then the neutralised iron(III) chloride solution is added?a transient or permanent coloration (usually purple, green or blue) indicates the presence of a phenol or enol.; When dissolved in water, iron(III) chloride undergoes hydrolysis and gives off heat in an exothermic reaction. The resulting brown, acidic, and corrosive solution is used as a coagulant in sewage treatment and drinking water production, and as an etchant for copper-based metals in printed circuit boards. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is a fairly strong Lewis acid, and it is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
Amlodipine is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Simon Campbell; A long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. Amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Amlodipine is marketed as Norvasc in North America and as Istin in the United Kingdom as well as under various other names. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; Amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Amlodipine is marketed as Norvasc in North America and as Istin in the United Kingdom as well as under various other names. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Simon Campbell.
N2-Fructopyranosylarginine is found in tea. N2-Fructopyranosylarginine is a constituent of Korean red ginseng.
Pefloxacin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of pefloxacin results from interference with the activity of the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are needed for the transcription and replication of bacterial DNA. DNA gyrase appears to be the primary quinolone target for gram-negative bacteria. Topoisomerase IV appears to be the preferential target in gram-positive organisms. Interference with these two topoisomerases results in strand breakage of the bacterial chromosome, supercoiling, and resealing. As a result DNA replication and transcription is inhibited.
1-(s-glutathionyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzene, also known as Dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione or GS-DNP, is classified as a member of the Oligopeptides. Oligopeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of between three and ten alpha-amino acids joined by peptide bonds. 1-(s-glutathionyl)-2,4-dinitrobenzene is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
3-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one is a fungicide used against moulds on fresh and dried fruit. Now superseded.
5b-Cholestane-3a,7a,12a,23S,25-pentol is a bile alcohol found in the urine of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. (PMID 3700361).
3,5-Diiodothyronine, also known as 3,5-T2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanines and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. It is also a member of the class of compounds known as iodothyronines. Iodothyronines are phenolic amino acids with iodine substituents. 3,5-Diiodothyronine is a metabolite of the two main thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodo-L-thyronine). It is a biologically active iodothyronine with mitochondria and bioenergetic mechanisms being the major targets of 3,5-T2. Nanomolar concentrations of 3,5-T2 significantly increases cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity (PMID: 30090086). It increases COX activity by preventing the interaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an allosteric inhibitor. At 1 pM concentration, 3,5-T2 stimulates oxygen consumption more rapidly than thyroxine (T3). A case report involving two human participants revealed that administration of 3,5-T2 to humans (1‚Äì5 ug/kg BW) rapidly (after 4‚Äì6 h) increased resting metabolic rate. Chronic 3,5-T2 administration (28 days, approximately 5 ug/kg BW) increased resting metabolic rate by approximately 15% and decreased body weight by approximately 4 kg in both participants (PMID: 22217997). 3,5-T2 stimulates the thyroid receptor (TR)-beta receptor for thyroid hormones and thus increases energy expenditure. It has agonistic (thyromimetic) effects on myocardial tissue and on the pituitary, which results in 3,5-T2 suppressing thyroid stimulating hormone release.
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143).
Phenprocoumon is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant. [PubChem]Phenprocoumon inhibits vitamin K reductase, resulting in depletion of the reduced form of vitamin K (vitamin KH2). As vitamin K is a cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamate residues on the N-terminal regions of vitamin K-dependent proteins, this limits the gamma-carboxylation and subsequent activation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins. The synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and anticoagulant proteins C and S is inhibited. Depression of three of the four vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors (factors II, VII, and X) results in decreased prothrombin levels and a decrease in the amount of thrombin generated and bound to fibrin. This reduces the thrombogenicity of clots.
4,5-seco-dopa is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. 4,5-seco-dopa is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4,5-seco-dopa can be found in a number of food items such as safflower, yautia, pitanga, and anise, which makes 4,5-seco-dopa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Amlodipine is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Simon Campbell; A long acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. Amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Amlodipine is marketed as Norvasc in North America and as Istin in the United Kingdom as well as under various other names. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; Amlodipine (as besylate, mesylate or maleate) is a long-acting calcium channel blocker used as an anti-hypertensive and in the treatment of angina. Amlodipine is marketed as Norvasc in North America and as Istin in the United Kingdom as well as under various other names. As other calcium channel blockers, amlodipine acts by relaxing the smooth muscle in the arterial wall, decreasing peripheral resistance and hence improving blood pressure; in angina it improves blood flow to the myocardium. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Simon Campbell.
Asparaginyl-Phenylalanine is a dipeptide composed of asparagine and phenylalanine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes.
Zanthodioline is found in fruits. Zanthodioline is an alkaloid from the bark of Zanthoxylum simulans (Szechuan pepper
Ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate is found in fats and oils. Ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate is a major constituent of oil of Kaempferia galanga (galangal
Naringenin-7-O-glucuronide is an orange/orange juice metabolite in urine.
5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity.
3,17-Androstanediol glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of 3,17-Androstanediol generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
S-6-Hydroxywarfarin is only found in individuals that have used or taken Warfarin. S-6-Hydroxywarfarin is a metabolite of Warfarin. S-6-hydroxywarfarin belongs to the family of Chromones. These are compounds containing a benzopyran-4-one moiety.
N-methylrosmaricine is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-methylrosmaricine can be found in rosemary, which makes N-methylrosmaricine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain. It was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists in 1979. Kyotorphin was named for the site of its discovery, Kyoto, Japan and because of its morphine- (or endorphin-) like analgesic activity. Kyotorphin has an analgesic effect, but it does not interact with the opioid receptors. Instead, it acts by releasing an Met-enkephalin and stabilizing it from degradation. It may also possess properties of neuromediator/neuromodulator. It has been shown that kyotorphin is present in the human cerebrospinal fluid and that it is lower in patients with persistent pain.
(25S)-26-Hydroxy-24-methylenecycloartan-3-one is found in fruits. (25S)-26-Hydroxy-24-methylenecycloartan-3-one is a constituent of Mangifera indica (mango)
(3a,5b,7a)-23-carboxy-7-hydroxy-24-norcholan-3-yl-b-D-Glucopyranosiduronic acid is a natural human metabolite of Chenodeoxycholic acid generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
Cysteinylglycine is a naturally occurring dipeptide composed of cysteine and glycine. It is derived from the breakdown of glutathione (a tripeptide). In plasma, cysteinylglycine is in a reduced, oxidized, and protein-bound form (aminothiol) and interacts via redox and disulphide exchange reactions in a dynamic system referred to as redox thiol status (PMID: 8642471). Spermatozoa of sub-fertile men contain significantly higher thiol concentrations as compared with those of fertile men. The detrimental effect on embryo quality of a high homocysteine (Hcy) concentration in the ejaculate and in the follicular fluid is intriguing and may suggest that Hcy is inversely associated with fertility outcome (PMID: 16556671). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease which involves the synovial membrane of multiple diarthroidal joints causing damage to cartilage and bones. The damage process seems to be related to an overproduction of oxygen reactive species inducing an oxidative perturbation with an increase in some oxidized forms (disulfides and protein mixed disulfides) and a decrease in free thiols (PMID: 15895891). Imipenem (thienamycin formamidine) is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic, always used in combination with cilastatin in order to avoid the premature breakdown of imipenem by renal tubular dipeptidase. As this dipeptidase also hydrolyzes the glutathione metabolite cysteinylglycine, the therapeutic association of imipenem and cilastatin causes plasma levels of cysteinylglycine to increase significantly, while cysteine levels are decreased and homocysteine levels are unaffected. Therefore, antibiotic treatment using imipenem-cilastatin induces important metabolic changes that should not remain unrecognized (PMID: 15843241).
Ercalcitriol is the active circulating metabolite of vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is modified by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D *-hydroxylase in the kidney to form the active metabolite, ercalcitriol, which is then metabolized by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase, CYP24A1, EC 1.14.13.13). The binding of ercalcitriol or their analogs to Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, activates VDR to interact with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and forms the VDR/RXR/cofactor complex, which binds to Vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes to regulate gene transcription. The kidney is the major site of 25-hydroxyvitamin D*-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, EC 1.14.13.13), which is responsible for the activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Of all the steroid hormones, ercalcitriol represents the most difficult challenge to the analytical biochemist with respect to quantization. Ercalcitriol circulates at pmol concentrations, is highly lipophilic and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, circulates at nmol levels. (PMID: 16242929, 17867378, 17197173).
[6]-Gingerdiol 3,5-diacetate is found in ginger. [6]-Gingerdiol 3,5-diacetate is a constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes.
Acenocoumarol is a coumarin derivative used as an anticoagulant. Coumarin derivatives inhibit the reduction of vitamin K by vitamin K reductase. This prevents carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, II, VII, XI and X, and interferes with coagulation. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, international normalized ratio and liver panel should be monitored. Patients on acenocoumarol are prohibited from giving blood.
Asparaginylglutamic acid is a dipeptide composed of asparagine and glutamic acid. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Ercalcitriol is the active circulating metabolite of vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is modified by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D *-hydroxylase in the kidney to form the active metabolite, ercalcitriol, which is then metabolized by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase, CYP24A1, EC 1.14.13.13). The binding of ercalcitriol or their analogs to Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, activates VDR to interact with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and forms the VDR/RXR/cofactor complex, which binds to Vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes to regulate gene transcription. The kidney is the major site of 25-hydroxyvitamin D*-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, EC 1.14.13.13), which is responsible for the activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Of all the steroid hormones, ercalcitriol represents the most difficult challenge to the analytical biochemist with respect to quantization. Ercalcitriol circulates at pmol concentrations, is highly lipophilic and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, circulates at nmol levels. (PMID: 16242929, 17867378, 17197173).
N-2-[4-(3,3-Dimethylallyloxy)phenyl]ethylcinnamide is found in fruits. N-2-[4-(3,3-Dimethylallyloxy)phenyl]ethylcinnamide is an alkaloid from the leaves of Aegle marmelos (bael fruit
Vinylacetylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:. acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Vinylacetylglycine is a human metabolite that had been identified in a GC/MS urine screen. Increased amounts of this metabolite in the urine has been linked to a metabolomic disorder termed Isovaleric acidemia. (Gas-Chromatographic Method of Analysis for Urinary Organic Acids. I. Retention indices of 155 metaboically Important Compounds; Kay Tanaka, David G. Hine, Agnes West-Dull, and Theodore B. Lynn.).
2-Oxoadipic acid is produced from lysine in the cytosol of cells via the saccharopine and the pipecolic acid pathways. Catabolites of hydroxylysine and tryptophan enter these pathways as 2-aminoadipic- -semialdehyde and 2-oxoadipate, respectively. In the matrix of mitochondria, 2-oxoadipate is decarboxylated to glutaryl-CoA by the 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex and then converted to acetyl-CoA. 2-Oxoadipic aciduria is an in-born error of metabolism of lysine, tryptophan, and hydroxylysine, in which abnormal quantities of 2-aminoadipic acid are found in body fluids along with 2-oxoadipic acid. Patients with 2-Oxoadipic acidemias are mentally retarded with hypotonia or seizures. 2-Oxoadipic aciduria can occur in patients with Kearns-Sayre Syndrome, a progressive disorder with onset prior to 20 years of age in which multiple organ systems are affected, including progressive external ophthalmoplegia, retinopathy, and the age of onset, and these are associated classically with abnormalities in cardiac conduction, cerebellar signs, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein (PMID: 10655159, 16183823, 11083877). Oxoadipic acid is found to be associated with alpha-aminoadipic aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
D-4-O-Methyl-myo-inositol is found in common pea. D-4-O-Methyl-myo-inositol is isolated from Vigna catjang and Medicago sativa (alfalfa
Prupaside is found in fruits. Prupaside is isolated from Prunus padus (bird cherry).
Phenylalanyltyrosine is a dipeptide composed of phenylalanine and tyrosine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Phenylalanylphenylalanine (Phe-Phe) is a peptide made of two phenylalanine molecules. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and the precursor for the amino acid tyrosine. Like tyrosine, it is the precursor of catecholamines in the body (tyramine, dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine). The psychotropic drugs (mescaline, morphine, codeine, and papaverine) also have phenylalanine as a constituent. Phenylalanine is a precursor of the neurotransmitters called catecholamines, which are adrenalin-like substances. Phenylalanine is highly concentrated in the human brain and plasma. The Phe-Phe recognition motif of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta peptide is the smallest peptide able to assemble into higher-order structures (PMID: 17172307).
3-Hydroxycapric acid (CAS: 14292-26-3) is a normally occurring carboxylic acid in human blood plasma. Medium- and long-chain 3-hydroxymonocarboxylic acids represent intermediates in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. They accumulate in the plasma of patients with an inherited deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) (PMID: 1912723). 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) deficiency has been described in diverse clinical cases: juvenile-onset recurrent myoglobinuria, hypoketotic hypoglycemic encephalopathy, hypertrophic/dilatative cardiomyopathy, sudden infant death, and fulminant hepatic failure (OMIM: 231530). 3-Hydroxycapric acid has some shape-transforming action on the membrane of intact human erythrocytes (PMID: 7318031).
1,3-Dimethyluracil is a methyl derivative of uric acid, found occasionally in human urine. 1,3-Dimethyluracil is one of the purine component in urinary calculi. Methylated purines originate from the metabolism of methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline and theobromine). Methyluric acids are indistinguishable from uric acid by simple methods routinely used in clinical laboratories, requiring the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Purine derivatives in urinary calculi could be considered markers of abnormal purine metabolism. The content of a purine derivative in stone depends on its average urinary excretion in the general population, similarity to the chemical structure of uric acid, and content of the latter in stone. This suggests that purines in stones represent a solid solution with uric acid as solvent. It is also plausible that methylxanthines, ubiquitous components of the diet and drugs, are involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. (PMID:11712316, 15833286, 3506820).
MG(0:0/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0), also known as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), is a unique molecular species of monoacylglycerol isolated in 1995 from rat brain and canine gut as an endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptors. 2-AG is rapidly formed from arachidonic acid-containing phospholipids through increased phospholipid metabolism, such as enhanced inositol phospholipid turnover, in various tissues and cells upon stimulation. 2-AG binds to the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and exhibits a variety of cannabimimetic activities in vitro and in vivo. 2-AG is an endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid). Endocannabinoids are a class of fatty acid derivatives defined by their ability to interact with the specific cannabinoid receptors that were originally identified as the targets of delta9-tetrahydocannabinol (delta9-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis. Endocannabinoids have been implicated in a growing number of important physiological and behavioral events. Endocannabinoids are amides, esters, and ethers of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which act as new lipidic mediators. 2-AG is one of the main endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors, able to mimic several pharmacological effects of delta9-THC, the active principle of Cannabis sativa preparations like hashish and marijuana. The activity of AEA and 2-AG at their receptors is limited by cellular uptake through an anandamide membrane transporter (AMT), followed by intracellular degradation. A fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the main AEA hydrolase, whereas a monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is critical in degrading 2-AG (PMID: 16515464, 16278487, 16678907).
N(omega)-Hydroxyarginine is a product of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway, and is the first intermediate in the process catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (EC 1.14.13.99). NOS is a heme protein that catalyzes the oxygenation of L-arginine in the presence of NADPH to form nitric oxide and citrulline. N(omega)-Hydroxyarginine appears to interfere with cell proliferation/cell growth by inhibiting arginase, a binuclear Mn(2+) metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea (EC 3.5.3.1). Arginase has 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) as an enzyme-bound cofactor (PMID: 11259671, 11258880, 14504282, 9735327).
Indicaxanthin is found in fruits. Indicaxanthin is a constituent of the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica (Indian fig) Indicaxanthin is a type of betaxanthin, a plant pigment present in beets, prickly pear cactus, and a powerful antioxidant. It is also found in red dragonfruit
13-oxoODE is produced from 13-HODE by a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase present in rat colonic mucosa. 13-OxoODE has been shown to stimulate cell proliferation when instilled intrarectally in rats. 13-OxoODE has also been detected in preparations of rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes, mostly esterified to phospholipids. Production of 13-oxoODE is putatively linked to the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes through the activity of 15-LO.
Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products.
Veterinary growth promoter used for poultry and swine.
Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis.
Stabiliser, emulsifier, thickener, formulation aid [DFC]. The chemical compound sodium alginate is the sodium salt of alginic acid. Sodium alginate is a gum, extracted from the cell walls of brown algae. As a flavorless gum, it is used by the foods industry to increase viscosity and as an emulsifier. As a food additive, sodium alginate is used especially in the production of gel-like foods. For example, bakers' Chellies are often gelled alginate jam. [Wikipedia]
Doxycycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. It is used in some areas for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria (malaria, falciparum). [PubChem]Doxycycline, like minocycline, is lipophilic and can pass through the lipid bilayer of bacteria. Doxycycline reversibly binds to the 30 S ribosomal subunits and possibly the 50S ribosomal subunit(s), blocking the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the mRNA and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Doxycycline prevents the normal function of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum, a malaria causing organism.
Isodomoic acid F is found in mollusks. Isodomoic acid F is isolated from mussels.
Magnesium oxalate, also known as magnesium oxalic acid or dipotassium oxalate, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Magnesium oxalate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Magnesium oxalate can be found in garden rhubarb, which makes magnesium oxalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Magnesium oxalate is an inorganic compound comprising a magnesium cation with a 2+ charge bonded to an oxalate anion. It has the chemical formula MgC2O4. Magnesium oxalate is a white solid that comes in two forms: an anhydrous form and a dihydrate form where two water molecules are complexed with the structure. Both forms are practically insoluble in water and are insoluble in organic solutions .
Veterinary growth promoter used for poultry and swine.
1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Norbuprenorphine is the primary active metabolite of buprenorphine. Norbuprenorphine acts as a Î¼-opioid, Î´-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, as well as a Îº-opioid receptor partial agonist. Norbuprenorphine crosses the blood-brain-barrier similarly to buprenorphine and likely contributes to its effects. It was observed that Intravenous administration of norbuprenorphine at 1 to 3 mg/kg decreased respiratory rate, whereas buprenorphine had no effect up to 3 mg/kg in rats. (Wikipedia)
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
Veterinary growth promoter used for poultry and swine.
Cholesteryl linoleic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl linoleate is contained in low density lipoprotein and atherosclerotic lesions. The oxidation products of cholesteryl linoleate may cause chronic inflammatory processes. (PMID 9684755, 11950694).
Sorbitan oleate is an emulsifier and clarification agent in food preparations (sugar liquor or juice
Sorbitan oleate is an emulsifier and clarification agent in food preparations (sugar liquor or juice
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is an intermediate in Urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is the. second to last step in the synthesis of L-Ornithine and is converted. from N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-phosphate via the enzyme N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase (EC 1.2.1.38). It is then converted to N-Acetylornithine via the enzyme acetylornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.11).
Metanephrine is a metabolite of epinephrine created by action of catechol O-methyltransferase on epinephrine. Technically it is a product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine. The measurement of plasma free metanephrines is considered to be the best tool in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, a rare kind of adrenal medullary neoplasm. In adrenal chromaffin cells, leakage of norepinephrine and epinephrine from storage granules leads to substantial intracellular production of the O-methylated metabolite metanephrine. In fact, the adrenals constitute the single largest source out of any organ system including the liver for circulating metanephrine. In humans, about 93 percent of circulating metanephrine is derived from catecholamines metabolized within adrenal chromaffin cells. (PMID 15317907).
Demethoxyegonol is found in mushrooms. Demethoxyegonol is produced by Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatu
Ascorbyl stearate is a preservative for margarine Ascorbyl stearate (C24H42O7) is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and stearic acid. In addition to its use as a source of vitamin C, it is used as an antioxidant food additive in margarine (E number E305). The USDA limits its use to 0.02% individually or in conjunction with other antioxidants
Clomocycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline antibiotic.Clomocycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Clomocycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane.
Lymecycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution.Lymecycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Lymecycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Cells become resistant to lymecycline by at least two mechanisms: efflux and ribosomal protection. In efflux, a resistance gene encodes a membrane protein that actively pumps lymecycline out of the cell. This is the mechanism of action of the tetracycline resistance gene on the artificial plasmid pBR322. In ribosomal protection, a resistance gene encodes a protein which binds to the ribosome and prevents lymecycline from acting on the ribosome.
Demethoxyegonol is found in mushrooms. Demethoxyegonol is produced by Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatu
Prohibited from use in food.
S-6-Hydroxywarfarin is only found in individuals that have used or taken Warfarin. S-6-Hydroxywarfarin is a metabolite of Warfarin. S-6-hydroxywarfarin belongs to the family of Chromones. These are compounds containing a benzopyran-4-one moiety.
Morellic acid is found in fruits. Morellic acid is from Garcinia morella (batuan
5'-Carboxy meloxicam is a metabolite of meloxicam. Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and fever reducer effects. It is a derivative of oxicam, closely related to piroxicam, and falls in the enolic acid group of NSAIDs. It was developed by Boehringer-Ingelheim. (Wikipedia)
Tenuazonic acid is produced by Aspergillus species Causes rice leaf rot Tenuazonic acid is a mycotoxin. It is a toxic secondary metabolite, produced by Alternaria (e. g. Alternaria alternata or Alternaria tenuis) and Phoma species. It inhibits the protein synthesis machinery
Tetronasin is isolated from Streptomyces longisporoflavus. Investigated as ruminant feed additive.
Metanephrine is a metabolite of epinephrine created by action of catechol O-methyltransferase on epinephrine. Technically it is a product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine. The measurement of plasma free metanephrines is considered to be the best tool in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, a rare kind of adrenal medullary neoplasm. In adrenal chromaffin cells, leakage of norepinephrine and epinephrine from storage granules leads to substantial intracellular production of the O-methylated metabolite metanephrine. In fact, the adrenals constitute the single largest source out of any organ system including the liver for circulating metanephrine. In humans, about 93 percent of circulating metanephrine is derived from catecholamines metabolized within adrenal chromaffin cells. (PMID 15317907).
4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol belongs to the family of Pyridines and Derivatives. These are compounds containing a pyridine ring, which is a six-member aromatic heterocycle which consists of one nitrogen atom and five carbon atoms.
3-Hydroxyisoheptanoic acid is a metabolite found in patients with isovaleric acidemia, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (PMID 7237839). Isovaleric acidemia is closely related to the genetic metabolic disorder Maple syrup urine disease.
beta-O-Methylynephrine is found in citrus. beta-O-Methylynephrine is obtained from tangerine leaves, poss. as artifact.
Nimodipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells by stabilizing voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in their inactive conformation. By inhibiting the influx of calcium in smooth muscle cells, nimodipine prevents calcium-dependent smooth muscle contraction and subsequent vasoconstriction. Compared to other calcium channel blocking agents, nimodipine exhibits greater effects on cerebral circulation than on peripheral circulation. Nimodipine is used to as an adjunct to improve the neurologic outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
3-Oxo-Octadecanoic acid is an intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis. Specifically, 3-Oxo-Octadecanoic acid is converted from Malonic acid via the enzyme, beta-ketoacyl -acyl-carrier-protein synthase II. (E.C: 2.3.1.179). In humans fatty acids are predominantly formed in the liver and adipose tissue, and mammary glands during lactation.
5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine is a metabolite of capecitabine. Capecitabine (Xeloda, Roche) is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. (Wikipedia)
Boldione is a direct precursor (prohormone) to the anabolic steroid boldenone (1,4-androstadiene-17beta-ol-3-one). It is advertised as a highly anabolic/androgenic compound promoting muscularity, enhancing strength and overall physical performance, and is available on the Internet and in health stores. Conflicting findings regarding the boldenone content of bovine faeces suggest it may be synthesized de novo in emitted faeces. Boldione is the oxidized form of boldenone, an this anabolic steroid is forbidden in EU countries in calves and bulls bred for meat production, and is illegally used as growth promoters, as they improve the growth and feed conversion in food producing animals. (PMID: 16449054, 16308875, 16244993).
Food preservative, especies for cheese. Active against Gram-positive bacteria - particularly Clostridium and Bacillus (the antibacterial action applies to both spores and vegetative cells), but also Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria. Nisin does not affect Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds. It has been used for over 50 years commercially as a food preservative without any evidence of bacterial resistance [DFC].
5a-Androst-3-en-17-one is a urinary metabolite of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (Formestane) is a second generation, irreversible aromatase inhibitor and commonly used as anti breast cancer medication for postmenopausal women. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione is a prohibited substance in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and there is a considerable increase of structurally related steroids with anabolic effects offered via the internet. (PMID: 17207827, 17260133, 17616252).
Glycinoprenol 9 is found in pulses. Glycinoprenol 9 is a constituent of Glycine max (soybean).
Ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate is found in fats and oils. Ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate is a major constituent of oil of Kaempferia galanga (galangal
Fapy-adenine is an oxidized DNA base. Oxidized nucleosides are biochemical markers for tumors, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases (PMID 15116424). Oxidative stress damage to DNA bases may contribute to neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increased levels were observed in parietal, temporal, occipital, and frontal lobe, superior temporal gyrus, and hippocampus areas of the brain in patients with AD. (PMID 9109533).
(S)-10,16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid is found in garden tomato. (S)-10,16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid is a constituent of numerous plant cutins including apple and tomato.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde (CAS: 16597-58-3) is an intermediate metabolite of the tryptophan-niacin catabolic pathway. Current interest in the degradation of tryptophan is mostly due to the role of quinolinate and other metabolites in several neuropathological conditions. Quinolinate is a neurotoxin formed nonenzymatically from 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde in mammalian tissues. 2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic acid semialdehyde is enzymatically converted into 2-aminomuconate via 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde (PMID: 10510494, 16267312, 14275129).
4alpha-Methylzymosterol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, 4alpha-methylzymosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. 4alpha-Methylzymosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Outside of the human body, 4alpha-methylzymosterol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as redcurrants, sunflowers, robusta coffees, white mustards, and sesbania flowers. This could make 4alpha-methylzymosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4alpha-Methylzymosterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids. It is the seventh to last step in the synthesis of vitamin D2 and is converted from 3-keto-4-methylzymosterol via the enzyme 3-keto steroid reductase (EC 1.1.1.270). It is then converted into zymosterol.
Boviquinone 4 is found in mushrooms. Metabolite of Boletus (Suillus) bovinu
22-Angeloyltheasapogenol A is found in tea. 22-Angeloyltheasapogenol A is a constituent of Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) seeds.
Glycerol 1-(9Z-octadecenoate) 2-octanoate 3-tetradecanoate is found in fats and oils. Glycerol 1-(9Z-octadecenoate) 2-octanoate 3-tetradecanoate is isolated from palm kernel oil.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Nilvadipine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a calcium channel blocker (CCB) for treatment of hypertension.Nilvadipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium through myocardial and vascular membrane pores by physically plugging the channel. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
Squalene is an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon (carotenoid) with six unconjugated double bonds found in human sebum (5%), fish liver oils, yeast lipids, and many vegetable oils (e.g. palm oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil). Squalene is a volatile component of the scent material from Saguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin monkey) and Saguinus fuscicollis (saddle-back tamarin monkey) (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Reference). Squalene is a component of adult human sebum that is principally responsible for fixing fingerprints (ChemNetBase). It is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. It is a hydrocarbon and a triterpene. Squalene is a biochemical precursor to the whole family of steroids. Oxidation of one of the terminal double bonds of squalene yields 2,3-squalene oxide which undergoes enzyme-catalyzed cyclization to afford lanosterol, which is then elaborated into cholesterol and other steroids. Squalene is a low-density compound often stored in the bodies of cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, which lack a swim bladder and must therefore reduce their body density with fats and oils. Squalene, which is stored mainly in the shark's liver, is lighter than water with a specific gravity of 0.855 (Wikipedia) Squalene is used as a bactericide. It is also an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals, and colouring materials (Physical Constants of Chemical Substances).
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). Its systematic chemical name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid. It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. Chemically, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. Because of the presence of double bonds, EPS is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Metabolically it acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups. It is found in fish oils of cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk (Wikipedia).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Vitamin A (retinol) is a yellow fat-soluble, antioxidant vitamin important in vision and bone growth. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds known as retinoids. Retinol is ingested in a precursor form; animal sources (milk and eggs) contain retinyl esters, whereas plants (carrots, spinach) contain pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Hydrolysis of retinyl esters results in retinol while pro-vitamin A carotenoids can be cleaved to produce retinal. Retinal, also known as retinaldehyde, can be reversibly reduced to produce retinol or it can be irreversibly oxidized to produce retinoic acid. Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of carotenoids found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
1-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-acetonitrile is found in brassicas. 1-Methoxy-1H-indole-3-acetonitrile is a stress metabolite from the Japanese radish Daikon (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis) inoculated with Pseudomonas cichorii and from clubroots of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae.
trans-p-Menthane-1,7,8-triol 8-glucoside is found in herbs and spices. trans-p-Menthane-1,7,8-triol 8-glucoside is a constituent of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
Androstenol is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. Androstenol has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. Androstenol as a pheromone is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088). 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene is structurally similar to endogenous A-ring reduced neurosteroids that act as positive modulators of GABAA receptors. 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene has neurosteroid-like activity as a GABAA receptor modulator. The various actions of 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene in the whole-animal models are consistent with its activity as a GABAA receptor modulator. GABAA receptors could represent a target for 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene as a pheromone, for which it is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity, or as a conventional hormonal neurosteroid. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088).
Galanolactone is found in ginger. Galanolactone is a constituent of Alpinia galanga (greater galangal) Galanolactone is a diterpenoid lactone first isolated from ginger. It is known to be present in acetone extracts of ginger, and appears to be an antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors.
3,3',4'5-Tetrahydroxystilbene (or Piceatannol) is a phenolic stilbenoid. It is a metabolite of resveratrol found in red wine. A viral protein-tyrosine kinase (LMP2A) implicated in leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus, was recently found to be blocked by picetannol in vitro (PMID 2590224). Therefore there is research interest in piceatannol as an anti-cancer and anti-EBV drug. Piceatannol can also act as an agonist for estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells (PMID: 16216908).
Tamibarotene is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a novel synthetic retinoid for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Tamibarotene is currently approved in Japan for treatment of recurrent APL, and is undergoing clinical trials in the United States.Tamibarotene is a specific agonist for retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta with possible binding to retinoid X receptors (RXR).
trans-12,13-epoxy-11-oxo-trans-9-octadecenoic acid is formed from 13-L (S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid by a cysteine &bull; FeCl<sub>3</sub> redox couple in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> (PMID: 7284410).
Aztreonam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of aztreonam results from the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis due to a high affinity of aztreonam for penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). By binding to PBP3, aztreonam inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. It is possible that aztreonam interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
Ganoderic acid P is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid P is a constituent of the cultured mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).
5a-Androst-3-en-17-one is a urinary metabolite of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (Formestane) is a second generation, irreversible aromatase inhibitor and commonly used as anti breast cancer medication for postmenopausal women. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione is a prohibited substance in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and there is a considerable increase of structurally related steroids with anabolic effects offered via the internet. (PMID: 17207827, 17260133, 17616252).
Asteltoxin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus stellatus and Emericella varicolo
Edultin is found in green vegetables. Edultin is a constituent of Angelica edulis
E-10-Hydroxynortriptyline is only found in individuals that have used or taken Amitriptyline. E-10-Hydroxynortriptyline is a metabolite of Amitriptyline. E-10-hydroxynortriptyline belongs to the family of Dibenzocycloheptenes. These are compounds containing a dibenzocycloheptene moiety, which consists of two benzene connected by a cycloheptene ring.
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143).
Glaucarubin is found in fats and oils. Glaucarubin is isolated from Simarouba glauca (aceituno
Hygromycin B is a fda approved antibiotic food additive for swine and poultry Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Chakasaponin i is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Chakasaponin i can be found in tea, which makes chakasaponin i a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in mollusks. Dinophysistoxin 1 is a metabolite of Dinophysis fortii. Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in scallops and mussels. Component toxin in diarrhetic shellfish poisonin
Acetohexamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide. [PubChem]Sulfonylureas such as acetohexamide bind to an ATP-dependent K<sup>+</sup> channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells. This inhibits a tonic, hyperpolarizing outflux of potassium, which causes the electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. The rise in intracellular calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane, and therefore increased secretion of (pro)insulin.
Azaspiracid is found in mollusks. Azaspiracid is an alkaloid from Mytilus edulis (blue mussel). Shellfish toxin.
Chakasaponin ii is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Chakasaponin ii can be found in tea, which makes chakasaponin ii a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Falcarindiol is found in caraway. Falcarindiol is a constituent of roots of several plants including the common carrot (Daucus carota) and Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui).
Flurazepam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic. [PubChem]Flurazepam binds to an allosteric site on GABA-A receptors. Binding potentiates the action of GABA on GABA-A receptors by opening the chloride channel within the receptor, causing chloride influx and hyperpolarization.
Chakasaponin iii is a member of the class of compounds known as triterpene saponins. Triterpene saponins are glycosylated derivatives of triterpene sapogenins. The sapogenin moiety backbone is usually based on the oleanane, ursane, taraxastane, bauerane, lanostane, lupeol, lupane, dammarane, cycloartane, friedelane, hopane, 9b,19-cyclo-lanostane, cycloartane, or cycloartanol skeleton. Chakasaponin iii is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Chakasaponin iii can be found in tea, which makes chakasaponin iii a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
5,6-Diepikarpoxanthin is found in fruits. 5,6-Diepikarpoxanthin is isolated from Capsicum annuum (red paprika pods).
Sclareol is found in alcoholic beverages. Sclareol is a constituent of Salvia sclarea (clary sage)
Aripiprazole is a warning has gone out recently because of this drug's name. The '-prazole' ending of this drug name makes this drug sound like it is one of the proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole) which are used in treating peptic ulcer disease. However, aripiprazole and these drugs are in an entirely different class of drugs altogether and confusing the two can lead to some unnecessary side effects. Aripiprazole is the sixth and most recent of the atypical antipsychotic medications to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia. It has also recently received FDA approval for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar disorder. Aripiprazole appears to mediate its antipsychotic effects primarily by partial agonism at the Dopamine 2 (D2)receptor.
Ardeparin, marketed under the US trade name Normiflo, is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) anticoagulant used for the prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis. Ardeparin is derived via peroxide degradation of heparin extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa. Its molecular weight ranges from 2000 to 15,000 with an average molecular weight of 5500 to 6500. Normiflo was withdrawn from the US market in March 2000.
Iohexol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality. [PubChem]Organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. After intrathecal administration into the subarachnoid space, diffusion of iohexol in the CSF allows the visualization of the subarachnoid spaces of the head and spinal canal. After intravascular administration, iohexol makes opaque those vessels in its path of flow, allowing visualization of the internal structures until significant hemodilution occurs.
2-hydroxymexiletine is a metabolite of mexiletine. Mexiletine (sold under the trade name Mexitil) belongs to the Class IB anti-arrhythmic group of medicines. It is used to treat arrhythmias within the heart, or seriously irregular heartbeats. It slows conduction in the heart and makes the heart tissue less sensitive. Dizziness, heartburn, nausea, nervousness, trembling, unsteadiness are common side effects. It is available in injection and capsule form. (Wikipedia)
Goserelin is a synthetic hormone. In men, it stops the production of the hormone testosterone, which may stimulate the growth of cancer cells. In women, goserelin decreases the production of the hormone estradiol (which may stimulate the growth of cancer cells) to levels similar to a postmenopausal state. When the medication is stopped, hormone levels return to normal.
Micafungin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antifungal drug. It belongs to the antifungal class of compounds known as echinocandins.Micafungin inhibits the synthesis of beta-1,3-D-glucan, an essential component of fungal cell walls which is not present in mammalian cells. It does this by inhibiting beta-1,3-D-glucan synthase.
Leuprorelin (INN) or leuprolide acetate (USAN) is a GnRH analog. Proper Sequence: Pyr-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt (Pyr = L-Pyroglutamyl)
Ribothymidine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls.DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. When chemical bonds to DNA, the DNA becomes damaged and proper and complete replication cannot occur to make the normal intended cell. A DNA adduct is an abnormal piece of DNA covalently-bonded to a cancer-causing chemical. This has shown to be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as bio-markers and as such are themselves measured to reflect quantitatively, for comparison, the amount of cancer in the subject. (PMID:3506820, 17044778, 17264127, 16799933).
A compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)
(S)-4',7-Dihydroxy-3',8-diprenylflavanone is found in herbs and spices. (S)-4',7-Dihydroxy-3',8-diprenylflavanone is a constituent of roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
Artesunate is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may, therefore, be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system (DrugBank).
(3b,24R,25x)-26-Benzoyloxystigmast-5-ene-3-ol is found in brassicas. (3b,24R,25x)-26-Benzoyloxystigmast-5-ene-3-ol is a constituent of Lepidium sativum (garden cress)
Desmopressin is a chemical that is similar to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) which is found naturally in the body. It increases urine concentration and decreases urine production. Desmopressin is used to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions, allowing you to sleep through the night without awakening to urinate. It is also used to treat specific types of diabetes insipidus and conditions after head injury or pituitary surgery.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
Oxytetracycline is a tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [PubChem]Oxytetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Oxytetracycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Oxytetracycline is a clinically used broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotic. It is approved by FDA for use in fish and animal feeds. Oxytetracycline is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against such a wide range of infections. It was the second of the tetracyclines to be discovered. Oxytetracycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat many infections common and rare. Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne, but alternatives sould be sought if no improvement occurs by 3 months
Posaconazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a triazole antifungal drug that is used to treat invasive infections by Candida species and Aspergillus species in severely immunocompromised patients.As a triazole antifungal agent, posaconazole exerts its antifungal activity through blockage of the cytochrome P-450 dependent enzyme, sterol 14alpha-demethylase, in fungi by binding to the heme cofactor located on the enzyme. This leads to the inhibition of the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane, and accumulation of methylated sterol precursors. This results in inhibition of fungal cell growth and ultimately, cell death.
Catechin-(4alpha->8)-epigallocatechin is found in tea. Catechin-(4alpha->8)-epigallocatechin is isolated from Camellia sinensis assamica (Assam tea).
Misoprostol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [PubChem]Misoprostol seems to inhibit gastric acid secretion by a direct action on the parietal cells through binding to the prostaglandin receptor. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which normally activate adenylate cyclase. The indirect inhibition of adenylate cyclase by Misoprostol may be dependent on guanosine-5&rsquo;-triphosphate (GTP). The significant cytoprotective actions of misoprostol are related to several mechanisms. These include: 1. Increased secretion of bicarbonate, 2. Considerable decrease in the volume and pepsin content of the gastric secretions, 3. It prevents harmful agents from disrupting the tight junctions between the epithelial cells which stops the subsequent back diffusion of H<sup>+</sup> ions into the gastric mucosa, 4. Increased thickness of mucus layer, 5. Enhanced mucosal blood flow as a result of direct vasodilatation, 6. Stabilization of tissue lysozymes/vascular endothelium, 7. Improvement of mucosal regeneration capacity, and 8. Replacement of prostaglandins that have been depleted as a result of various insults to the area. Misoprostol has also been shown to increase the amplitude and frequency of uterine contractions during pregnancy via selective binding to the EP-2/EP-3 prostanoid receptors.
Levosimendan is a calcium sensitiser used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure. It increases the sensitivity of the heart to calcium, thus increasing cardiac contractility without a rise in intracellular calcium. Levosimendan exerts its effect by increasing calcium sensitivity of myocytes by binding to cardiac troponin C in a calcium-dependent manner. It also has a vasodilatory effect, by opening adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle to cause smooth muscle relaxation.
AICA-riboside, also known as acadesine or AICAR, is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes. AICA-riboside is an adenosine regulating agent developed by PeriCor Therapeutics and licensed to Schering-Plough in 2007 for phase III studies. The drug is a potential first-in-class agent for prevention of reperfusion injury in CABG surgery. Schering began patient enrollment in phase III studies in May, 2009. The trial was terminated in late 2010 based on an interim futility analysis (Wikipedia). AICA-riboside is a minor constituent found in human milk (PMID: 7702711).
N-Acetylcarnosine (NAC) is a naturally-occurring compound chemically related to the dipeptide carnosine. Its molecular structure is similar to carnosine with the exception that it carries an additional acetyl group. This makes NAC a more stable molecule which is not easily destroyed by carnosinase, an enzyme that breaks down carnosine to its constituent amino acids, beta-alanine and histidine. NAC is a free-radical scavenger and is particularly active against lipid peroxidation in the different parts of the lens in the eye. It is the active ingredient of eye drops used in order to prevent or treat cataract.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection. Floxuridine is available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, lyophilized powder for reconstitution. When administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. [PubChem]
Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone or phytonadione, is a polycyclic aromatic ketone, based on 1,4-naphthoquinone, with 2-methyl and 3-phytyl substituents. Vitamin K is a family of phylloquinones that contain a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: vitamin K1 derived from plants, vitamin K2 (menaquinone) from bacteria and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, and vitamin K3 (menadione). Vitamin K1 has only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Vitamin K1 possesses the same type and degree of activity as does naturally-occurring vitamin K, which is necessary for the production via the liver of active prothrombin (factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), and Stuart factor (factor X). Rich sources of vitamin K1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity. Vitamin K1 is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stable to air and moisture but decomposes in sunlight. Vitamin K1 is an antidote for coumatetralyl.
Iloprost is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic analogue of prostacyclin PGI2. Iloprost dilates systemic and pulmonary arterial vascular beds. It is used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Iloprost is a second generation structural analog of prostacyclin (PGI) with about ten-fold greater potency than the first generation stable analogs, such as carbaprostacyclin. Iloprost binds with equal affinity to human prostacyclin (Prostanoid IP) and prostaglandin EP1 receptors. Iloprost constricts the ilium and fundus circular smooth muscle as strongly as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) itself. Iloprost inhibits the ADP, thrombin, and collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets. In whole animals, iloprost acts as a vasodilator, hypotensive, antidiuretic, and prolongs bleeding time. All of these properties help to antagonize the pathological changes that take place in the small pulmonary arteries of patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Icatibant (Firazyr) is a peptidomimetic drug consisting of ten amino acids, which is an effective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. It has been approved in the EU for use in hereditary angioedema, and is under investigation for a number of other conditions in which bradykinin is thought to play a significant role. Icatibant currently has orphan drug status in the United States.
Gonadorelin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Gonadorelin is another name for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is a synthetic decapeptide prepared using solid phase peptide synthesis. GnRH is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone from the anterior pitutitary. Like naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadorelin primarily stimulates the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production and release is also increased by gonadorelin, but to a lesser degree. In prepubertal females and some gonadal function disorders, the FSH response may be greater than the LH response. For the treatment of amenorrhea, delayed puberty, and infertility the administration of gonadorelin is used to simulate the physiologic release of GnRH from the hypothalamus in treatment of delayed puberty, treatment of infertility caused by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and induction of ovulation in those women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. This results in increased levels of pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH, which subsequently stimulate the gonads to produce reproductive steroids.
Uridine triphosphate, also known as 5'-UTP or UTP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribobucleotides with triphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. More specifically, UTP is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1‚Ä≤ carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5‚Ä≤ position. Uridine triphosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The main role of UTP is as substrate for the synthesis of RNA during transcription. UTP is the precursor for the production of CTP via the enzyme known as CTP Synthetase. UTP can be biosynthesized from UDP by the enzyme known as nucleoside diphosphate kinase by using phosphate group from ATP. UTP also has the role of a source of energy or an activator of substrates in a variety of metabolic reactions. For instance UTP can be used to activate Glucose-1-phosphate, leading to the formation of UDP-glucose and inorganic phosphate. The resulting UDP-glucose can be used in the synthesis of glycogen. UTP is also used in the metabolism of galactose, where the activated form of galactose, called UDP-galactose can be converted to UDP-glucose. UDP-glucuronate, another product of UTP reacting with glucuronic acid, is a sugar used in the creation of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (except in primates and guinea pigs).
Stigmasterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. Stigmasterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Nisoldipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells by stabilizing voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in their inactive conformation. By inhibiting the influx of calcium in smooth muscle cells, nisoldipine prevents calcium-dependent smooth muscle contraction and subsequent vasoconstriction. Nisoldipine may be used in alone or in combination with other agents in the management of hypertension.
delta-Hexanolactone is the lactone of 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid. Lactones are internal esters that exist in equilibrium between their closed (lactone) and open (hydroxy acid) forms in an aqueous environment. The lactone/hydroxy acid ratio at equilibrium is pH-dependent, with the closed form being favored at lower pH values, and can be greatly influenced by structural features of the lactone such as the ring size, substituents on the ring and the presence of double bonds within the ring. Many drugs and endogenous compounds are lactones or hydroxy acids and an enzyme capable of catalyzing the interchange between the open and closed forms in vivo could have pronounced effects upon their biological activity and/or distribution. delta-Hexanolactone is the substrate of paraoxonases (PON) in humans. Human PON1 hydrolyzes over 30 different lactones (cyclic esters) and catalyzes the reverse reaction (lactonization) of a broad range of hydroxy acids. Hydroxy acid lactonization or lactone hydrolysis is catalyzed until equilibrium between the open and closed forms is reached (PMID: 15772423, 12963475, 12963475).
Charine is found in bitter gourd. Charine is an alkaloid from the unripe fruit of Momordica charantia (bitter melon).
(±)-trans-3,3',4',5,5',7-Hexahydroxyflavanone is found in tea. (±)-trans-3,3',4',5,5',7-Hexahydroxyflavanone is a constituent of Camellia sinensis (Chinese green tea).
Norgestimate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a form of progesterone, which is a female hormone important for the regulation of ovulation and menstruation. Norgestimate is used with estradiol to treat the symptoms of menopause.Norgestimate binds to androgen and progestogen receptors. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins like Norgestimate will slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH (luteinizing hormone) surge.
Doxycycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. It is used in some areas for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria (malaria, falciparum). [PubChem]Doxycycline, like minocycline, is lipophilic and can pass through the lipid bilayer of bacteria. Doxycycline reversibly binds to the 30 S ribosomal subunits and possibly the 50S ribosomal subunit(s), blocking the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the mRNA and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Doxycycline prevents the normal function of the apicoplast of Plasmodium falciparum, a malaria causing organism.
Adenosine 3', 5'-diphosphate or PAP is a nucleotide that is closely related to ADP. It has two phosphate groups attached to the 5' and 3' positions of the pentose sugar ribose (instead of pyrophosphoric acid at the 5' position, as found in ADP), and the nucleobase adenine. PAP is converted to PAPS by Sulfotransferase and then back to PAP after the sulfotransferase reaction. Sulfotransferase (STs) catalyze the transfer reaction of the sulfate group from the ubiquitous donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to an acceptor group of numerous substrates. This reaction, often referred to as sulfuryl transfer, sulfation, or sulfonation, is widely observed from bacteria to humans and plays a key role in various biological processes such as cell communication, growth and development, and defense. PAP also appears to a role in bipolar depression. Phosphatases converting 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) into adenosine 5'-phosphate are of fundamental importance in living cells as the accumulation of PAP is toxic to several cellular systems. These enzymes are lithium-sensitive and we have characterized a human PAP phosphatase as a potential target of lithium therapy.
Cholesteryl linoleic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl linoleate is contained in low density lipoprotein and atherosclerotic lesions. The oxidation products of cholesteryl linoleate may cause chronic inflammatory processes. (PMID 9684755, 11950694).
Isodomoic acid F is found in mollusks. Isodomoic acid F is isolated from mussels.
Androstenedione is a delta-4 19-carbon steroid that is produced not only in the testis, but also in the ovary and the adrenal cortex. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to testosterone as well as estrone and estradiol. It is the common precursor of male and female sex hormones. Some androstenedione is also secreted into the plasma and may be converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogens. Androstenedione originates either from the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone or from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is further converted to either testosterone or estrone. The production of adrenal androstenedione is governed by ACTH, while the production of gonadal androstenedione is under control by gonadotropins.
N2-Succinyl-L-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde is a substrate for Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial) and Ornithine aminotransferase (mitochondrial). It can be found in Escherichia (UniProt).
Gb3Cer, also known as GB3 Globotriaosylceramide or CD77 Antigen, is classified as a member of the Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety. Gb3Cer is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of testosterone with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.
5'-Methylthioadenosine, also known as MTA or thiomethyladenosine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5'-deoxy-5'-thionucleosides. These are 5'-deoxyribonucleosides in which the ribose is thio-substituted at the 5'position by a S-alkyl group. 5'-Methylthioadenosine is metabolized solely by MTA-phosphorylase, to yield 5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate and adenine, a crucial step in the methionine and purine salvage pathways, respectively. 5'-Methylthioadenosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside present in all mammalian tissues. Within humans, 5'-methylthioadenosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine through the action of the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, 5'-methylthioadenosine can be converted into 5-methylthioribose 1-phosphate and L-methionine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase. It is produced from S-adenosylmethionine mainly through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, where it behaves as a powerful inhibitory product. For instance, 5'-Methylthioadenosine has been shown to influence the regulation of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (PMID:15313459). In humans, 5'-methylthioadenosine is involved in the metabolic disorder called hypermethioninemia. Outside of the human body, 5'-Methylthioadenosine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as soursops, allspices, summer grapes, alaska wild rhubarbs, and breadfruits. Elevated excretion appears in children with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID) (PMID:3987052). Evidence suggests that 5'-Methylthioadenosine can affect cellular processes in many ways. 5'-Methylthioadenosine can be found in human urine.
Caspofungin (brand name Cancidas worldwide) is an antifungal drug, the first of a new class termed the echinocandins from Merck & Co., Inc. It shows activity against infections with Aspergillus and Candida, and works by inhibiting (1,3)-D-Glucan of the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin is administered intravenously.
Celecoxib (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. It is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Celebrex. In some countries, it is branded Celebra. Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs; Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs.
Fulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. It is an estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, which works both by down-regulating and by degrading the estrogen receptor.
gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and cysteine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a product of enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase [EC 6.3.2.2] and a substrate of enzyme glutathione synthase [EC 6.3.2.3] in the glutamate metabolism pathway (KEGG).
An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection. Floxuridine is available as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, lyophilized powder for reconstitution. When administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. [PubChem]
Xanthylic acid is an important metabolic intermediate in the Purine Metabolism, and is a product or substrate of the enzymes Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205), Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8), Xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.22), 5'-Ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.5), Ap4A hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.17), Nucleoside-triphosphate diphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.19), Phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase (EC 6.3.4.1), and glutamine amidotransferase (EC 6.3.5.2). (KEGG) Xanthylic acid can also be used in quantitative measurements of the Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities in purine metabolism. This measurement is important for optimal thiopurine therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). (PMID: 16725387).
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine is a metabolite of gemcitabine. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy. It is marketed as Gemzar by Eli Lilly and Company. (Wikipedia)
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
4,5-seco-dopa is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. 4,5-seco-dopa is practically insoluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). 4,5-seco-dopa can be found in a number of food items such as safflower, yautia, pitanga, and anise, which makes 4,5-seco-dopa a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
Glycinoprenol 9 is found in pulses. Glycinoprenol 9 is a constituent of Glycine max (soybean).
9'-carboxy-r-tocotrienol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 9'-hydroxy-r-tocotrienol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. Gamma-tocotrienol targets cancer cells by inhibiting Id1, a key cancer-promoting protein. Gamma-tocotrienol was shown to trigger cell apoptosis and well as anti-proliferation of cancer cells. This mechanism was also observed in separate prostate cancer and melanoma cell line studies.
Fludrocortisone is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. [PubChem]Fludrocortisone binds the mineralocorticoid receptor (aldosterone receptor). This binding (or activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by fludrocortisone) in turn causes an increase in ion and water transport and thus raises extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure and lowers potassium levels.
Calcitroic acid (1 alpha-hydroxy-23 carboxy-24,25,26,27-tetranorvitamin D(3)) is a metabolite of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol). It is soluble in water, and is excreted in urine. This deactivation process involves a series of oxidation reactions at C24 and C23 leading to side-chain cleavage and, ultimately, formation of the calcitroic acid. This deactivation involves the loss of carbons 24, 25, 26, and 27 and the oxidation of carbon 23 to a carboxylic acid. Calcitroic acid is also a major terminal product for the deactivation of 1&#945;,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Both the kidney and the intestine metabolize 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through the C-24 oxidation pathway according to the following steps: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3----1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3----1,25-dihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3-----1,23,25-trihydroxy-24-oxovitamin D3 (PMID: 2719932). The C-24 oxidation pathway leading to the formation of calcitroic acid has been reported to be present in bone cells, but the C-23 oxidation pathway leading to the formation of 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3-26,23-lactone has not been described in bone cells, even though 1 alpha, 25-(OH)2D3-26,23-lactone is noted to have a significant effect on bone formation. (PMID: 7664636).
Lercanidipine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is sold under various commercial names including Zanidip.By deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Lercanidipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
Mizoribine belongs to the family of 1-Ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. These are organic compounds containing the imidazole ring linked to a ribose ring through a 1-2 bond.
Tuftsin (L-threonyl-L-lysyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine) is a peptide related primarily to the immune system function. Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) produced by enzymatic cleavage of the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. It is produced primarily in the spleen. Its biological activity is related primarily to the immune system function. Tuftsin binds to specific receptors on the surface of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, stimulating their migration, phagocytic, bactericidal, and tumoricidal activity. It also influences antibody formation. Tuftsin deficiency, either hereditary or following splenectomy, results in increased susceptibility to certain infections. Tuftsin has been chemically synthesized and it is considered for use in immunotherapy.
4alpha-Methylzymosterol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, 4alpha-methylzymosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. 4alpha-Methylzymosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Outside of the human body, 4alpha-methylzymosterol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as redcurrants, sunflowers, robusta coffees, white mustards, and sesbania flowers. This could make 4alpha-methylzymosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4alpha-Methylzymosterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids. It is the seventh to last step in the synthesis of vitamin D2 and is converted from 3-keto-4-methylzymosterol via the enzyme 3-keto steroid reductase (EC 1.1.1.270). It is then converted into zymosterol.
Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a combination of two antibiotics used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Dalfopristin inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis in the bacterial ribosome and quinupristin inhibits the late phase of protein synthesis. The combination of the two components acts synergistically and is more effective in vitro than each component alone.
3,5-Didecanoylpyridine is found in herbs and spices. 3,5-Didecanoylpyridine is an alkaloid from Houttuynia cordata (Yu Xing Cao
Calcipotriol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol or Vitamin D.The precise mechanism of calcipotriol in remitting psoriasis is not well-understood. However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the Vitamin D receptor, while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism. The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid, bone, kindney, and T cells of the immune system. T cells are known to play a role in psoriasis, and it is thought that the binding of calcipotriol to the VDR modulates the T cells gene transcription of cell differentiation and proliferation related genes.
ID11614 is a metabolite of lurasidone. Lurasidone (trade name Latuda) is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of schizophrenia on October 28, 2010 after a review that found that two of the four Phase III clinical trials supported efficacy, while one showed only marginal efficacy and one was not interpretable because of high drop-out rates. (Wikipedia)
Dihydrouridine is a pyrimidine which is the result of adding two hydrogen atoms to a uridine. Dihydrouridine is found only in tRNA molecules. An inhibitor of nucleotide metabolism.
2,3-Dihydroxyvaleric acid (DHVA) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. This compound has been detected in extracts from the purple carrot (https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238493). It is likely a hydroxylation derivative of the more common 2-hydroxyvaleric acid (an algal metabolite derived from a valeric acid) or 3-hydroxyvaleric acid (a 5-carbon ketone body made from odd carbon fatty acids in the liver). Very little is known about the origin of this particular hydroxy fatty acid.
DL-2-Aminooctanoic acid, also known as a-aminocaprylate or alpha-aminocaprylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-2-Aminooctanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Outside of the human body, DL-2-Aminooctanoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Androsterone is an inactive breakdown metabolite of testosterone, the product of a reaction mediated by the enzyme oxidative 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.51, 17beta-HSD). Androsterone can also be metabolized from other adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or androstenedione, and is considered an inactive end product. However, it can be a physiological effector in its own right. Androsterone might be converted back to dihydrotestosterone. Humans (and other primates) are unique among mammals in having high levels of circulating androsterone glucuronide, a process that is the major role of uridine-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (EC 2.4.1.17, UGT) for glucuronidation of steroid metabolism in humans. Conjugation of androsterone is a pathway found in all vertebrates and it is widely recognized that the liver is a major site of glucuronidation. However, it is now clear that extrahepatic tissues are also involved in the conjugation of compounds to which these tissues are exposed. High levels of androsterone glucuronide found in the human prostate, breast cyst fluid, and ovary follicular fluid suggest that glucuronidation of 5alpha-reduced C19 steroids occurs in these tissues as well. In doping control, the ratio of androsterone/etiocholanolone provides valuable information that allows the assignment of a urine specimen to a particular person or the identification of urine samples with identical steroid profiles; this is particularly important to detect attempts of urine manipulation including urine alteration and substitution (PMID: 9188497, 17017935, 14643063, 12943709, 9699884, 17260133).
Trilostane is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. It was withdrawn from the United States market in April 1994. [Wikipedia]Trilostane produces suppression of the adrenal cortex by inhibiting enzymatic conversion of steroids by 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5,4 ketosteroid isomerase, thus blocking synthesis of adrenal steroids.
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes.
beta-Elemonic acid is found in herbs and spices. beta-Elemonic acid is a constituent of elemi resin. beta-Elemonic acid is a flavouring agent
5-Fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate is a metabolite of floxuridine. Floxuridine (also 5-fluorodeoxyuridine) is an oncology drug that belongs to the class known as antimetabolites. The drug is most often used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. (Wikipedia)
Ciclopirox is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic use. [Wikipedia] Unlike antifungals such as itraconazole and terbinafine, which affect sterol synthesis, ciclopirox is thought to act through the chelation of polyvalent metal cations, such as Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup>. These cations inhibit many enzymes, including cytochromes, thus disrupting cellular activities such as mitochondrial electron transport processes and energy production. Ciclopirox also appears to modify the plasma membrane of fungi, resulting in the disorganization of internal structures. The anti-inflammatory action of ciclopirox is most likely due to inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. Ciclopirox may exert its effect by disrupting DNA repair, cell division signals and structures (mitotic spindles) as well as some elements of intracellular transport.
Valrubicin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a chemotherapy drug used to treat bladder cancer. Valrubicin is a semisynthetic analog of the anthracycline doxorubicin, and is administered by infusion directly into the bladder. [Wikipedia]Valrubicin is an anthracycline that affects a variety of inter-related biological functions, most of which involve nucleic acid metabolism. It readily penetrates into cells, where after DNA intercalation, it inhibits the incorporation of nucleosides into nucleic acids, causes extensive chromosomal damage, and arrests cell cycle in G2. Although valrubicin does not bind strongly to DNA, a principal mechanism of its action, mediated by valrubicin metabolites, is interference with the normal DNA breaking-resealing action of DNA topoisomerase II.
Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine (AFMK) results from the oxidative cleavage of the pyrrole ring during melatonin oxidation by myeloperoxidase (MPO), a superoxide anion (O)-dependent reaction. AFMK is also expected to be formed from oxidation catalyzed by the unspecific enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), found in a variety of cell types including monocyte/macrophage lineages. MPO- and IDO-catalyzed melatonin oxidation has the requirement of O in common, a species formed in large amounts in inflammatory conditions. The non-enzymatic formation of AFMK can also be expected by its direct reaction with highly reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. Thus, we assume that AFMK is a product formed in a route of melatonin metabolism, especially active in inflammation. As AFMK is biologically more active on leukocytes than melatonin, the metabolizing of melatonin to AFMK at inflammatory sites possibly plays a role in immunomodulation. AFMK is found in the CSF of patients with meningitis, and in some samples at a remarkably high concentration. AFMK was also found in some patients to exceed the concentration of melatonin normally found in serum (PMID: 16150112).
Nafarelin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a potent synthetic agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone with 3-(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine substitution at residue 6. Nafarelin has been used in the treatments of central precocious puberty and endometriosis. [PubChem]Like GnRH, initial or intermittent administration of nafarelin stimulates release of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn transiently increases production of estradiol in females and testosterone in both sexes. However, with continuous daily administration, nafarelin continuously occupies the GnRH receptor, leading to a reversible down-regulation of the GnRH receptors in the pituitary gland and desensitization of the pituitary gonadotropes. This causes a significant and sustained decline in the production of LH and FSH. A decline in gonadotropin production and release causes a dramatic reversible decrease in synthesis of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone by the ovaries or testes. Like normal endometrium, endometriotic implants contain estrogen receptors. Estrogen stimulates the growth of endometrium. Use of nafarelin induces anovulation and amenorrhea and decreases serum concentrations of estradiol to the postmenopausal range, which induces atrophy of endometriotic implants. However, nafarelin does not abolish the underlying pathophysiology of endometriosis. In children with central precocious puberty receiving nafarelin, serum LH, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations return to prepubertal levels. This results in the supression of secondary sexual characteristics and decrased rate of linear growth and skeletal maturation. Following disconinuation of nafarelin, the effects of the drug is reversed, meaning FSH and LH concentrations usually return to pretreatment levels.
2-Methoxyestrone (or 2-ME1) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane. Thus, 2-methoxyestrone is considered to be a steroid or steroid derivative. It is a by-product of estrone and 2-hydroxyestrone metabolism and has been detected in all mammals. More specifically, 2-methoxyestrone is an endogenous, naturally occurring methoxylated catechol estrogen and a metabolite of estrone that is formed by catechol O-methyltransferase via the intermediate 2-hydroxyestrone. 2-Methoxyestrone is part of the androgen and estrogen metabolic pathway. The acid ionization constant (pKa) of 2-methoxyestrone has been determined to be 10.81 (PMID: 516114). 2-Methoxyestrone can be metabolized to a sulfated derivative (2-methoxyestrone 3-sulfate) via steroid sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.15). It can also be glucuronidated to 2-methoxyestrone 3-glucuronide by UDP glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17). Unlike estrone but similarly to 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestrone has very low affinity for the estrogen receptor and lacks significant estrogenic activity (PMID: 10865186).
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
6-Thioguanosine monophosphate is a metabolite of tioguanine. Tioguanine, formerly thioguanine, is a drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. It is a guanine analog. (Wikipedia) Norcodeine
Mitomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional alkylating agents causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. [PubChem]Mitomycin is activated in vivo to a bifunctional and trifunctional alkylating agent. Binding to DNA leads to cross-linking and inhibition of DNA synthesis and function. Mitomycin is cell cycle phase-nonspecific.
gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and cysteine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a product of enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase [EC 6.3.2.2] and a substrate of enzyme glutathione synthase [EC 6.3.2.3] in the glutamate metabolism pathway (KEGG).
Urodilatin is a hormone that causes diuresis through increasing renal blood flow. It is secreted in response to increased mean arterial pressure and increased blood volume from the cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct. It is important in oliguric patients (such as those with acute renal failure and chronic renal failure) as it lowers serum creatinine and increases urine output.
Gentisic acid, also known as gentisate or 2,5-dioxybenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives are compounds containing a hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxyl and a hydroxyl groups. Gentisic acid is also classified as a dihydroxybenzoic acid.  It is a derivative of benzoic acid and a minor (1%) product of the metabolic break down of aspirin, which is excreted by the kidneys. Gentisic acid is found in essentially all organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi to plants to animals. Gentisic acid has been associated with a number of useful effects on human health and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and especially antioxidant activities (PMID: 31825145). It is widely distributed in plants as a secondary plant product such as Gentiana spp., Citrus spp., Vitis vinifera, Pterocarpus santalinus, Helianthus tuberosus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Olea europaea, and Sesamum indicum and in fruits such as avocados, batoko plum, kiwi fruits, apple, bitter melon, black berries, pears, and some mushrooms (PMID: 31825145). Gentisic acid is found in higher concentrations in a number of foods such as tarragons, common thymes, and common sages and in a lower concentration in grape wines, rosemaries, and sweet marjorams. Gentisic acid has also been shown to act as a pathogen-inducible signal for the activation of plant defenses in tomato plants and cucumbers (PMID: 16321412; https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.3.227).
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
L-Threoneopterin is a catabolic product of GTP. It is synthesized by macrophages upon stimulation by interferon-gamma. It is used as a marker of HIV infection. It belongs to the chemical group known as pterins. Neopterin is a pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections (From Stedman, 26th ed). Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin.
Solanidine is a steroidal alkaloid, and its glycosides have been reported to have caused poisoning in man and animals. Solanidine is present in sera of healthy individuals and in amounts dependent on their dietary potato consumption. (PMID: 4007882).
Deoxyuridine, also known as dU, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. Pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides are compounds consisting of a pyrimidine linked to a ribose which lacks a hydroxyl group at position 2. It is similar in chemical structure to uridine, but without the 2'-hydroxyl group. Deoxyuridine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, deoxyuridine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, deoxyuridine can be biosynthesized from deoxycytidine through its interaction with the enzyme cytidine deaminase. In addition, deoxyuridine can be converted into uracil and deoxyribose 1-phosphate through its interaction with the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. Deoxyuridine is considered to be an antimetabolite that is converted into deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. In humans, deoxyuridine is involved in the metabolic disorder called UMP synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). Outside of the human body, deoxyuridine has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as lichee, highbush blueberries, agaves, macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla), and red bell peppers. This could make deoxyuridine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Histidylserine is a dipeptide composed of histidine and serine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Idoxuridine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an analog of deoxyuridine that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent. [PubChem]Idoxuridine acts as an antiviral agent by inhibiting viral replication by substituting itself for thymidine in viral DNA. This in turn inhibits thymidylate phosphorylase and viral DNA polymerases from properly functioning. The effect of Idoxuridine results in the inability of the virus to reproduce or to infect/destroy tissue.
Metaxalone (marketed by King Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Skelaxin) is a muscle relaxant used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to general central nervous system depression. It is considered to be a moderately strong muscle relaxant, with relatively low incidence of side effects. Skelaxin comes in an 800 mg scored tablet. It previously came in both 400 mg and 800 mg tablets. The 400 mg tablet has been discontinued. Possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and CNS side effects such as dizziness, headache, and irritability.
Deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP), also known as deoxyuridylic acid or deoxyuridylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide. It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates. These are pyrimidine nucleotides with a monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety lacking a hydroxyl group at position 2. dUMP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, dUMP participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, dUMP can be biosynthesized from dCMP through its interaction with the enzyme deoxycytidylate deaminase. In addition, dUMP can be biosynthesized from deoxyuridine; which is mediated by the enzyme thymidine kinase, cytosolic. In humans, dUMP is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase. Outside of the human body, dUMP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as breadnut tree seeds, sea-buckthornberries, sour cherries, black walnuts, and common oregano.
5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), is an intermediate of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is also the precursor to 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP), the first product of pyrimidine biosynthesis. This reaction is mediated by the enzyme HMP-P kinase (ThiD). HMP is a precursor of thiamine phosphate (TMP), and subsequently to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an essential cofactor in all living systems that plays a central role in metabolism. (PMID: 15326535). 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide is a substrate for a number of proteins including: Scaffold attachment factor B2, Multifunctional protein ADE2, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25, Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C, Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk1, Vinexin, Trifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3, Antileukoproteinase 1 and Scaffold attachment factor B.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
3-Hydroxydecanedioic acid appears in the urine of children affected with peroxisomal disorders. Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are characterized by generalized peroxisomal dysfunction due to defective assembly of the organelle and include the Zellweger, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum phenotypes (PMID 10896310).
Dalfopristin is a combination of two antibiotics (Dalfopristin and quinupristin) used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. It is not effective against Enterococcus faecalis infections. Dalfopristin inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis in the bacterial ribosome and quinupristin inhibits the late phase of protein synthesis.
Calcipotriol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol or Vitamin D.The precise mechanism of calcipotriol in remitting psoriasis is not well-understood. However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the Vitamin D receptor, while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism. The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid, bone, kindney, and T cells of the immune system. T cells are known to play a role in psoriasis, and it is thought that the binding of calcipotriol to the VDR modulates the T cells gene transcription of cell differentiation and proliferation related genes.
Lincomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [PubChem]Lincomycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the 50 S subunits of bacterial ribosomes and preventing peptide bond formation upon transcription. It is usually considered bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal in high concentrations or when used against highly susceptible organisms.
Prolylproline is a dipeptide composed of proline and proline. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. It is found in urine (PMID: 3782411).
3-Nitrotyrosine, also known as nitrotyrosine is a product of tyrosine nitration mediated by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anion and nitrogen dioxide. Nitrotyrosine is identified as an indicator or marker of cell damage, inflammation as well as NO (nitric oxide) production. Nitrotyrosine is formed in the presence of the active metabolite NO. Nitrotyrosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. Tyrosine and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
2,4-Diamino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline is a metabolite of prazosin. Prazosin, trade names Minipress, Vasoflex, Pressin and Hypovase, is a sympatholytic drug used to treat high blood pressure and anxiety, PTSD, and panic disorder. It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker. Specifically, prazosin is selective for the alpha-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle. These receptors are responsible for the vasoconstrictive action of norepinephrine, which would normally raise blood pressure and cause increase in anxiety and panic. (Wikipedia)
11-Dehydrocorticosterone is a mineral corticosteroid. The conversion of inactive 11-ketoglucocorticoids such as 11-dehydrocorticosterone) into active 11b-hydroxyglucocorticoids (such as corticosterone) is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11b-HSD1, EC 1.1.1.146), which is expressed in many tissues and plays an important role in metabolically relevant tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles and possibly kidney. Chronically elevated local glucocorticoid action as a result of increased 11beta-HSD1 activity rather than elevated systemic glucocorticoid levels has been associated with metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Recent studies indicate that compounds inhibiting 11beta-HSD1 activity ameliorate the adverse effects of excessive glucocorticoid concentrations on metabolic processes, providing promising opportunities for the development of therapeutic interventions. 11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone display antinatriuretic activity, although 11-dehydrocorticosterone is generally a more potent sodium retainer than corticosterone. (PMID: 17584152, Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):125-40.).
Trifluridine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiviral derivative of thymidine used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to herpes simplex virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557)The mechanism of action of trifluridine has not been fully determined, but appears to involve the inhibition of viral replication. Trifluridine does this by incorporating into viral DNA during replication, which leads to the formation of defective proteins and an increased mutation rate. This drug also reversibly inhibits thymidylate synthetase, an enzyme that is necessary for DNA synthesis.
Epirubicin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anthracycline which is the 4&#39;-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. [PubChem]Epirubicin has antimitotic and cytotoxic activity. It inhibits nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and protein synthesis through a number of proposed mechanisms of action: Epirubicin forms complexes with DNA by intercalation between base pairs, and it inhibits topoisomerase II activity by stabilizing the DNA-topoisomerase II complex, preventing the religation portion of the ligation-religation reaction that topoisomerase II catalyzes. It also interferes with DNA replication and transcription by inhibiting DNA helicase activity.
(±)-3-Hydroxynonanoic acid is found in milk and milk products. (±)-3-Hydroxynonanoic acid is isolated from mil
Nootkatol (cis or trans) is known to produce during synthetic (+)-nootkatone production from (+)-valencene by oxidation. Nootkatol is also reported as a precursor in several enzymatic oxidation of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. Nootkatone is an important oxidised sesquiterpene used in flavour and fragrance industry. Natural (+)-nootkatone can be extracted from grapefruit.
Artemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of <i>Plasmodium spp.</i> and may be used to treat infections caused by <i>P. falciparum</i> and unidentified <i>Plasmodium</i> species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.
7-Methyl-2-(7-oxo-1,3-nonadienyl)-3H-azepine is found in mushrooms. 7-Methyl-2-(7-oxo-1,3-nonadienyl)-3H-azepine is a constituent of the toxic mushroom Chalciporus piperatus.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Androsterone is an inactive breakdown metabolite of testosterone, the product of a reaction mediated by the enzyme oxidative 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.51, 17beta-HSD). Androsterone can also be metabolized from other adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or androstenedione, and is considered an inactive end product. However, it can be a physiological effector in its own right. Androsterone might be converted back to dihydrotestosterone. Humans (and other primates) are unique among mammals in having high levels of circulating androsterone glucuronide, a process that is the major role of uridine-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (EC 2.4.1.17, UGT) for glucuronidation of steroid metabolism in humans. Conjugation of androsterone is a pathway found in all vertebrates and it is widely recognized that the liver is a major site of glucuronidation. However, it is now clear that extrahepatic tissues are also involved in the conjugation of compounds to which these tissues are exposed. High levels of androsterone glucuronide found in the human prostate, breast cyst fluid, and ovary follicular fluid suggest that glucuronidation of 5alpha-reduced C19 steroids occurs in these tissues as well. In doping control, the ratio of androsterone/etiocholanolone provides valuable information that allows the assignment of a urine specimen to a particular person or the identification of urine samples with identical steroid profiles; this is particularly important to detect attempts of urine manipulation including urine alteration and substitution (PMID: 9188497, 17017935, 14643063, 12943709, 9699884, 17260133).
Iodixanol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a nonionic hydrophilic compound commonly used as a contrast agent during coronary angiography, particularly in individuals with renal dysfunction, as it is believed to be less toxic to the kidneys than most other intravascular contrast agents.Organic iodine compounds attenuate x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing the body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. After intravascular administration, iodixanol makes opaque those internal structures in its path of flow, allowing their visualization until significant hemodilution and elimination occur.
MG(0:0/15:0/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
Methionyl-Threonine is a dipeptide composed of methionine and threonine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
16-Acetylpriverogenin A is found in herbs and spices. Sapogenin from Primula veris (cowslip
2-Methoxy-estradiol-17beta 3-glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of 2-Methoxy-estradiol-17beta generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
(S)-5'-Deoxy-5'-(methylsulfinyl)adenosine is found in mushrooms. (S)-5'-Deoxy-5'-(methylsulfinyl)adenosine is produced by Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).
5,10-Methylene-THF is an intermediate in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism and one carbon metabolism. 5,10-CH2-THF can also be used as a coenzyme in the biosynthesis of thymidine. More specifically it is the C1-donor in the reactions catalyzed by thymidylate synthase and thymidylate synthase (FAD). It also acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis of serine from glycine via the enzyme serine hydroxymethyl transferase. 5,10-Methylene-THF is a substrate for Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. This enzyme converts 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. This reaction is required for the multistep process that converts the amino acid homocysteine to methionine. The body uses methionine to make proteins and other important compounds. 5,10-CH2-THF is a substrate for many enzymes including Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (mitochondrial), Aminomethyltransferase (mitochondrial), Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (mitochondrial), Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase (cytoplasmic), Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (cytosolic) and Thymidylate synthase.
Ergoloid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergopeptines. These are ergoline derivatives that contain a tripeptide structure attached to the basic ergoline ring in the same location as the amide group of the lysergic acid derivatives. Ergoloid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
(+)-threo-2-Amino-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid is found in mushrooms. (+)-threo-2-Amino-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid is isolated from the mushroom Lyophyllum ulmariu
Valerenic acid is found in fats and oils. Valerenic acid is a constituent of Valeriana officinalis (valerian) Valerenic acid is a sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant
Eugenyl benzoate is found in herbs and spices. Eugenyl benzoate is a constituent of Perilla frutescens and the leaves of Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis). Eugenyl benzoate is a flavouring agent
Is an intermediate in the Thymidylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.9; ATP:dTMP phosphotransferase) catalyzes the phosphorylation of dTMP (to form dTDP) in the dTTP synthesis pathway for DNA synthesis. (OMIM 188345 )
Cyclomammein is found in fruits. Cyclomammein is found in seeds of Mammea americana (mamey) Beta-D-Glucose 6 phosphate (b-G6P) is the beta-anomer of glucose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of glucose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Specifically, beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate is glucose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. It is a very common metabolite in cells as the vast majority of glucose entering a cell will become phosphorylated in this way. The primary reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent diffusion out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged phosphate group so the glucose 6-phosphate cannot easily cross the cell membrane. b-G6P is involved in the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate, and glycogen and sucrose metabolic pathways [Kegg ID: C01172]. Beta-D-Glucose 6 phosphate can be generated through beta-D-fructose phosphate or alpha-D-glucose 6 phosphate (via glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) or beta-D glucose (via hexokinase). It can then be sent off to the pentose phosphate pathway which generates the useful cofactor NADPH as well as ribulose 5-phosphate, a carbon source for the synthesis of other molecules. Alternately if the cell needs energy or carbon skeletons for synthesis then glucose 6-phosphate is targeted for glycolysis. A third route is to have glucose 6 phosphate stored or converted to glycogen, especially if blood glucose levels are high
Glucosylsphingosine is a cytotoxic compound. Accumulation of glucosylsphingosine in brain and other tisues occurs in patients with Gaucher disease, which is an inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase converts glucosylsphingosine to glucose and sphingosine.
Ketazolam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Ketazolam is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada. Benzodiazepines share a similar chemical structure and their effects in humans are mainly produced by the allosteric modification of a specific kind of neurotransmitter receptor, the GABAA receptor, which increases the conductance of this inhibitory channel; this results in the various therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects of benzodiazepines. Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex promotes binding of GABA, which in turn increases the conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane. This increased conductance raises the membrane potential of the neuron resulting in inhibition of neuronal firing. In addition, different GABAA receptor subtypes have varying distributions within different regions of the brain and therefore control distinct neuronal circuits. Hence, activation of different GABAA receptor subtypes by benzodiazepines may result in distinct pharmacological actions.
Quindoxin is a growth promoter for pigs and poultry.
9-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide is also known as 9-OH-BaP-4,5-oxide.  9-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
Capecitabine is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to fluorouracil (antimetabolite) in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue.
Uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP), also known as uridylic acid or uridylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are pyrimidine ribobucleotides with monophosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. UMP consists of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil; hence, it is a ribonucleotide monophosphate. Uridine 5'-monophosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. UMP is a nucleotide that is primarily used as a monomer in RNA biosynthesis. Uridine monophosphate is formed from Orotidine 5'-monophosphate (orotidylic acid) in a decarboxylation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme orotidylate decarboxylase. Within humans, uridine 5'-monophosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine 5'-monophosphate can be converted into uridine 5'-diphosphate through the action of the enzyme UMP-CMP kinase. In addition, uridine 5'-monophosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine 5'-diphosphate through its interaction with the enzyme soluble calcium-activated nucleotidase 1. In brain research studies, uridine monophosphate has been used as a convenient delivery compound for uridine.  Uridine is present in many foods, mainly in the form of RNA. Non-phosphorylated uridine is not bioavailable beyond first-pass metabolism. In a study, gerbils fed a combination of uridine monophosphate, choline, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found to have significantly improved performance in running mazes over those not fed the supplements, implying an increase in cognitive function (PMID: 18606862).
Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate, also known as methyl salicylate, 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenol or 2-carbomethoxyphenol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as o-hydroxybenzoic acid esters. These are benzoic acid esters where the benzene ring is ortho-substituted with a hydroxy group. Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate is a mint, peppermint, and wintergreen tasting compound. Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within hyssops and bilberries. Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as chinese cinnamons, tamarinds, tea, mushrooms, and roselles. Minor metabolism may occur in various tissues but hepatic metabolism constitutes the majority of metabolic processes of absorbed methyl salicylate. Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate is a potentially toxic compound. Present in white wine, tea, porcini mushroom Boletus edulis, Bourbon vanilla, clary sage, red sage and fruits including cherry, apple, raspberry, papaya and plum. For acute joint and muscular pain, Methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate is used as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating liniments. This is thought to mask the underlying musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. Severe toxicity can result in acute lung injury, lethargy, coma, seizures, cerebral edema, and death. Counter-irritation is believed to cause a soothing sensation of warmth. Methyl salicylate plays a role as a signaling molecule in plants.
Dimethyl sulfone, also known as sulfonylbismethane or lignisul MSM, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfones. Sulfones are compounds containing a sulfonyl group, which has the general structure RS(=O)2R' (R,R' =alkyl, aryl), attached to two carbon atoms. Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) is an organic sulfur compound belonging to a class of chemicals known as sulfones. It derives from dietary sources, from intestinal bacterial metabolism and from human endogenous methanethiol metabolism. DMSO2 reflects its close chemical relationship to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which differs only in the oxidation state of the sulfur atom. Dimethyl sulfone is possibly neutral. Dimethyl sulfone exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. DMSO2 is the primary metabolite of DMSO in humans, and it shares some of the properties of DMSO. Dimethyl sulfone is sulfurous tasting compound. dimethyl sulfone is found on average in the highest concentration in milk (cow). Dimethyl sulfone has also been detected, but not quantified in asparagus and guava. This could make dimethyl sulfone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Dimethyl sulfone can be found in Afipia. It occurs naturally in some primitive plants and is present in small amounts in many foods and beverages.  Dimethyl sulfone can be found in plasma and CSF of normal humans.
2,3-Octanedione is found in coffee and coffee products. 2,3-Octanedione is a flavouring material for coffe
(5R,6S)-5,6-Epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one is found in garden tomato. (5R,6S)-5,6-Epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one is a constituent of tomatoes and carrots
3,5-Dimethoxytoluene belongs to the family of Anisoles. These are organic compounds contaiing a methoxybenzene or a derivative thereof
Dimethyl succinate, also known as DBE-4 or fema 2396, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters are compounds containing a fatty acid that is esterified with a methyl group. They have the general structure RC(=O)OR', where R=fatty aliphatic tail or organyl group and R'=methyl group.
Diphenyl ether is found in alcoholic beverages. Diphenyl ether is present in muscat grapes, green tea, vanilla, lemon balm, buckwheat, potato chips and grilled beef. Diphenyl ether is a flavouring ingredient Diphenyl ether is a starting material in the production of phenoxathiin via the Ferrario reaction. Phenoxathiin is used in polyamide and polyimide production. Involving similar reactions, diphenyl ether is a significant side product in the high-pressure hydrolysis of chlorobenzene in the production of phenol. Several polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are useful flame retardants. Of penta-, octa-, and decaBDE, the three most common PBDEs, only deca-BDE is still in widespread use since its ban in the European Union in 2003. Deca-BDE, also known as decabromodiphenyl oxide, is a high-volume industrial chemical with over 450,000 kilograms produced annually in the United States. Decabromodiphenyl oxide is sold under the trade name Saytex 102 as a flame retardant in the manufacture of paints and reinforced plastics
Butyramide is the amide of butyric acid. It has the molecular formula C3H7CONH2. It is a clear liquid that is highly soluble in water and ethanol, but slightly soluble in diethyl ether. At room temperature, butyramide is a crystalline solid. (Wikipedia).
Phenylacetaldehyde is one important oxidation-related aldehyde. Exposure to styrene gives phenylacetaldehyde as a secondary metabolite. Styrene has been implicated as reproductive toxicant, neurotoxicant, or carcinogen in vivo or in vitro. Phenylacetaldehyde could be formed by diverse thermal reactions during the cooking process together with C8 compounds is identified as a major aroma- active compound in cooked pine mushroom. Phenylacetaldehyde is readily oxidized to phenylacetic acid. Therefore will eventually be hydrolyzed and oxidized to yield phenylacetic acid that will be excreted primarily in the urine in conjugated form. (PMID: 16910727, 7818768, 15606130).
2-Hexen-4-olide is a member of the class of compounds known as butenolides. Butenolides are dihydrofurans with a carbonyl group at the C2 carbon atom. 2-hexen-4-olide is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 2-hexen-4-olide is a spice tasting compound found in red raspberry, which makes 2-hexen-4-olide a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Naphthalene, also known as naftaleno or albocarbon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as naphthalenes. Naphthalenes are compounds containing a naphthalene moiety, which consists of two fused benzene rings. Naphthalene is possibly neutral. Naphthalene is a dry, pungent, and tar tasting compound. Naphthalene is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as black walnuts, corns, and cloves. Naphthalene has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as green bell peppers, orange bell peppers, rices, yellow bell peppers, and red bell peppers. This could make naphthalene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Naphthalene was once the primary ingredient in mothballs, though its use has largely been replaced in favor of alternatives such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Naphthalene is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Inhalation of naphthalene vapor has been associated with headaches, nausea, vomiting and dizziness. Naphthalene is the most abundant single component of coal tar so most of it is now industrially derived from coal tar. Aside from coal tar, trace amounts of naphthalene are produced by magnolias and some species of deer, as well as the Formosan subterranean termite, possibly produced by the termite as a repellant against "ants, poisonous fungi and nematode worms."[23] Some strains of the endophytic fungus Muscodor albus produce naphthalene among a range of volatile organic compounds, while Muscodor vitigenus produces naphthalene almost exclusively (PMID:12427963).
Hydroxyacetone, also known as acetol or acetone alcohol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-hydroxy ketones. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid, and an amine group attached to the alpha carbon atom, relative to the C=O group. Hydroxyacetone exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Hydroxyacetone is a sweet, caramel, and ethereal tasting compound. hydroxyacetone has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as bog bilberries, cardoons, amaranths, black salsifies, and komatsuna. This could make hydroxyacetone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Hydroxyacetone is an intermediate in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism.
Homoveratric acid is the main metabolite of 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA) in urine. It has been suggested that DMPEA and other amines are in higher concentrations in drug-free schizophrenics than in normal subjects. DMPEA is a the di-methylated metabolite of L-DOPA, the major treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). (PMID 7059639, 14311254, 588645, 10834300).
(R)-Dihydromaleimide is found in pulses. (R)-Dihydromaleimide is an alkaloid from the shoots of dwarf pea (Pisum sativum
Quinaldine or 2-methylquinoline is a simple derivative of a heterocyclic compound quinoline.
Methyl phenylacetate, also known as fema 2733 or mephaneine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzene and substituted derivatives. These are aromatic compounds containing one monocyclic ring system consisting of benzene. Methyl phenylacetate is a sweet, almond, and floral tasting compound. Methyl phenylacetate is found, on average, in the highest concentration within corns. Methyl phenylacetate has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cocoa and cocoa products, coffee and coffee products, fruits, and pepper (c. frutescens). This could make methyl phenylacetate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Methyl phenylacetate has a strong odor similar to honey. It is a colorless liquid that is only slightly soluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. It is used in the flavor industry and in perfumes to impart honey scents. This compound also occurs in brandy, capsicum, coffee, honey, pepper, and some wine. Methyl phenyldiazoacetate, precursor to cyclopropanation agents, is prepared by treating methyl phenylacetate with p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide in the presence of base. Methyl phenylacetate is an organic compound that is the methyl ester of phenylacetic acid, with the structural formula C6H5CH2COOCH3.
2-Methyl-3-ketovaleric acid is a metabolite of beta-leucine in the beta-keto pathway of leucine metabolism. 2-Methyl-3-ketovaleric acid is a known pathological metabolite and associated with propionic acidemia, especially during periods of ketoacidosis; a severe deficiency of propionyl-CoA carboxylase in cultured fibroblasts has been detected in some neonatal cases. (PMID 7389125, 6820422, 7119896, 7430116, 3356699). 2-Methyl-3-ketovaleric acid induces a strong activity of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH; the rate-limiting enzyme in GTP synthesis), mimicking glucose. (PMID: 11145582).
Dimethylmalonic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which both methylene hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. It has a role as a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor. Dimethylmalonic acid, also known as 2,2-dimethylmalonate or propanedioate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Dimethylmalonic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
Guaiacol is a phenolic compound with a methoxy group and is the monomethyl ether of catechol. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. It therefore serves as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. It is a yellowish aromatic oil that is now commonly derived from guaiacum or wood creosote. It is used medicinally as an expectorant, antiseptic, and local anesthetic. Guaiacol is used in traditional dental pulp sedation, and has the property of inducing cell proliferation; guaiacol is a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen radicals and its radical scavenging activity may be associated with its effect on cell proliferation. Guaiacol is also used in the preparation of synthetic vanillin. Guaiacol is also present in wood smoke, as a product of pyrolysis of lignin. Guaiacol has been found in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma. (PMID 4344880, 16152729).
Dimethyl adipate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters are compounds containing a fatty acid that is esterified with a methyl group. They have the general structure RC(=O)OR', where R=fatty aliphatic tail or organyl group and R'=methyl group. Dimethyl adipate is a potentially toxic compound.
3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid (HMBA) is a normal urinary metabolite involved in isoleucine catabolism, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and ketogenesis. HMDB is excreted in abnormally high amounts in beta-ketothiolase deficiency. Differences in the enantiomeric ratio of HMBA may originate from the enantioselectivity of different enzyme systems (PMID: 10755375).
Isocaproic acid, a metabolite of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol (PMID 14446007) and is an important metabolite in early placentas enabling the convertion from cholesterol to pregnenolone to Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (PMID 11972299).
(2E)-2-Heptenal, also known as 3-butylacrolein or 2-trans-heptenal, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. (2E)-2-Heptenal is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Thus, (2E)-2-heptenal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. Uremic toxins such as 2-Heptenal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). (2E)-2-Heptenal is an almond, and fatty tasting compound. (2E)-2-Heptenal is found, on average, in the highest concentration within safflowers. (2E)-2-Heptenal has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as roselles, common grapes, cucumbers, garden tomato, and evergreen blackberries. (2E)-2-Heptenal is a potentially toxic compound. Uremic toxins tend to accumulate in the blood either through dietary excess or through poor filtration by the kidneys. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
3-Hexenedioic acid is a normal human unsaturated dicarboxylic acid metabolite with increased excretion in patients with Dicarboxylic aciduria caused by fatty acid metabolism disorders. (PMID 2614263, 7096501) The urinary excretion of 3-Hexenedioic acid is increased in conditions of augmented mobilization of fatty acids or inhibited fatty acid oxidation. (PMID 2001377).
Isopropyl tetradecanoate is a flavour ingredient.
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene is found in mushrooms. 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene is present in fungi. Mushroom odorant substanc
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde, also known as 4-anisaldehyde or p-formylanisole, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoyl derivatives, with the chemical formula CH3OC6H4CHO. These are organic compounds containing an acyl moiety of benzoic acid with the formula (C6H5CO-). Anisaldehyde is prepared commercially by oxidation of 4-methoxytoluene (p-cresyl methyl ether) using manganese dioxide to convert a methyl group to the aldehyde group. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde is a sweet, almond, and anise tasting compound. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde can be found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as cumins, star anises, and fennels. 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as cornmints, anises, herbs and spices, tarragons, and tea. The related ortho isomer has a scent of licorice. It is a colorless liquid with a strong aroma. A solution of para-anisaldehyde in acid and ethanol is a useful stain in thin layer chromatography. Different chemical compounds on the plate can give different colors, allowing easy distinction. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds important in pharmaceuticals and perfumery.
3-octenal is a member of the class of compounds known as medium-chain aldehydes. Medium-chain aldehydes are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 6 and 12 carbon atoms. Thus, 3-octenal is considered to be a fatty aldehyde lipid molecule. 3-octenal is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3-octenal can be found in coriander, which makes 3-octenal a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Monoethyl malonic acid is an organic acid identified in the urine in a healthy pediatric population. (PMID 14708889).
Pyridine is a clear liquid with an odor that is sour, putrid, and fish-like. It is a relatively simple heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is structurally related to benzene, with one CH group in the six-membered ring replaced by a nitrogen atom. Pyridine is obtained from crude coal tar or is synthesized from acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and ammonia. Pyridine is often used as a denaturant for antifreeze mixtures, for ethyl alcohol, for fungicides, and as a dyeing aid for textiles. It is a harmful substance if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. In particular, it is known to reduce male fertility and is considered carcinogenic. Common symptoms of acute exposure to pyridine include: headache, coughing, asthmatic breathing, laryngitis, nausea and vomiting. -- Wikipedia.
3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one is found in pepper (c. annuum). 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one is a flavouring ingredien
2-Biphenylol is found in lemon. It is an antifungal agent and preservative. 2-Biphenylol is used for post-harvest control of storage disease in apples, citrus fruit, stone fruit, tomatoes, cucumber and peppers through the use of impregnated wrapping materials or by direct application in a wax. 2-Biphenylol is used in food seasonings. Inhibitory to a wider range of moulds than Biphenyl <ht>HMJ12-A</ht>. The practical way of treatment is to immerse citrus fruit in an alkaline aqueous solution of the parent compound or its Na salt
A nitroimidazole used to treat amebiasis; vaginitis; trichomonas infections; giardiasis; anaerobic bacteria; and treponemal infections. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
2-Hydroxyvaleric acid is an organic acid present in human biofluids. Its presence in urine has been associated with lactic acidosis, which occurs in Succinic Acidemia (OMIM 600335), a syndrome of organic acidemia associated with congenital lactic acidosis and decreased NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. 2-Hydroxyvaleric acid presence associated with lactic acidosis has also been found in Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (OMIM 253260), or Multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD), an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized primarily by cutaneous and neurologic abnormalities. (PMID: 9389332, 1790187, 3378323, 3383430, 7313494).
alpha-Ketooctanoic acid is a branched-chain alpha-keto acid. Branched-chain alpha-keto acids are the intermediate metabolites of branched-chain amino acids. Changes in the blood levels of these alpha-keto acids may indicate disturbances in the metabolism of the original substrates. Therefore the analysis of these alpha-keto acids in the blood may offer important information on the biochemical effects of alcohol in the body.
3-Aminobutanoic acid, also known as beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) or 3-aminobutyrate, belongs to the class of compounds known as beta amino acids and derivatives. Beta amino acids are amino acids having an (-NH2) group attached to the beta carbon atom. 3-Aminobutanoic acid is found in cereals and cereal products. It is produced by Oryza sativa (rice). 3-Aminobutanoic acid can be found in feces.
Levulinic acid is a crystalline keto acid prepared from levulose, inulin, starch, etc., by boiling them with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acids.
4-Acetylbutyrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms.
6-Hydroxyhexanoate was identified as the immediate product of hexanoate w-hydroxylation by whole cells and was further oxidized into adipic acid and an unexpected metabolite identified as 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid. This same metabolite, together with adipic acid, was also detected when similarly induced cells were incubated with hexanoate or 1,6-hexanediol, but not with 6-oxohexanoate (adipic semialdehyde).Cells grown on hexanoate and incubated with 6-hydroxyhexanoate were also found to accumulate 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid, which was not further degraded. Utilization of 6-hydroxyhexanoate for growth was restricted to those organisms also able to utilize adipate. Similar observations were made with 1,6-hexanediol serving as the carbon source and cells obtained from one organism,Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, grown either on 1,6-hexanediol or 6-hydroxyhexanoate,were found to be well induced for both 6-oxohexanoate and adipate oxidation. The results indicate that 6-hydroxyhexanoate and 1,6-hexanediol are susceptible to both 1B- and w-oxidative attack; however, the former pathway appears to be of no physiological significance since it generates 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid as a nonmetabolizable intermediate, making w-oxidation via adipate the exclusive pathway for degradation.
8-Hydroxyoctanoate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain.
Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is a colourless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound as benzoic acid esters in many plant and animal species. Appreciable amounts have been found in most berries (around 0.05%). Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit. Benzoic acid is a fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It often is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Benzoic acid is a byproduct of phenylalanine metabolism in bacteria. It is also produced when gut bacteria process polyphenols (from ingested fruits or beverages). It can be found in Serratia (PMID:23061754).
Betonicine (4-hydroxy-L-prolinebetaine) and its cis isomer, turicine, are naturally occurring substituted pyrrolidines. It is not naturally produced by humans and can only be obtained through consumption of certain plant products. Betonicine was used as an analgesic 1000 years ago and is still available commercially from herbalists today. Betonicine has been isolated from Achillea millefolium L. (common yarrow) and probably from A. atrata L. (black yarrow); it is an alkaloid. Betonicine has been identified as a metabolically inert cell protectant that protects plants against extremes in osmolarity and growth temperatures. Betonicine is found in the fruit juices of yellow orange, blood orange, lemon, mandarin and bitter orange (PMID: 21838291)
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a flavouring ingredien
Cyclohexylamine is a food contaminant arising from its use as a boiler water additive Cyclohexylamine, also called hexahydroaniline, 1-aminocyclohexane, or aminohexahydrobenzene, is an organic chemical, an amine derived from cyclohexane. It is a clear to yellowish liquid with fishy odor, with melting point of 17.7 ¬∞C and boiling point 134.5 ¬∞C, miscible with water. Like other amines, it is of mildly alkaline nature, compared to strong bases such as NaOH, but it is a stronger base than its aromatic sister compound aniline, which differs only in that its ring is aromatic. It is flammable, with flash point at 28.6 ¬∞C. Explosive mixtures with air can be formed above 26 ¬∞C. It is toxic by both ingestion and inhalation; the inhalation itself may be fatal. It readily absorbs through skin, which it irritates. It is corrosive. Cyclohexylamine is listed as an extremely hazardous substance as defined by Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Capric acid, also known as decanoic acid is a C10 saturated fatty acid. It is a member of the series of fatty acids found in oils and animal fats. The names of caproic, caprylic, and capric acids are all derived from the word caper (Latin for goat). These fatty acids are light yellowish transparent oily liquids with a sweaty, unpleasant aroma that is reminiscent of goats. Capric acid is used in the manufacture of esters for artificial fruit flavors and perfumes. It is also used as an intermediate in chemical syntheses. Capric acid is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals. Capric acid occurs naturally in coconut oil (about 10%) and palm kernel oil (about 4%), otherwise it is uncommon in typical seed oils. It is found in the milk of various mammals and to a lesser extent in other animal fats. Capric acid, caproic acid (a C6:0 fatty acid) and caprylic acid (a C8:0 fatty acid) account for about 15% of the fatty acids in goat milk fat (PMID 16747831). Capric acid may be responsible for the mitochondrial proliferation associated with the ketogenic diet, which may occur via PPARgamma receptor agonism and the targeting of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (PMIDL 24383952).
Diethanolamine, often abbreviated as DEA, is an organic chemical compound which is both a secondary amine and a dialcohol. A dialcohol has two hydroxyl groups in its molecule. Like other amines, diethanolamine acts as a weak base. Diethanolamine is widely used in the preparation of diethanolamides and diethanolamine salts of long-chain fatty acids that are formulated into soaps and surfactants used in liquid laundry and dishwashing detergents, cosmetics, shampoos, and hair conditioners. Diethanolamine is also used in textile processing, in industrial gas purification to remove acid gases, as an anticorrosion agent in metalworking fluids, and in preparations of agricultural chemicals. Aqueous diethanolamine solutions are used as solvents for numerous drugs that are administered intravenously.
Dyphylline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a theophylline derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. [PubChem]The bronchodilatory action of dyphylline, as with other xanthines, is thought to be mediated through competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in cyclic AMP producing relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle as well as antagonism of adenosine receptors.
Glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) is a choline derivative and one of the two major forms of choline storage (along with phosphocholine) in the cytosol. Glycerophosphorylcholine is also one of the four major organic osmolytes in renal medullary cells, changing their intracellular osmolyte concentration in parallel with extracellular tonicity during cellular osmoadaptation. As an osmolyte, Glycerophosphorylcholine counteracts the effects of urea on enzymes and other macromolecules. Kidneys (especially medullar cells), which are exposed under normal physiological conditions to widely fluctuating extracellular solute concentrations, respond to hypertonic stress by accumulating the organic osmolytes glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC), betaine, myo-inositol, sorbitol and free amino acids. Increased intracellular contents of these osmolytes are achieved by a combination of increased uptake (myo-inositol and betaine) and synthesis (sorbitol, GPC), decreased degradation (GPC) and reduced osmolyte release. GPC is formed in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholine (PtC). This pathway is active in many body tissues, including mammary tissue.
Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound that is both an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid is a liquid with a melting point of -93°C and a boiling point of 111°C. It is an intermediate of the glyoxylate cycle, which enables certain organisms to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. The conjugate base of glyoxylic acid is known as glyoxylate (PMID: 16396466). In humans, glyoxylate is produced via two pathways: (1) through the oxidation of glycolate in peroxisomes and (2) through the catabolism of hydroxyproline in mitochondria. In the peroxisomes, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT1) or into oxalate by glycolate oxidase. In the mitochondria, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by mitochondrial glyoxylate aminotransferase AGT2 or into glycolate by glycolate reductase. A small amount of glyoxylate is converted into oxalate by cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Glyoxylic acid is found to be associated with primary hyperoxaluria I, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Under certain circumstances, glyoxylate can be a nephrotoxin and a metabotoxin. A nephrotoxin is a compound that causes damage to the kidney and kidney tissues. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. High levels of glyoxylate are involved in the development of hyperoxaluria, a key cause of nephrolithiasis (commonly known as kidney stones). Glyoxylate is both a substrate and inductor of sulfate anion transporter-1 (SAT-1), a gene responsible for oxalate transportation, allowing it to increase SAT-1 mRNA expression, and as a result oxalate efflux from the cell. The increased oxalate release allows the buildup of calcium oxalate in the urine, and thus the eventual formation of kidney stones. As an aldehyde, glyoxylate is also highly reactive and will modify proteins to form advanced glycation products (AGEs).
Guanidoacetic acid (GAA), also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidinoacetic acid was first prepared in 1861 by Adolph Strecker by reaction of cyanamide with glycine in aqueous solution. Manufactured guanidinoacetic acid is primarily used a feed additive approved by EFSA in poultry farming (for fattening), and pigs for fattening. Guanidoacetic acid exists naturally in all vertebrates. It is formed primarily in the kidneys by transferring the guanidine group of L-arginine to the amino acid glycine via the enzyme known as L-Arg:Gly-amidinotransferase (AGAT). In a further step, guanidinoacetate is methylated to generate creatine using S-adenosyl methionine (as the methyl donor) via the enzyme known as guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). The resulting creatine is released into the bloodstream. Elevated levels of guanidoacetic acid are a characteristic of an inborn metabolic disorder known as Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase (GAMT) Deficiency. GAMT converts guanidinoacetate to creatine and deficiency of this enzyme results in creatine depletion and accumulation of guanidinoacetate The disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion and is localized to mutations on chromosome 19p13.3. GAMT deficiency is characterized by developmental arrest, medication-resistant epilepsy (myoclonic, generalized tonic-clonic, partial complex, atonic), severe speech impairment, progressive dystonia, dyskinesias, hypotonia, ataxia, and autistic-like behavior.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
2-Hydroxyethanesulfonate (also known as 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic acid or isethionic acid) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group. It is a water-soluble liquid used in the manufacture of mild, biodegradable, and high-foaming anionic surfactants. These surfactants provide gentle cleansing and a soft skin feel. 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonate forms a colourless, syrupy, and strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid. 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonate is frequently used in the industrial production of taurine. Mammals are also able to endogenously synthesize 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process (PMID: 14490797). 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonate can be found in both human plasma and urine (PMID: 1159536, PMID: 6066118). Higher plasma levels of 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.
Myristoleic acid, also known as 9-tetradecenoate or myristoleate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Myristoleic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Myristoleic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, myristoleic acid is found in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as milk (cow), butter, and margarine-like spreads, and in a lower concentration in creams, meat bouillons, and chocolates. Myristoleic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as anchovies, loganberries, sunflowers, yellow zucchinis, and dates. This could make myristoleic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Myristoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid that represents approximately 0.3-0.7% of the total fatty acid composition of adipose tissue triacylglycerol in humans (PMID: 10393134). It has been suggested that its effective cytotoxic (i.e. cell death inducer) activity could be used for the treatment of prostate cancer (PMID: 11304730).
N2-Acetylornithine, also known as N(alpha)-acetylornithine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids. These are N-acylated alpha-amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. N-Acetylornithine is a minor component of the deproteinized blood plasma of human blood. Human blood plasma contains a variable amount of acetylornithine, averaging 1.1 +/- 0.4 umol/L (range 0.8-0.2 umol/L). Urine contains a very small amount of acetylornithine, approximately 1 nmol/mg creatinine (1 umol/day) (PMID:508804).
Perillic acid, also known as perillate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as menthane monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids with a structure based on the o-, m-, or p-menthane backbone. P-menthane consists of the cyclohexane ring with a methyl group and a (2-methyl)-propyl group at the 1 and 4 ring position, respectively. The o- and m- menthanes are much rarer, and presumably arise by alkyl migration of p-menthanes. Perillic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
Piperidine (Azinane after the Hantzsch Widman nomenclature) is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene units and one nitrogen atom. It is a colorless fuming liquid with an odor described as ammoniacal, pepper-like; the name comes from the genus name Piper, which is the Latin word for pepper. Piperidine is found in barley, black pepper (Piper nigrum). Piperidine has been found to be a microbial metabolite. Piperidine is a flavouring agent and it is also widely used as a building block and chemical reagent in the synthesis of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals. Piperidine is a widely used secondary amine. It is used to convert ketones to enamines. Enamines derived from piperidine can be used in the Stork enamine alkylation reaction. Piperidine is used as a solvent and as a base. The same is true for certain derivatives: N-formylpiperidine is a polar aprotic solvent with better hydrocarbon solubility than other amide solvents, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine is highly sterically hindered base, useful because of its low nucleophilicity and high solubility in organic solvents.
Methylcysteine is one of the identified number of bioactive substances in garlic that are water soluble (PMID 16484549). It has been suggested that the use of these organosulfur agents derived from garlic could protect partially oxidized and glycated LDL or plasma against further oxidative and glycative deterioration, which might benefit patients with diabetic-related vascular diseases (PMID 15161248). It may also exert some chemopreventive effects on chemical carcinogenesis. However, it should be borne in mind that may also demonstrate promotion potential, depending on the organ examined (PMID 9591199). Methylcystein is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans.
Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid. It is found in croton oil and in several other natural products. It has also been isolated from the defensive secretion of certain beetles. Tiglic acid, also known as tiglate or tiglinsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Tiglic acid has a double bond between the second and third carbons of the chain. Tiglic acid and angelic acid form a pair of cis-trans isomers. Tiglic acid is a volatile and crystallizable substance with a sweet, warm, spicy odour. It is used in making perfumes and flavoring agents. The salts and esters of tiglic acid are called tiglates.
Trigonelline, also known as caffearin or gynesine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. It is also found in coffee, where it may help to prevent dental caries by preventing the bacteria Streptococcus mutans from adhering to teeth. Trigonelline is an alkaloid with chemical formula C7H7NO2 and CAS number 535-83-1. Trigonelline is a product of the metabolism of niacin (vitamin B3) which is excreted in the urine. High amounts of trigonelline have been found in arabica coffee, fenugreeks, and common peas. Another foods such as yellow bell peppers, orange bellpeppers and muskmelons also contain trigonelline but in lower concentrations. Trigonelline has also been detected but not quantified in several different foods, such as rices, triticales, alfalfa, cereals and cereal products, and ryes. Trigonelline in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of coffee, legumes and soy products.
Undecanoic acid, also known as N-undecylic acid or N-undecanoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Undecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Undecanoic acid is a potentially toxic compound.
Methylimidazoleacetic acid is the main metabolite of histamine. This end product of histamine catabolism is formed by N-methylation in the imidazole ring to methylhistamine by histamine methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.8) and a subsequent oxidative deamination in the side chain by type B monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4). Based on studies, it is known that as much as 70 to 80 percent of the histamine metabolized in the body is excreted in the urine as methylimidazoleacetic acid. Thus, urinary methylimidazoleacetic acid being the major and specific histamine metabolite is a clear marker of any changes in histamine metabolism in the body. The urinary excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid is considered a reliable indicator of histamine turnover rate in the body. The excretion of methylimidazoleacetic acid is higher in men than in women. However, this gender difference is abolished when corrected for creatinine excretion. A possible explanation is that basal histamine turnover is related to body size. There is no significant difference in methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion between smokers and non-smokers when analyzing absolute values (mg/24 h). When using methylimidazoleacetic acid values corrected for creatinine excretion female smokers have significantly higher methylimidazoleacetic acid excretion compared to nonsmokers (PMID:11411609, 7130180, 10350179, 10202992).
3-Phosphoglyceric acid, also known as 3PG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.  3PG is the conjugate acid of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP or G3P).  It is a solid that is soluble in water.  3-Phosphoglyceric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.  The glycerate is a biochemically significant metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. This is the first compound formed during the C3 or Calvin cycle. Glycerate 3-phosphate is also a precursor for serine, which, in turn, can create cysteine and glycine through the homocysteine cycle. Within humans, 3-phosphoglyceric acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 3-phosphoglyceric acid can be biosynthesized from glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate, which is mediated by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase 1. In addition, 3PG can be converted into 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid, which is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase 2.  3-phosphoglyceric acid is involved in the Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis), a metabolic shift that is a hallmark of cancer (PMID: 29362480).
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
Imidazolelactic acid is the component of normal human urine. (PMID: 5856262). histidine loading causes an increase in the excretion of imidazolelactic acid. (PMID: 6021220). During pregnancy the values for imidazolelactic acid in urine is increased 3-fold. An interaction of allergic reactions and anomalies in the metabolism of the sex hormones are considered to form the basis of the pregnancy-specific illnesses that were studied. (PMID: 5789877). Urinary excretion of imidazolelactic acid is also an indication for folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency. (PMID: 4645251).
N-Ethylglycine, also known as EG, belongs to the family of compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). N-ethylglyicne is a known metabolite of the anesthesia drug lidocaine (PMID: 25932687). N-ethylglyicne is also an endogenously produced metabolite and appears in normal subjects’ urine in small amounts, but its presence is significantly higher in patients with metastatic bone disease (PMID: 16962088). Research has shown that it is lidocaine’s metabolites, n-ethylglycine and monoethylglycinexylidide inhibit GlyT1-mediated uptake of glycine. N-ethylglycine acts as a substrate for the glycine transporter GlyT1 (PMID: 22133759, 25932687).
Phosphorylcholine, also known as choline phosphate or CHOP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phosphocholines. Phosphocholines are compounds containing a [2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethoxy]phosphonic acid or derivative. The phosphate of choline, and the parent compound of the phosphorylcholine family. Phosphorylcholine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, phosphorylcholine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, phosphorylcholine can be converted into choline through its interaction with the enzyme phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase. In addition, phosphorylcholine can be converted into CDP-choline; which is mediated by the enzyme choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase a. In humans, phosphorylcholine is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, phosphorylcholine has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as barley, pak choy, black radish, saskatoon berries, and acorns.
Serylglutamic acid is a dipeptide composed of serine and glutamic acid. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
O-Sulfotyrosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from a reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. O-Sulfotyrosine has been identified as a potential plasma biomarker of reduced kidney function in early chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal disease (ESRD), and hemodialytic clearance (PMID: 31048706). Human plasma levels of O-sulfotyrosine were reported to be influenced by genetic variants in the gene ARSA which codes for the enzyme arylsulfatase A (PMID: 24816252).
Terephthalic acid is a benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids. It is a conjugate acid of a terephthalate(1-). Terephthalic acid is one isomer of the three phthalic acids. It finds important use as a commodity chemical, principally as a starting compound for the manufacture of polyester (specifically PET), used in clothing and to make plastic bottles. It is also known as 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, and it has the chemical formula C6H4(COOH)2.
4-Pyridoxic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as methylpyridines. More specifically it is a 2-methylpyridine derivative substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. 4-Pyridoxic acid is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 (also known as pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyradoxamine) and is excreted in the urine. Urinary levels of 4-pyridoxic acid are lower in females than in males and will be reduced even further in persons with a riboflavin deficiency. 4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of aldehyde oxidase I (an endogenous enzyme) and by microbial enzymes (pyridoxal 4-dehydrogenase), an NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. 4-pyridoxic acid can be further broken down by the gut microflora via the enzyme known as 4-pyridoxic acid dehydrogenase. This enzyme catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of 4-pyridoxic acid to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor.
Alliin, also known as (S)-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide or (S)-3-(allylsulphinyl)-L-alanine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Alliin is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Alliin can be found in a number of food items such as red rice, mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine), ceylon cinnamon, and olive, which makes alliin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Garlic has been used since antiquity as a therapeutic remedy for certain conditions now associated with oxygen toxicity, and, when this was investigated, garlic did indeed show strong antioxidant and hydroxyl radical-scavenging properties, it is presumed owing to the alliin contained within. Alliin has also been found to affect immune responses in blood .
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely marketed under various trademarks including Act-3, Advil, Brufen, Motrin, Nuprin, and Nurofen. It is used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, and fever; Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There are at least 2 variations of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity are achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen inhibits platelet aggregation, but is not used therapeutically for this action since it is a minor and reversible effect. -- Wikipedia.
2-Methyl-1-propylamine is found in black elderberry. 2-Methyl-1-propylamine is found in various foodstuffs.
Ziprasidone (marketed as Geodon, Zeldox) was the fifth atypical antipsychotic to gain FDA approval (February 2001). Ziprasidone is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of schizophrenia, and the intramuscular injection form of ziprasidone is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients. Ziprasidone has also received approval for acute treatment of mania associated with bipolar disorder. [Wikipedia]
Cesium (Caesium) is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F). Cesium is used in various industries, from the oil industry as cesium formate in drilling fluid, atomic clocks, centrifugation fluids, and cesium vapor thermionic generators, which convert heat energy to electrical energy.
3-Butyl-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone is found in dill. Potential nutriceutical.
Nilvadipine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a calcium channel blocker (CCB) for treatment of hypertension.Nilvadipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium through myocardial and vascular membrane pores by physically plugging the channel. The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
xi-p-Menth-3-ene is found in herbs and spices. xi-p-Menth-3-ene is isolated from thyme and peppermint oil.
Tetragastrin is the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.
Nefazodone hydrochloride (trade name Serzone) is an antidepressant drug marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Its sale was discontinued in 2003 in some countries, due to the small possibility of hepatic (liver) injury, which could lead to the need for a liver transplant, or even death. The incidence of severe liver damage is approximately 1 in 250,000 to 300,000 patient-years. On May 20, 2004, Bristol-Myers Squibb discontinued the sale of Serzone in the United States. [Wikipedia]
hydroxynefazodone is a metabolite of nefazodone. Nefazodone (Serzone, Nefadar) is an antidepressant marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. Its sale was discontinued in 2003 in some countries due to the rare incidence of hepatotoxicity (liver damage), which could lead to the need for a liver transplant, or even death. The incidence of severe liver damage is approximately 1 in every 250,000 to 300,000 patient-years. On June 14, 2004, Bristol-Myers Squibb discontinued the sale of Serzone in the United States and Canada. (Wikipedia)
N-Desethylamiodarone is a CYP3A4 metabolite of amiodarone. Amiodarone is recognized as an effective drug in the treatment of arrhythmias. The main in-vivo metabolite of amiodarone, N-desethylamiodarone (DEAM), possesses clinically relevant class-II antiarrhythmic and vasodilator activities. (PMID: 11138840)
Trichlormethiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830)Trichlormethiazide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water and, hence, diuresis. As a diuretic, Trichloromethiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like Trichloromethiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of Trichloromethiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.
Chlorprothixene is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene (tricyclic) class. Chlorprothixene exerts strong blocking effects by blocking the 5-HT2 D1, D2, D3, histamine H1, muscarinic and alpha1 adrenergic receptors. Chlorprothixene blocks postsynaptic mesolimbic dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors in the brain; depresses the release of hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones and is believed to depress the reticular activating system thus affecting basal metabolism, body temperature, wakefulness, vasomotor tone, and emesis.
Astilbin is found in alcoholic beverages. Astilbin is a constituent of Vitis vinifera (wine grape).Astilbin is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, Clusiaceae, subfamily Hypericoideae, formerly often considered a full family Hypericaceae), in Dimorphandra mollis (Fava d'anta, Fabaceae), in the the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis (Hypericaceae), in the rhizome of Astilbe thunbergii, in the root of Astilbe odontophylla(Saxifragaceae) and in the rhizone of Smilax glabra (Chinaroot, Smilacaceae).
Taxifolin, also known as dihydroquercetin or (+)-taxifolin, is a member of the class of compounds known as flavanonols. Flavanonols are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a hydroxyl group and a ketone at the carbon C2 and C3, respectively. Taxifolin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Taxifolin can be found in a number of food items such as sweet rowanberry, arrowroot, evening primrose, and walnut, which makes taxifolin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Taxifolin is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid .
3-[[5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexyl]oxy]-1,2-propanediol is a physiological cooling agent used in food and beverage
Dimethylarsinic acid, also known as cacodylic acid, is formally rated as possibly a carcinogenic (IARC 2B), potentially toxic compound. Derivatives of cacodylic acid, cacodylates, were frequently used as herbicides. For example, Agent Blue, one of the chemicals used during the Vietnam War, is a mixture of cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate. Sodium cacodylate is frequently used as a buffering agent in the preparation and fixation of biological samples for transmission electron microscopy. Dimethylarsinic acid is highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Once thought to be a byproduct of inorganic arsenic detoxification, it is now believed to have serious health consequences of its own. It has been shown to be teratogenic in rodents, most often causing cleft palate but also fetal fatality at high doses. It has been shown to be genotoxic in human cells, causing apoptosis and also decreased DNA production and shorter DNA strands. While not itself a strong carcinogen, dimethylarsinic acid does promote tumours in the presence of carcinogens in organs such as the kidneys and liver (Wikipedia).
Methylarsonate is used as a contact herbicide in either the monosodium or disodium salt form. It goes by the trade names Weed-E-Rad, Ansar 170 H.C., Ansar 529 H.C., DiTac and others. Methylarsonate is considered only slightly toxic, having an oral LD50 of 2200 mg/Kg for rats. The inhalation risk is greater with LD50 Rats >20 mg. Long term studies with people exposed to organoarsenicals has shown an increased risk of skin cancer (Spiewak, 2001), lung cancer and some liver cancers, although some recent studies have shown some arsenic containing compounds (specifically Arsine trioxide) may have anticarcinogenic properties (Wang, 2001). In mammals, Methylarsonate is also an intermediate in the detoxification of inorganic arsenic. In the arsenate detoxification I pathway, arsenite reacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine to produce methylarsonate and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. Arsenite methyltransferase catalyzes this reaction. Methylarsonate then reacts with 2 glutathione molecules to produce glutathione disulfide and methylarsonite. This reaction is catalyzed by methylarsonate reductase. Methylarsonate is an organic arsenic compound with adverse effects similar to those of arsenic trioxide. Arsenic is found in the environment primarily as arsenate and arsenite species. Arsenate is reduced to arsenite by arsenate reductase and can be subsequently methylated to Methylarsonate. This is then reduced and methylated to Dimethylarsinate, which can excreted and is considerably less toxic to the organism than any of the previous intermediate compounds. Methylarsonate was formerly included in some vitamin and mineral preparations. It was once used to treat tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used.
Dexmedetomidine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an agonist of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of dexmedetomidine. [PubChem]Dexmedetomidine is a specific and selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. By binding to the presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, it inhibits the release if norepinephrine, therefore, terminate the propagation of pain signals. Activation of the postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors inhibits the sympathetic activity decreases blood pressure and heart rate.
Indoxyl, also known as 1H-indol-3-ol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyindoles. These are organic compounds containing an indole moiety that carries a hydroxyl group. Indoxyl is isomeric with oxindol and is obtained as an oily liquid. Indoxyl exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Indoxyl is obtained from indican, which is a glycoside. Obermayer's reagent is a dilute solution FeCl3 in hydrochloric acid. The hydrolysis of indican yields β-D-glucose and indoxyl. Indigo dye is a product of the reaction of indoxyl by a mild oxidizing agent such as atmospheric oxygen. In chemistry, indoxyl is a nitrogenous substance with the chemical formula: C8H7NO. Indoxyl can be found in urine and is titrated with Obermayer's reagent.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Sibutramine (trade name Meridia in the USA, Reductil in Europe and other countries), usually as sibutramide hydrochloride monohydrate, is an orally administered agent for the treatment of obesity. It is a centrally acting stimulant chemically related to amphetamines. Sibutramine is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States. In October 2010, Sibutramine was withdrawn from Canadian and U.S. markets due to concerns that the drug increases the risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with a history of heart disease.
3 hydroxycoumarin is a metabolite of coumarin. In particular, coumarin is metabolized by CYP3A4 to form 3-hydroxycoumarin (PMID 17286538).
It is used in foods as a binder, emulsifier and anticaking agent.
Succimer is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them. [PubChem]Succimer is a heavy metal chelator. It binds with high specificity to ions of lead in the blood to form a water-soluble complex that is subsequently excreted by the kidneys. Succimer can also chelate mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in this manner.
Olanzapine was the third atypical antipsychotic to gain approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has become one of the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Olanzapine has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia, acute mania in bipolar disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and as maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder and psychotic depression. It has also been established in treating depression off-label because of its mood-stabilizing properties and its ability to increase the efficacy of antidepressants. Olanzapine is manufactured and marketed by the pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company. It is available as a pill that comes in the strengths of 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg and as as Zydis orally disintegrating tablets in the strengths of 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg. It is also available as a rapid-acting intramuscular injection for short term acute use. Olanzapine (oh-LAN-za-peen, sold as Zyprexa, Zydis, or in combination with fluoxetine, as Symbyax) was the third atypical antipsychotic to gain approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and has become one of the most commonly used atypical antipsychotics. Olanzapine has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia, acute mania in bipolar disorder, agitation associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and as maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder and psychotic depression.
4-Hydroxy tolbutamide is a hydroxylation byproduct of tolbutamide. Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker. It is a sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drug sold under the brand name Orinase. This drug may be used in the management of type II diabetes if diet alone is not effective. Tolbutamide stimulates the secretion of insulin by the pancreas.
Metyrosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first transformation in catecholamine biosynthesis, i.e., the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Because the first step is also the rate-limiting step, blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase activity results in decreased endogenous levels of catecholamines and their synthesis. This consequently, depletes the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body,usually measured as decreased urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. One main end result of the catecholamine depletion is a decrease in blood presure.
Styrene, also known as vinylbenzene or phenylethylene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as styrenes. These are organic compounds containing an ethenylbenzene moiety. The metabolites of styrene are excreted mainly in the urine. Styrene is possibly neutral. Styrene is a sweet, balsamic, and floral tasting compound. Styrene has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coffee and coffee products, fruits, cocoa and cocoa products, alcoholic beverages, and chinese cinnamons. This could make styrene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A minor pathway of styrene metabolism involves the formation of phenylacetaldehyde from styrene 7,8-oxide or cytochrome P450 conversion of styrene to pheylethanol and subsequent metabolism to phenylacetic acid. Styrene is formally rated as a possible carcinogen (by IARC 2B) and is also a potentially toxic compound. Styrene oxide is predominantly metabolized by epoxide hydrolase to form styrene glycol; the styrene glycol is subsequently converted to mandelic acid, phenylglyoxylic acid, and hippuric acid. Styrene, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and ulcerative colitis; styrene has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. Styrene may be absorbed following ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Breathing high levels of styrene may cause nervous system effects such as changes in color vision, tiredness, feeling drunk, slowed reaction time, concentration problems, or balance problems. Chest burning, wheezing, and dyspnea may also occur. Styrene causes nervous system depression and may be carcinogenic.
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143).
Medroxyprogesterone, or MP is a progestin (synthetic progestogen). MP is not used medically, as it is over two orders of magnitude less potent than medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA); a derivative of MP (PMID: 16784762). MP may be formed via the metabolism of MPA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is used to treat conditions such as absent or irregular menstrual periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding. Synthetic progestogens are widely used to simulate the effects of progesterone; a natural female sex hormone. Progesterone is essential for endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and the successful establishment of pregnancy. A low progesterone concentration or an insufficient response to progesterone can cause infertility and pregnancy loss (PMID: 20104424). In addition to progestagenic activity, MP is also a weak antiandrogen in vitro (PMID: 29990947). Medroxyprogesterone is only found in individuals that have used or taken MPA.
Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed in 1994. Cefepime has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms than third-generation agents. Cefepime is usually reserved to treat severe nosocomial pneumonia, infections caused by multi-resistant microorganisms (e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia.
Plerixafor is a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used to stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into the blood in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma. These stem cells are then collected and used in autologous stem cell transplantation to replace blood-forming cells that were destroyed by chemotherapy. Plerixafor has orphan drug status in the United States and European Union; it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on December 15, 2008.
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Adenosine 5' tetraphosphate, Ap4, is a natural nucleotide present in many biological systems. This nucleotide has been found as a constituent of the nucleotide pool present in the aqueous humor of a number of mammals and appears to act as a regulator of intraocular pressure (PMID: 14600249). AP4 may also play a significant role in the physiological regulation of vascular tone (PMID: 8599250). The plasma concentration of AP4 is in the nanomolar range. Technically adenosine tetraphosphate is condensation product of adenosine with tetraphosphoric acid at the 5' position. Acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) catalyzes the synthesis of adenosine 5'-tetraphosphate (P4A) and adenosine 5'-pentaphosphate (p5A) from ATP and tri- or tetrapolyphosphate (P3 or P4).
Isoleucyl-Isoleucine is a dipeptied compoosed of two isoleucine residues. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. Its unique name derives from the fact that the bacillus producing it was first isolated in 1943 from a knee scrape from a girl named Margaret Tracy. As a toxic and difficult-to-use antibiotic, bacitracin doesn't work well orally. However, it is very effective topically. Bacitracin is synthesised via the so-called nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not involved in its synthesis.
Ureidosuccinic acid, also known as L-ureidosuccinate or carbamyl-L-aspartate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aspartic acids and derivatives. Aspartic acids and derivatives are compounds containing an aspartic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Ureidosuccinic acid is also classified as a carbamate derivative. It is a solid that is soluble in water.  Ureidosuccinic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Ureidosuccinic acid can be biosynthesized from carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartic acid through the action of the enzyme known as aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase) and serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis. In humans, a drop in the level of urinary ureidosuccinic acid is associated with bladder cancer (PMID: 25562196). It is also involved in the metabolic disorder called Canavan disease.
2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-7-methylcyclopent[b]azepin-8(1H)-one is found in alcoholic beverages. Proline-derived Maillard product with bitter taste. 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-7-methylcyclopent[b]azepin-8(1H)-one is present in roasted malt, wort and beer.
Tetrahymanol is involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahymanol is produced from squalene.
18-Hydroxycortisol is a derivative of cortIsolated It may be synthesized by zona fasciculata 11-beta hydroxylase in normal human adrenal cortex. (PMID 15356073; 1751390) Overproduction of 18-hydroxycortisol is an aid in the detection of Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism which is an inherited form of mineralocorticoid excess associated with moderate overproduction of aldosterone, in which biochemical and clinical remission is dramatically induced by small amounts of glucocorticoids.(PMID: 1879399).
N-formyl-L-methionine is a L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a proteinogenic amino acid, a N-formyl amino acid and a L-methionine derivative. It is a conjugate acid of a N-formyl-L-methioninate. N-Formyl-L-methionine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methionine and derivatives. Methionine and derivatives are compounds containing methionine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. N-Formyl-L-methionine is effective in the initiation of protein synthesis. The initiating methionine residue enters the ribosome as N-formylmethionyl-tRNA. This process occurs in Escherichia coli and other bacteria as well as in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Kynurenine is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan used in the production of niacin. L-Kynurenine is a central compound of the tryptophan metabolism pathway since it can change into the neuroprotective agent kynurenic acid or to the neurotoxic agent quinolinic acid. The break-up of these endogenous compounds' balance can be observable in many disorders such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It can also occur in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's disease; and in mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression.
Dihydro-2-methoxy-2-methyl-3(2H)-thiophenone is a component of meat aroma model systems.
3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic (hMPP) acid is one of the major metabolites of ingested caffeic acid (PMID: 15479001) and of the phenolic degradation products of proanthocyanidins (the most abundant polyphenol present in chocolate) by the microflora in the colon (PMID: 12663291). mHPP is suspected to have antioxidants properties and is actively absorbed by the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers (PMID: 15479001, 12663291). hMPP has been found to be a metabolite of Clostridium, Escherichia, and Eubacterium (PMID: 28393285, 19520845). 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid is a flavonoid metabolite. 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid is a phenolic acid metabolite formed by the gut microflora detected after the consumption of whole grain.
2-Methoxyestrone (or 2-ME1) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane. Thus, 2-methoxyestrone is considered to be a steroid or steroid derivative. It is a by-product of estrone and 2-hydroxyestrone metabolism and has been detected in all mammals. More specifically, 2-methoxyestrone is an endogenous, naturally occurring methoxylated catechol estrogen and a metabolite of estrone that is formed by catechol O-methyltransferase via the intermediate 2-hydroxyestrone. 2-Methoxyestrone is part of the androgen and estrogen metabolic pathway. The acid ionization constant (pKa) of 2-methoxyestrone has been determined to be 10.81 (PMID: 516114). 2-Methoxyestrone can be metabolized to a sulfated derivative (2-methoxyestrone 3-sulfate) via steroid sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.15). It can also be glucuronidated to 2-methoxyestrone 3-glucuronide by UDP glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17). Unlike estrone but similarly to 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestrone has very low affinity for the estrogen receptor and lacks significant estrogenic activity (PMID: 10865186).
Vapreotide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analog. It was being studied for the treatment of cancer.The exact mechanism of action is unknown, although one study has provided in vitro and in vivo evidence for a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist effect in the analgesic effects of vapreotide (PMID: 7556407).
2-Hydroxyadipic acid is a hydroxy-dicarboxylic acid formed by the reduction of 2-ketoadipic acid. A deficiency of 2-ketoadipic dehydrogenase causes 2-ketoadipic acidemia or 2-oxoadipic acidemia (OMIM: 245130), a genetic disorder characterized by accumulation and excretion of 2-hydroxyadipic acid (with 2-ketoadipic and 2-aminoadipic) (OMMBID - The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, CH.95). When present in sufficiently high levels, 2-hydroxyadipic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 2-hydroxyadipic acid are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism including  2-oxoadipic acidemia, 2-aminoadipic aciduria, and 2-oxoadipic aciduria. 2-Hydroxyadipic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid was synthesized over a century ago, but its history as a compound of biological origin is rather recent. It was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. (PMID:4430715). Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations. The urinary excretion of the conjugate is stressed, since it appears that only one previous report in the literature described this compound in the urine of two patients affected by this disturbance (PMID 2383933).
(3xi,6E)-1,7-Diphenyl-6-hepten-3-ol is found in beverages. (3xi,6E)-1,7-Diphenyl-6-hepten-3-ol is a constituent of seeds of Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Java turmeric)
8-Hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid is found in fats and oils. 8-Hydroxy-5,6-octadienoic acid is present in the glycerides of Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallowtree) in an enantiomeric for
5a-Androst-3-en-17-one is a urinary metabolite of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (Formestane) is a second generation, irreversible aromatase inhibitor and commonly used as anti breast cancer medication for postmenopausal women. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione is a prohibited substance in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and there is a considerable increase of structurally related steroids with anabolic effects offered via the internet. (PMID: 17207827, 17260133, 17616252).
6-Thioinosine-5'-monophosphate is a metabolite of mercaptopurine. Mercaptopurine (also called 6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP or its brand name Purinethol) is an immunosuppressive drug. It is a thiopurine. (Wikipedia)
Armillane is found in mushrooms. Armillane is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
6-Methylmercaptopurine is a metabolite of mercaptopurine. Mercaptopurine (also called 6-mercaptopurine, 6-MP or its brand name Purinethol) is an immunosuppressive drug. It is a thiopurine. (Wikipedia)
5a-Androstan-3b-ol is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. 5a-Androstan-3b-ol has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. 5a-Androstan-3b-ol as a pheromone is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088).
3-Oxo-carbofuran is a metabolite of Carbofuran in plants, insects and mammals.
Histidylisoleucine is a dipeptide composed of histidine and isoleucine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Prednicarbate is a relatively new topical corticosteroid drug. It is similar in potency to hydrocortisone. It is used in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis. It has a favorable benefit-risk ratio, with an inflammatory action similar to that of a medium potency corticosteroid, but with a low potential to cause skin atrophy. The anti-inflammation action of corticosteroids is associated with the inhibition of the interleukin 1-alpha cytokine within keratinocytes. IL-1a is also found in fibroblasts, where it is responsible for proliferation, collagenase induction and IL-6 synthesis, which are related to skin thickness.
Metrizamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.Organic iodine compounds such as metrizamide block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. After intrathecal administration into the subarachnoid space, diffusion of metrizamide in the CSF allows the visualization of the subarachnoid spaces of the head and spinal canal. After intravascular administration, metrizamide makes opaque those vessels in its path of flow, allowing visualization of the internal structures until significant hemodilution occurs. Metrazamide also has some toxic effects which are thought to be due to its ability to inhibit glucose metabolism.
2-Hydroxyadipic acid is a hydroxy-dicarboxylic acid formed by the reduction of 2-ketoadipic acid. A deficiency of 2-ketoadipic dehydrogenase causes 2-ketoadipic acidemia or 2-oxoadipic acidemia (OMIM: 245130), a genetic disorder characterized by accumulation and excretion of 2-hydroxyadipic acid (with 2-ketoadipic and 2-aminoadipic) (OMMBID - The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, CH.95). When present in sufficiently high levels, 2-hydroxyadipic acid can act as an acidogen and a metabotoxin. An acidogen is an acidic compound that induces acidosis, which has multiple adverse effects on many organ systems. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of 2-hydroxyadipic acid are associated with at least three inborn errors of metabolism including  2-oxoadipic acidemia, 2-aminoadipic aciduria, and 2-oxoadipic aciduria. 2-Hydroxyadipic acid is an organic acid. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis. Acidosis typically occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35. In infants with acidosis, the initial symptoms include poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy (lethargy). These can progress to heart abnormalities, kidney abnormalities, liver damage, seizures, coma, and possibly death. These are also the characteristic symptoms of the untreated IEMs mentioned above. Many affected children with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures.
2,4-Diaminobutyric acid, also known as 2,4-diaminobutanoate or Dbu, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk. This could make 2,4-diaminobutyric acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid is a non-physiological, cationic amino acid analogue that is transported into cells by System A with potent antitumoral activity in vitro against human glioma cells, the result of the pronounced concentrated uptake of DAB in glioma cells to the extent that a cellular lysis could occur due to osmotic reasons.
A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem]
1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
19-Norandrosterone, also known as (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxyestran-17-one, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane. Thus, 19-norandrosterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 19-Norandrosterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 19-Norandrosterone is one of the main urinary metabolites of the prohormone 19-norandrostenediol. Prohormones such as 19-norandrostenediol have been added to the list of prohibited substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency because they are metabolized into the common nandrolone metabolites norandrosterone and noretiocholanolone (PMID: 16714373).
Isopropyl beta-D-glucoside is found in herbs and spices. Isopropyl beta-D-glucoside is present in fenne
2-Methylhexacosane is found in alcoholic beverages. 2-Methylhexacosane is isolated from hop oil (Humulus lupulus) and orange oil (Citrus sinensis
Stearoylethanolamide is an N-acylethanolamine. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a class of lipid compounds naturally present in both animal and plant membranes as constituents of the membrane-bound phospholipid, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). NAPE is composed of a third fatty acid moiety linked to the amino head group of the commonly occurring membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine. NAEs are released from NAPE by phospholipase D-type hydrolases in response to a variety of stimuli. Transient NAE release and accumulation has been attributed a variety of biological activities, including neurotransmission, membrane protection, and immunomodulation in animals. N-oleoylethanolamine is an inhibitor of the sphingolipid signaling pathway, via specific ceramidase inhibition (ceramidase converts ceramide to sphingosine). N-oleoylethanolamine blocks the effects of TNF- and arachidonic acid on intracellular Ca concentration. (PMID: 12692337, 12056855, 12560208, 11997249).
2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol is an ubiquinone derivative that is an intermediate in ubiquinone-6 biosynthesis. Ubiquinone (also known as coenzyme Q) is an isoprenoid quinone that functions as an electron carrier in membranes. In eukaryotes ubiquinone is found mostly within the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it functions in respiratory electron transport, transferring two electrons from either complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) or complex II (succinate-ubiquinone reductase) to complex III (bc1 complex). The quinone nucleus of ubiquinone is derived directly from 4-hydroxybenzoate , while the isoprenoid subunits of the polyisoprenoid tail are synthesized via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway , which feeds isoprene units into the Polyprenyl Biosynthesis pathways. The number of isoprenoid subunits in the ubiquinone side chain vary in different species. For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp (S288c) has 6 such subunits, Escherichia coli K-12 has 8, rat and mouse have 9, and Homo sapiens has 10. The ubiquinones are often named according to the number of carbons in the side chain or the number of isoprenoid subunits. The ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway has been elucidated primarily by the use of mutant strains that accumulate pathway intermediates. 2-Hexaprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol is a substrate for hexaprenyldihydroxybenzoate methyltransferase, mitochondrial precursor (COQ3) and can be generated from 2-hexaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol. Then it can be converted to ubiquinol-6.(BioCyc).
Pregnenolone is a derivative of cholesterol, the product of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (EC 1.14.15.6, CYP11A1. This reaction consists of three consecutive monooxygenations, a 22-hydroxylation, a 20-hydroxylation, and the cleavage of the C20-C22 bond, yielding pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is the precursor to gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids. This reaction occurs in steroid hormone-producing tissues such as the adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and placenta. The most notable difference between the placenta and other steroidogenic tissues is that electron supply to CYP11A1 limits the rate at which cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone in the placenta. The limiting component for electron delivery to CYP11A1 is the concentration of adrenodoxin reductase in the mitochondrial matrix which is insufficient to maintain the adrenodoxin pool in a fully reduced state. Pregnenolone is also a neurosteroid, and is produced in the spinal cord; CYP11A1 is the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroids, and has been localized in sensory networks of the spinal cord dorsal horn. In the adrenal glomerulosa cell, angiotensin II, one of the major physiological regulators of mineralocorticoid synthesis, appears to affect most of the cholesterol transfer to the mitochondrial outer membrane and many steps in the transport to the inner membrane. Thus, it exerts a powerful control over the use of cholesterol for aldosterone production (PMID: 17222962, 15823613, 16632873, 15134809).
2-Indolecarboxylic acid is a strong inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, similar to melatonin and some structurally related indole compounds. Lipid peroxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide is a source of free radicals (PMID 12236544). 2-Indolecarboxylic acid is a phenolic components known to exist in Korean ginseng (Koryo Insam Hakhoechi (1996), 20(3), 284-290) and brown rice (Han'guk Nonghwa Hakhoechi (1995), 38(5), 478-83).
Phenmetrazine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to dextroamphetamine. [PubChem]Phenmetrazine is thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron leading to an increase in the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. Dopamine integrates incoming sensory stimuli, initiates and controls fine movement (nigro-neostriatal pathway), controls emotional behavior (midbrain mesolimbic-forebrain system) and controls hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine system (tubero-infundibular system). It is this latter effect on the tubero-infundibular systm that seems to lead to reduced food intake. Phenmetrazine also acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
Cholesteryl acetate is a normal human cholesteryl ester present in diverse fluids and organs. Cholesteryl acetate is also present in foods. Food oxidation affects the quality and safety of the human diet by generating compounds with biological activities that can adversely affect health. In particular the susceptibility of cholesterol to oxidation is well known; certain products of cholesterol oxidation have been reported to produce cytotoxic, angiotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Cholesteryl ester (CE) is the major transport and storage form of cholesterol in lipoprotein particles and most cell types. Molecular composition of CE species is of high interest for arteriosclerosis research, i.e., as components of lipoprotein subclasses or in studies investigating the mechanisms involved in the generation of lipid laden foam cells. Thus, it has been shown that CE species in circulating plasma are strongly correlated with development of coronary heart disease. This may be related to specific CE species profiles generated by enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism like lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43, LCAT), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (EC 2.3.1.26, ACAT2) or cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The cholesteryl ester transfer protein has a key role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), mediating the exchange of lipids between lipoproteins, resulting in the net transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to other lipoproteins and in the subsequent uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes. By increasing the cholesteryl ester content of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins, CETP promotes the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins. In addition, high plasma concentrations of CETP are associated with reduced concentrations of HDL cholesterol. (PMID: 10918380, 16458590, 9420339, 3343104, 6721900, 7278520).
11-Dehydrocorticosterone is a mineral corticosteroid. The conversion of inactive 11-ketoglucocorticoids such as 11-dehydrocorticosterone) into active 11b-hydroxyglucocorticoids (such as corticosterone) is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11b-HSD1, EC 1.1.1.146), which is expressed in many tissues and plays an important role in metabolically relevant tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles and possibly kidney. Chronically elevated local glucocorticoid action as a result of increased 11beta-HSD1 activity rather than elevated systemic glucocorticoid levels has been associated with metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Recent studies indicate that compounds inhibiting 11beta-HSD1 activity ameliorate the adverse effects of excessive glucocorticoid concentrations on metabolic processes, providing promising opportunities for the development of therapeutic interventions. 11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone display antinatriuretic activity, although 11-dehydrocorticosterone is generally a more potent sodium retainer than corticosterone. (PMID: 17584152, Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):125-40.).
Norophthalmic acid (y-glutamyl-alanyl-glycine) is an analogue of glutathione (L-cysteine replaced by L-alanine) isolated from crystalline lens.
Ribothymidine is an endogenous methylated nucleoside found in human fluids; methylated purine bases are present in higher amounts in tumor-bearing patients compared to healthy controls.DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. When chemical bonds to DNA, the DNA becomes damaged and proper and complete replication cannot occur to make the normal intended cell. A DNA adduct is an abnormal piece of DNA covalently-bonded to a cancer-causing chemical. This has shown to be the start of a cancerous cell, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as bio-markers and as such are themselves measured to reflect quantitatively, for comparison, the amount of cancer in the subject. (PMID:3506820, 17044778, 17264127, 16799933).
14,15-DiHETrE is a Cytochrome P450 (P450) eicosanoid. Eicosanoids generated from arachidonic acid metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are important autocrine and paracrine factors that have diverse biological functions. P450 eicosanoids are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, renal tubular transport, cardiac contractility, cellular proliferation, and inflammation. Regulation of P450 eicosanoid levels is determined by many factors, including the induction or repression of the P450 enzymes responsible for their formation. Fibrate drugs are part of a diverse group of compounds known as peroxisome proliferators, which also include herbicides and phthalate ester plasticizers. Peroxisome proliferators act via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). This receptor is a member of the PPAR nuclear receptor family that also consists of the PPAR and PPAR isoforms. PPAR is mainly expressed in the heart, liver, and kidney, whereas the expression of PPAR is predominantly in the adipose tissue. The biological role of PPAR as a lipid sensor has been well established. 14,15-DiHETrE is a potent activators of PPAR and PPAR, shown to induce the binding of PPAR to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE). Furthermore, 14,15-DiHETrE behaves like peroxisome proliferators in that is able to alter apoA-I and apoA-II mRNA expression. 14,15-DiHETrE is the most potent PPARalpha activator in a COS-7 cell expression system producing a 12-fold increase in PPARalpha-mediated luciferase activity. (PMID: 17431031, 16113065).
Homovanillic acid (HVA), also known as homovanillate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. HVA is also classified as a catechol.  HVA is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is typically elevated in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors (such as neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and other neural crest tumors). HVA levels are also used in monitoring patients who have been treated for these kinds tumors. HVA levels may also be altered in disorders of catecholamine metabolism such as monoamine oxidase-A (MOA) deficiency. MOA deficiency can cause decreased urinary HVA values, while a deficiency of dopamine beta-hydrolase (the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine) can cause elevated urinary HVA values. Within humans, HVA participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, HVA and pyrocatechol can be biosynthesized from 3,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid and guaiacol. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme known as catechol O-methyltransferase. In addition, HVA can be biosynthesized from homovanillin through the action of the enzyme known aldehyde dehydrogenase. HVA has recently been found in a number of beers and appears to arise from the fermentation process (https://doi.org/10.1006/fstl.1999.0593). HVA is also a metabolite of Bifidobacterium (PMID: 24958563) and the bacterial breakdown of dietary flavonoids. Dietary flavonols commonly found in tomatoes, onions, and tea, can lead to significantly elevated levels of urinary HVA (PMID: 20933512). Likewise, the microbial digestion of hydroxytyrosol (found in olive oil) can also lead to elevated levels of HVA in humans (PMID: 11929304).
N,N'N'-triethylenethiophosphoramide (ThioTEPA) is a cancer chemotherapeutic member of the alkylating agent group, now in use for over 50 years. It is a stable derivative of N,N',N''- triethylenephosphoramide (TEPA). It is mostly used to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer and bladder cancer. It is also used as conditioning for Bone marrow transplantation. Its main toxicity is myelosuppression.
9-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide is also known as 9-OH-BaP-4,5-oxide.  9-Hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
5-Methylcytidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine nucleosides. Pyrimidine nucleosides are compounds comprising a pyrimidine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety.
L-Agaridoxin is found in mushrooms. L-Agaridoxin is a constituent of Agaricus campestris (field mushroom)
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
N2-Acetylornithine, also known as N(alpha)-acetylornithine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids. These are N-acylated alpha-amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. N-Acetylornithine is a minor component of the deproteinized blood plasma of human blood. Human blood plasma contains a variable amount of acetylornithine, averaging 1.1 +/- 0.4 umol/L (range 0.8-0.2 umol/L). Urine contains a very small amount of acetylornithine, approximately 1 nmol/mg creatinine (1 umol/day) (PMID:508804).
2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP) is a selective inhibitor of GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) that restricts the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) or the BH4 precursor in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). (PMID 12883322). 2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine also inhibits nitric oxide (NO) in both Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and antigen (Ag)/IgE (Ag/IgE) systems, increasing Mast cells (MC) degranulation. (PMID 14514683). Sepiapterin, a precursor to tetrahydrobiopterin in the salvage pathway, completely reverses the effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine on neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS) ubiquitylation. (PMID 16216381).
3alpha-O-trans-Feruloyl-2alpha-hydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid is found in fruits. 3alpha-O-trans-Feruloyl-2alpha-hydroxy-12-ursen-28-oic acid is a constituent of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat).
ID11614 is a metabolite of lurasidone. Lurasidone (trade name Latuda) is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of schizophrenia on October 28, 2010 after a review that found that two of the four Phase III clinical trials supported efficacy, while one showed only marginal efficacy and one was not interpretable because of high drop-out rates. (Wikipedia)
Androsterone is an inactive breakdown metabolite of testosterone, the product of a reaction mediated by the enzyme oxidative 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.51, 17beta-HSD). Androsterone can also be metabolized from other adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or androstenedione, and is considered an inactive end product. However, it can be a physiological effector in its own right. Androsterone might be converted back to dihydrotestosterone. Humans (and other primates) are unique among mammals in having high levels of circulating androsterone glucuronide, a process that is the major role of uridine-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (EC 2.4.1.17, UGT) for glucuronidation of steroid metabolism in humans. Conjugation of androsterone is a pathway found in all vertebrates and it is widely recognized that the liver is a major site of glucuronidation. However, it is now clear that extrahepatic tissues are also involved in the conjugation of compounds to which these tissues are exposed. High levels of androsterone glucuronide found in the human prostate, breast cyst fluid, and ovary follicular fluid suggest that glucuronidation of 5alpha-reduced C19 steroids occurs in these tissues as well. In doping control, the ratio of androsterone/etiocholanolone provides valuable information that allows the assignment of a urine specimen to a particular person or the identification of urine samples with identical steroid profiles; this is particularly important to detect attempts of urine manipulation including urine alteration and substitution (PMID: 9188497, 17017935, 14643063, 12943709, 9699884, 17260133).
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), one of the major end products of lipid peroxidation, has been shown to be involved in signal transduction and available evidence suggests that it can affect cell cycle events in a concentration-dependent manner. glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) can modulate the intracellular concentrations of HNE by affecting its generation during lipid peroxidation by reducing hydroperoxides and also by converting it into a glutathione conjugate. Overexpression of the Alpha class GSTs in cells leads to lower steady-state levels of HNE, and these cells acquire resistance to apoptosis induced by lipid peroxidation-causing agents such as H(2)O(2), UVA, superoxide anion, and pro-oxidant xenobiotics, suggesting that signaling for apoptosis by these agents is transduced through HNE. Cells with the capacity to exclude HNE from the intracellular environment at a faster rate are relatively more resistant to apoptosis caused by H(2)O(2), UVA, superoxide anion, and pro-oxidant xenobiotics as well as by HNE, suggesting that HNE may be a common denominator in mechanisms of apoptosis caused by oxidative stress. Transfection of adherent cells with HNE-metabolizing GSTs leads to transformation of these cells due to depletion of HNE. (PMID 15288119). HNE has also been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821).
5a-Androst-3-en-17-one is a urinary metabolite of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (Formestane) is a second generation, irreversible aromatase inhibitor and commonly used as anti breast cancer medication for postmenopausal women. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione is a prohibited substance in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and there is a considerable increase of structurally related steroids with anabolic effects offered via the internet. (PMID: 17207827, 17260133, 17616252).
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
Estriol is a metabolite of estrone metabolized via 16alpha-hydroxyestrone through the enzyme 16alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.147) or to 2- or 4-hydroxyestrone (catechol estrogens) by the action of catecho-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6). The latter metabolites can be formed in the brain and may compete with receptors for catecholamines. Metabolites are conjugated with sulfate or glucuronide before excretion by the kidney. During pregnancy, estriol constitutes 60-70% of the total estrogens, increasing to 300-500-fold in relation to non-pregnant women. The late term human fetus produces relatively large amounts of 16 alphahydroxy DHEA, which serves the mother as a precursor of estriol. It has been shown that 90% of the precursors for the formation of estriol are of fetal origin. If abnormal maternal serum screening results, specifically low levels of unconjugated estriol in the second trimester are detected, a diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS),or RSH is suspected. SLOS is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations of the gene encoding 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21, DHCR7). (PMID: 16202579, 16112271, 16097001).
Arbutamine, administered through a closed-loop, computer-controlled drug-delivery system, is indicated to elicit acute cardiovascular responses, similar to those produced by exercise, in order to aid in diagnosing the presence or absence of coronary artery disease in patients who cannot exercise adequately.
In non-diabetic kidney scarring the protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTg) has been implicated in the process by the formation of increased epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bonds between ECM components in both experimental and human disease. Changes in tTg and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine occur in human Diabetic nephropathy as well, the leading cause of chronic kidney failure. (PMID 15292688). In Parkinson's disease (PD), conformational changes in the alpha-synuclein monomer precede the formation of Lewy bodies. Both tTG and its substrate-characteristic N(epsilon)-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine crosslink are increased in PD nigral dopamine neurons. (PMID 15001552). Expression of tissue transglutaminase (tTgase) and epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine was present in all scarring of the blebs sites, being the main cause of failure in glaucoma filtration surgery. Transglutaminases are calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins through an acyl transfer reaction between the gamma-carboxamide group of a peptide-bound glutaminyl residue and various amines. Covalent cross-linking using epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine bonds is stable and resistant to enzymatic, chemical, and mechanical disruption. (PMID: 16936095).
N-Cyclopropyl-trans-2-cis-6-nonadienamide is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Mahaleboside is found in fruits. Mahaleboside is a constituent of Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb cherry).
Alanylisoleucine is a dipeptide composed of alanine and isoleucine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Indole-3-carbinol, also known as 3-indolylcarbinol or 1H-indole-3-methanol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-Alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. Indole-3-carbinol is a dietary indole present in cruciferous vegetables that has been shown to influence estradiol metabolism in humans and may provide a new chemopreventive approach to estrogen-dependent diseases (PMID:2342128). Indole-3-carbinol is produced by members of the family Cruciferae, particularly members of the genus Brassica (e.g. cabbage, radishes, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and daikon). Indole-3-carbinol is metabolized into a number of products, including the dimeric 3,3'-diindolylmethane. Both 3,3'-diindolylmethane and indole-3-carbinol are thought to have biological effects. Indole-3-carbinol is a natural chemopreventive compound. It has multiple anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties; it can suppress the proliferation of certain cancer cells, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, colon cancer, and leukemic cells (PMID:16634522, 16082211).
Androstenol is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. Androstenol has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. Androstenol as a pheromone is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088). 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene is a steroidal compound belonging to the group of odorous 16-androstenes, first isolated from boar testes and also found in humans. 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene has pheromone-like properties in both animals and humans, but the molecular targets of its pheromonal activity are unknown. 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene is structurally similar to endogenous A-ring reduced neurosteroids that act as positive modulators of GABAA receptors. 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene has neurosteroid-like activity as a GABAA receptor modulator. The various actions of 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene in the whole-animal models are consistent with its activity as a GABAA receptor modulator. GABAA receptors could represent a target for 3a-Hydroxyandrost-16-ene as a pheromone, for which it is well suited because of high volatility and lipophilicity, or as a conventional hormonal neurosteroid. (PMID: 1419890, 8142319, 16415088).
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
Alanylisoleucine is a dipeptide composed of alanine and isoleucine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline [N-methyl-(R)salsolinol, NM(R)Sal] is the most potent toxin among isoquinolines. Endogenous isoquinolines with and without catechol structure have been proposed to be neurotoxins specific for dopamine neurons. (PMID 9085193). (R)salsolinol N-methyltransferase synthesizes N-methyl(R)salsolinol, which is further oxidized into 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion by non-enzymatic and enzymatic oxidation. (PMID 14697894). Dopamine-derived N-methyl(R)salsolinol is an endogenous MPTP-like neurotoxin to cause Parkinson's disease. In the cerebrospinal fluid from newly diagnosed untreated patients with Parkinson's disease, the level of this toxin was found to increase significantly, compared to control and a disease control, multiple system atrophy. L-DOPA therapy did not seem to affect the level of this toxin. The results suggest that N-methyl(R)salsolinol level in the cerebrospinal fluid may indicate remaining dopamine neurons in the parkinsonian brain. (PMID 10076861). N-methyl(R)salsolinol (NM(R)Sal) induces apoptosis (but not necrosis) in SH-SY5Y cells, and the apoptotic cascade is initiated by mitochondrial permeability transition and activated by stepwise reactions. (PMID 12200198).
4-Hydroxyproline (hydroxyproline or Hyp) is a major component of the protein collagen. Hydroxyproline is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline and is, therefore, a post-translationally modified, non-essential amino acid. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles in collagen stability. In particular, they permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. Hydroxyproline is found in few proteins other than collagen. The only other mammalian protein which includes hydroxyproline is elastin. For this reason, hydroxyproline content has been used as an indicator to determine collagen and/or gelatin amount in tissue or biological samples. Increased serum and urine levels of hydroxyproline have been found in Paget's disease (PMID: 436278). Hydroxyproline (Hyp) content in biological fluids is used as a parameter of collagen catabolism, especially bone resorption or tissue degradation. Bedridden and elderly individuals show significantly elevated serum levels of hydroxyproline in comparison to normal, active individuals (PMID: 10706420). Elevated levels of urinary hydroxyproline are also indicative of muscle damage (PMID: 21988268). Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also known to accelerate collagen degradation. Hydroxyproline levels increase in cases of depression and stress (PMID: 21483218). 4-Hydroxyproline is found to be associated with Alzheimer's disease, and also hydroxyprolinemia and iminoglycinuria which are both inborn errors of metabolism. 4-Hydroxyproline is also involved in metabolic disorders such as hyperprolinemia type I, hyperornithinemia with gyrate atrophy (HOGA), L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, creatine deficiency, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation (PubChem). trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline is a biomarker for the consumption of processed meat.
Cefadroxil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative.Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefadroxil binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins; it is possible that cefadroxil interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine is a metabolite of capecitabine. Capecitabine (Xeloda, Roche) is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. Capecitabine is a prodrug, that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. (Wikipedia)
Sequestrant, preservative and discolouration inhibitor for foods. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, widely abbreviated as EDTA, is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colourless, water-soluble solid. Its conjugate base is named ethylenediaminetetraacetate. It is widely used to dissolve limescale. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a hexadentate ("six-toothed") ligand and chelating agent
Pregnanetriol is a metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROTESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.
Natamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [PubChem]Like other polyene antibiotics, Natamycin inhibits fungal growth by binding to sterols. Specifically, Natamycin binds to ergosterol in the plasma membrane, preventing ergosterol-dependent fusion of vacuoles, as well as membrane fusion and fission. This differs from the mechanism of most other polyene antibiotics, which tend to work by altering fungal membrane permeability instead.
Clionasterol is a triterpenoid isolated from the Indian marine red alga Gracilaria edulis, the sponge Veronica aerophoba and the Kenyan Marine Green. Macroalga Halimeda macroloba. It is a potent inhibitor of complement component C1. (PMID 12624828).
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
Erythromycin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety. Thus, erythromycin is considered to be a macrolide lipid molecule. Erythromycin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits; binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with the translocation of amino acids during the translation and assembly of proteins. Erythromycin may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.
Theaflavin-3-gallate is a theaflavins (a black tea extract) complex. It is one of the major black tea polyphenols. Research results show that it may be responsible for the chemopreventive activity in black tea extracts (PMID: 11103814).
MG(0:0/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
N-[(3a,5b,7b)-7-hydroxy-24-oxo-3-(sulfooxy)cholan-24-yl]-Glycine is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). Technically this compound is a sulfate conjugate of glycoursodeoxycholic acid.
Hesperetin 7-glucoside is found in green vegetables. Hesperetin 7-glucoside is isolated from water mint (Mentha aquatica
D-Glucosaminide is an intermediate in the Human Aminosugars metabolism, the substrate of the enzyme di-N-acetyl-chitobiase [EC:3.2.1.-], from the Glycosidases class (i.e.: enzymes hydrolyzing O- and S-glycosyl compounds). (KEGG).
Taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate is a bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. Under normal circumstances, bile acid sulfation is a minor pathway. However in the presence of cholestasis, the fraction of the bile acid pool which is sulfated increases. Sulfation of bile acids increases the aqueous solubility of the amphipathic compounds and results in more efficient renal clearance as well as in decreased reabsorption from the intestinal lumen. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
24-Hydroxycalcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium transport but not bone calcium mobilization or phosphate transport reactions. (PMID: 163578). Vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] to 24-Hydroxycalcitriol (1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3). (PMID: 9165006). The administration of 24-Hydroxycalcitriol at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 microg/kg/day produced strong anabolic effects, especially on vertebral cancellous bone that can prevent estrogen depletion-induced bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. (PMID: 9115161).
5-Methyldeoxycytidine is a dinucleotide. Methylation of cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sequences (CpG dinucleotides) catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase, particularly in the 5&#8242;-promoter regions of mammalian genes, forms 5-methyldeoxycytidine (5-mdc) whose levels may regulate gene expression. Levels of 5-mdc and the expression of nm23-H1 (an anti-metastatic gene identified in and human cancer lines) are highly correlated with human hepatoma cells with different invasion activities. DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. The levels of 5-mdc in the urine of patients with breast cancer is not significantly different than controls. (PMID: 17044778, 17264127, 16799933).
N-Acetyllactosamine, also known as galb1-4glcnacb or lacnac, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acylaminosugars. These are organic compounds containing a sugar linked to a chain through N-acyl group. N-Acetyllactosamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Maslinic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619).
5a-Androst-3-en-17-one is a urinary metabolite of 4-hydroxyandrostenedione. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (Formestane) is a second generation, irreversible aromatase inhibitor and commonly used as anti breast cancer medication for postmenopausal women. 4-hydroxyandrostenedione is a prohibited substance in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and there is a considerable increase of structurally related steroids with anabolic effects offered via the internet. (PMID: 17207827, 17260133, 17616252).
Galabiosylceramide is a non-acidic diglycosphingolipids, i.e. a sphingolipid with two or more carbohydrate moieties attached to a ceramide unit. It is a vital component of cellular membranes of most eukaryotic organisms and some bacteria. Its abundance relative to other lipids is usually low other than in epithelial and neuronal cells. Galabiosylceramide has also been found in small amounts in kidney and pancreas, for example. Galabiosylceramide is one of the lipids that accumulates in excessive amounts in Fabry's disease. It is the precursor of the gala series of oligoglycosylceramides. n animal tissues, biosynthesis involves addition of a second monosaccharides unit from the appropriate sugar nucleotide to a monoglycosylceramide, catalysed by a glycosyl transferase, in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Glycolipids are important components of the body's immune defense system, either in haptenic reactivity or in antibody-producing potency, i.e. as cellular immunogens or antigens. Certain glycolipids are involved in the antigenicity of blood group determinants, while others bind to specific toxins or bacteria. Some also function as receptors for cellular recognition, and they can be specific for particular tissues or tumours.
Cyclochlorotine is a mycotoxin produced by the common food storage mould Penicillium islandicu
All-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol is involved in the retinol metabolism pathway. In this pathway, all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol and an acceptor molecule is reversibly converted to retinol (vitamin A) plus reduced acceptor via the enzyme all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase (EC 1.3.99.23). (KEGG).
5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate, also known as 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol disulfuric acid, is classified as a member of the sulfated steroids. Sulfated steroids are sterol lipids containing a sulfate group attached to the steroid skeleton. 5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound. 5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate can be found in feces.
Curcumol is found in turmeric. Curcumol is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
Heptabarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an intermediate or short term barbiturate used mainly for sedation and hypnosis.Heptabarbital (like all barbiturates) works by binding to the GABAA receptor at either the alpha or the beta sub unit. These are binding sites that are distinct from GABA itself and also distinct from the benzodiazepine binding site. Like benzodiazepines, barbiturates potentiate the effect of GABA at this receptor. This GABAA receptor binding decreases input resistance, depresses burst and tonic firing, especially in ventrobasal and intralaminar neurons, while at the same time increasing burst duration and mean conductance at individual chloride channels; this increases both the amplitude and decay time of inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition to this GABA-ergic effect, barbiturates also block the AMPA receptor, a subtype of glutamate receptor. Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. Heptabarbital also appears to bind neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
Bilirubin diglucuronide is a glucuronidated version of bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole compound produced via heme degradation. Heme is the red pigment in haemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs have a life span of about 120 days. When the RBCs have reached the end of their useful lifespan, the cells are engulfed by macrophages and their constituents recycled or disposed of.  Heme is broken down when the heme ring is opened by the enzyme known as heme oxygenase, which is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of the macrophages. The oxidation process produces the linear tetrapyrrole known as biliverdin along with ferric iron (Fe3+), and carbon monoxide (CO). In the next reaction, a second methylene group (located between rings III and IV of the porphyrin ring) is reduced by the enzyme known as biliverdin reductase, producing bilirubin. Bilirubin is significantly less extensively conjugated than biliverdin. This reduction causes a change in the color of the biliverdin molecule from blue-green (vert or verd for green) to yellow-red, which is the color of bilirubin (ruby or rubi for red). In plasma virtually all the bilirubin is tightly bound to plasma proteins, largely albumin, because it is only sparingly soluble in aqueous solutions at physiological pH. In the sinusoids unconjugated bilirubin dissociates from albumin, enters the liver cells across the cell membrane through non-ionic diffusion to the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. In hepatocytes, bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyltransferase (bilirubin-UGT) adds 2 additional glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin to produce the more water-soluble version of the molecule known as bilirubin diglucuronide. The bilirubin diglucuronide is transferred rapidly across the canalicular membrane into the bile canaliculi where it is then excreted as bile into the large intestine.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Melleolide L is found in mushrooms. Melleolide L is a metabolite of Armillariella mellea (honey mushroom
3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid is found in herbs and spices. 3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid is a constituent of Piper longum (long pepper) and Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper)
Alanyltryptophan is a dipeptide composed of alanine and tryptophan. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
(S)-2,3-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyacetyl)-2-isopropenylbenzofuran is found in fats and oils. (S)-2,3-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyacetyl)-2-isopropenylbenzofuran is a constituent of Madia sativa (Chile tarweed)
Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone, has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone. Eplerenone selectively binds to recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone and androgen receptors.
Dehydrozingerone is a flavouring ingredien
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). Its systematic chemical name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid. It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. Chemically, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. Because of the presence of double bonds, EPS is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Metabolically it acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups. It is found in fish oils of cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk (Wikipedia).
Ginsenoside Rg5 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rg5 is isolated from ginsen
Used to treat allergic conjunctivitis (itching eyes), olopatadine inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. It is a relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist that inhibits the in vivo and in vitro type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells.
11'-carboxy-r-tocotrienol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 11'-hydroxy-r-tocotrienol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. Gamma-tocotrienol targets cancer cells by inhibiting Id1, a key cancer-promoting protein. Gamma-tocotrienol was shown to trigger cell apoptosis and well as anti-proliferation of cancer cells. This mechanism was also observed in separate prostate cancer and melanoma cell line studies.
Used to treat allergic conjunctivitis (itching eyes), olopatadine inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. It is a relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist that inhibits the in vivo and in vitro type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells.
N-Carbamoyl-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid is found in pulses. N-Carbamoyl-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid is isolated from leaves of Vicia fab
4-Hydroxy-2-butenoic acid gamma-lactone is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Used to treat allergic conjunctivitis (itching eyes), olopatadine inhibits the release of histamine from mast cells. It is a relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist that inhibits the in vivo and in vitro type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells.
16-Dehydroprogesterone, also known as delta.16-progesterone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 20-oxosteroids. These are steroid derivatives carrying a C=O group at the 20-position of the steroid skeleton. Thus, 16-dehydroprogesterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 16-Dehydroprogesterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
Artesunate is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may, therefore, be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system (DrugBank).
Antiprotozoal, coccidiostat for poultry and rabbits Robenidine is a coccidiostat
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. B12 cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B12 are bacteria and archaea. The total synthesis of B12 was reported in 1973 by Robert Burns Woodward, and remains one of the classic feats of total synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short).
Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2). Inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism are autosomal recessive disorders and have been classified into nine distinct complementation classes. Disorders affecting adenosylcobalamin cause methylmalonic acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and uses adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Cbl must be transported into mitochondria, reduced and adenosylated before it can be utilized by MCM. (PMID: 17011224).
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
(2E,4E,6Z)-2,4,6-Decatrienoic acid dehydropiperidide is found in herbs and spices. (2E,4E,6Z)-2,4,6-Decatrienoic acid dehydropiperidide is an alkaloid from Achillea millefolium (yarrow).
Phytanoyl CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of phytanic acid. Phytanic acid is present in human diet or in animal tissues where it may be derived from chlorophyll in plant extracts. Specifically it is an epimeric metabolite of the isoprenoid side chain of chlorophyll. Owing to the presence of its epimeric beta-methyl group, phytanic acid cannot be metabolized by beta-oxidation. Instead, it is metabolized in peroxisomes via alpha-oxidation to give pristanic acid, which is then oxidized by beta-oxidation. PhyH (phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase) catalyses hydroxylation of phytanoyl-CoA. Mutations of PhyH can lead to phytanic acid accumulation. High levels of phytanic acid are found in patients suffering from Refsum's syndrome. This inherited neurological disorder is characterized by an accumulation of phytanic acid in blood and tissues. Clinically it is characterized by adult onset retinitis pigmentosa, anosmia, sensory neuropathy, and phytanic acidaemia. This disorder has been found to be related to deficiency in the &#945;-oxidation pathway in the liver. (PMID: 17956235). Phytanoyl CoA and other branched-chain fatty acid CoA products are potent inducers of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARalpha, a nuclear receptor that enhances transcription of peroxisomal enzymes mediating beta-oxidation of these potentially toxic fatty acids (PMID: 16768463). Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase are strongly inhibited by phytanoyl-CoA. Decreased activity of these important mitochondrial metabolism complexes might therefore contribute to neurological symptoms upon accumulation of phytanic acid in Refsum disease (PMID: 16737698).
Urolithin C is a biomarker of nut consumption in urine.
Polymyxin B sulfate is a mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic. All gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and the gram-negative cocci, N. gonorrhea and N. menigitidis, are resistant. It is appropriate for treatment of infections of the urinary tract, meninges, and blood stream, caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
3beta-Acetoxy-19alpha-hydroxy-12-ursene is found in pomes. 3beta-Acetoxy-19alpha-hydroxy-12-ursene is a constituent of Pyrus communis (pear).
13'-Carboxy-gamma-tocopherol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 13'-hydroxy-r-tocopherol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. r-Tocopherol provides different antioxidant activities in food and in-vitro studies and showed higher activity in trapping lipophilic electrophiles and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. From the metabolism end product, only that of r-tocopherol (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(b-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman), but not that of a-tocopherol, was identified to provide natriuretic activity. Only the r-tocopherol plasma level served as biomarker for cancer and cardiovascular risk.
Tafluprost is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a prostaglandin analogue used topically (as eye drops) to control the progression of glaucoma and in the management of ocular hypertension. Tafluprost was approved for use in the U.S. on February 10, 2012.Tafluprost is a prostaglandin F2a analogue. Specifically, Tafluprost is a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist that is believed to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. Studies in animals and man suggest that the main mechanism of action is increased uveoscleral outflow.
2,2,4,4,-Tetramethyl-6-(1-oxopropyl)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione is found in tea. 2,2,4,4,-Tetramethyl-6-(1-oxopropyl)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione is a constituent of the essential oil Leptospermum scoparium (red tea).
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
O-Isopentenylhalfordinol is found in fruits. O-Isopentenylhalfordinol is an alkaloid from Aegle marmelos (bael fruit
2,5-Dimethyl-3-furanthiol acetate is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Gibberellic acid, also known as gibberellin A3, GA, or GA3, is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. Since GA regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect. Gibberellic acid is a hormone found in plants. Gibberellic acid is a simple gibberellin promoting the growth and elongation of cells. It affects the decomposition of plants. It also helps plants grow if used in small amounts but eventually, plants grow a tolerance for it. Gibberellic acid stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to produce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes.
Citpressine II is found in citrus. Citpressine II is an alkaloid from the root of bark of Citrus depressa (Shekwasha mandarin
5-Methyldeoxycytidine is a dinucleotide. Methylation of cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sequences (CpG dinucleotides) catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase, particularly in the 5&#8242;-promoter regions of mammalian genes, forms 5-methyldeoxycytidine (5-mdc) whose levels may regulate gene expression. Levels of 5-mdc and the expression of nm23-H1 (an anti-metastatic gene identified in and human cancer lines) are highly correlated with human hepatoma cells with different invasion activities. DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. The levels of 5-mdc in the urine of patients with breast cancer is not significantly different than controls. (PMID: 17044778, 17264127, 16799933).
13'-Carboxy-gamma-tocopherol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 13'-hydroxy-r-tocopherol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. r-Tocopherol provides different antioxidant activities in food and in-vitro studies and showed higher activity in trapping lipophilic electrophiles and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. From the metabolism end product, only that of r-tocopherol (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(b-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman), but not that of a-tocopherol, was identified to provide natriuretic activity. Only the r-tocopherol plasma level served as biomarker for cancer and cardiovascular risk.
3-Nitrotyrosine, also known as nitrotyrosine is a product of tyrosine nitration mediated by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anion and nitrogen dioxide. Nitrotyrosine is identified as an indicator or marker of cell damage, inflammation as well as NO (nitric oxide) production. Nitrotyrosine is formed in the presence of the active metabolite NO. Nitrotyrosine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosine and derivatives. Tyrosine and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Acutilobin is found in green vegetables. Acutilobin is a constituent of Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui).
Oripavine is an alkaloid from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum
3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonoid c-glycosides. Flavonoid c-glycosides are compounds containing a carbohydrate moiety which is C-glycosidically linked to the 2-phenylchromen-4-one flavonoid backbone. 3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin can be found in corn, which makes 3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
3-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinolactone is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, also known as 1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole or 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid can be converted into 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide; which is mediated by the enzyme multifunctional protein ADE2. In addition, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid and L-aspartic acid can be converted into SAICAR; which is mediated by the enzyme multifunctional protein ADE2. In humans, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS). Outside of the human body, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as ohelo berries, Chinese mustards, peach (var.), jackfruits, and saskatoon berries. This could make 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid is an intermediate in purine metabolism. 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylic acid is converted from aminoimidazole ribotide via phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (EC: 4.1.1.21).
18-Oxocortisol shares structural characteristics with cortisol and aldosterone and is secreted from the adrenal cortex. The plasma levels of 18-Oxocortisol are significantly higher in patients with adrenocortical disorders than in control subjects. (PMID 8013138).
Ceftazidime is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [PubChem]The bactericidal activity of ceftazidime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
Temocapril belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acid esters. These are ester derivatives of alpha amino acids.
Chlorin E6 (chlorin(e6)) is a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy using nontoxic light-sensitive compounds that are exposed selectively to light, whereupon they become toxic to targeted malignant and other diseased cells. PDT has proven ability to kill microbial cells including bacteria, fungi and viruses. PDT is popularly used in treating acne. It is used clinically to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including wet age-related macular degeneration and malignant cancers, and is recognised as a treatment strategy which is both minimally invasive and minimally toxic.  A photosensitizer is a chemical compound that can be promoted to an excited state upon absorption light and undergo intersystem crossing with oxygen to produce singlet oxygen. This species rapidly attacks any organic compounds it encounters, thus being highly cytotoxic. A wide array of photosensitizers for PDT exist. They can be divided into porphyrins, chlorophylls and dyes. Some examples include aminolevulinic acid (ALA), Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4, m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC), and mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6). (Wikipedia)
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
Amygdalin is found in almond. Bitter glycoside of the Rosaceae, found especially in kernels of cherries, peaches and apricots. Amygdalin is present in cold pressed bitter almond oil from the above sources prior to enzymic hydolysis and steam distillation for food use Amygdalin , C20H27NO11, is a glycoside initially isolated from the seeds of the tree Prunus dulcis, also known as bitter almonds, by Pierre-Jean Robiquet and A. F. Boutron-Charlard in 1803, and subsequently investigated by Liebig and Wohler in 1830, and others. Several other related species in the genus of Prunus, including apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and black cherry (Prunus serotina), also contain amygdalin. It was promoted as a cancer cure by Ernst T. Krebs under the name "Vitamin B17", but studies have found it to be ineffective. Amygdalin is sometimes confounded with laevomandelonitrile, also called laetrile for short; however, amygdalin and laetrile are different chemical compounds
Taraxasterol is found in alcoholic beverages. Taraxasterol is a constituent of dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale), Roman chamomile flowers (Anthemis nobilis) and many other plants
Natamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [PubChem]Like other polyene antibiotics, Natamycin inhibits fungal growth by binding to sterols. Specifically, Natamycin binds to ergosterol in the plasma membrane, preventing ergosterol-dependent fusion of vacuoles, as well as membrane fusion and fission. This differs from the mechanism of most other polyene antibiotics, which tend to work by altering fungal membrane permeability instead.
Rosuvastatin 5 S-lactone is a metabolite of rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin (marketed by AstraZeneca as Crestor) is a member of the drug class of statins, used to treat high cholesterol and related conditions, and to prevent cardiovascular disease. It was developed by Shionogi. (Wikipedia)
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
N-trans-p-Coumaroyloctopamine is found in eggplant. N-trans-p-Coumaroyloctopamine is an alkaloid from roots of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum).
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
(3beta,4alpha,5alpha,24S)-4,14-Dimethylstigmasta-8,25-dien-3-ol is found in green vegetables. (3beta,4alpha,5alpha,24S)-4,14-Dimethylstigmasta-8,25-dien-3-ol is a constituent of Lagenaria leucantha (bottle gourd)
Phenol, is a toxic, colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor that resembles a hospital smell. It is commonly used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is active against a wide range of micro-organisms including some fungi and viruses, but is only slowly effective against spores. It has been used to disinfect skin and to relieve itching. Phenol is also used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin lightening preparations. It is also used in the production of drugs (it is the starting material in the industrial production of aspirin), weedkillers, and synthetic resins. Phenol can be found in areas with high levels of motor traffic, therefore, people living in crowded urban areas are frequently exposed to traffic-derived phenol vapor. The average (mean +/- SD) phenol concentration in urine among normal individuals living in urban areas is 7.4 +/- 2.2 mg/g of creatinine. Exposure of the skin to concentrated phenol solutions causes chemical burns which may be severe; in laboratories where it is used, it is usually recommended that polyethylene glycol solution is kept available for washing off splashes. Notwithstanding the effects of concentrated solutions, it is also used in cosmetic surgery as an exfoliant, to remove layers of dead skin (Wikipedia). In some bacteria phenol can be directly synthesized from tyrosine via the enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase [EC:4.1.99.2]. It can be produced by Escherichia and Pseudomonas. Phenol has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821).
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
Naringenin-7-O-glucuronide is an orange/orange juice metabolite in urine.
Ibopamine is a sympathomimetic used in ophthalmology. It induces mydriasis. It also has been investigated for use in the treatment of congestive heart failure.
Pentaporphyrin I is a porphyrin intermediate detected in liver, kidney and erythrocytes (PubMed ID 8803328 ).
Metyrosine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)Metyrosine inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the first transformation in catecholamine biosynthesis, i.e., the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). Because the first step is also the rate-limiting step, blockade of tyrosine hydroxylase activity results in decreased endogenous levels of catecholamines and their synthesis. This consequently, depletes the levels of the catecholamines dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline in the body,usually measured as decreased urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. One main end result of the catecholamine depletion is a decrease in blood presure.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
beta-O-Methylynephrine is found in citrus. beta-O-Methylynephrine is obtained from tangerine leaves, poss. as artifact.
O-Desmethylangolensin (ODMA) is a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria in approximately 80-90% of persons. Studies suggest beneficial health effects associated with daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes, and there is some small association between ODMA production and some phenotypes. Few dietary factors are associated with daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes. However, it remains unclear why some, but not all, persons harbor ODMA-producing bacteria. ODMA production is inversely associated with age, height, weight, and body mass index. In addition, Asians are less likely than whites to be ODMA producers, and former smokers were more likely than never smokers to be ODMA producers. Investigators have attempted to identify the bacteria involved in ODMA production, and several candidate bacteria were associated, but not definitely identified. ODMA production is correlated with the abundance of methanogens, indicating that the metabolic fate of daidzein may be related to intestinal H(2) metabolism. (PMID: 18326607, 17506823).
Dihydro-O-methylsterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin from Aspergillus flavu
Nootkatol (cis or trans) is known to produce during synthetic (+)-nootkatone production from (+)-valencene by oxidation. Nootkatol is also reported as a precursor in several enzymatic oxidation of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. Nootkatone is an important oxidised sesquiterpene used in flavour and fragrance industry. Natural (+)-nootkatone can be extracted from grapefruit.
4,5-Dihydroorotic acid, also known as dihydroorotate or hydroorotate is a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N-alpha-carbethoxyasparagine. It is classified as a secondary amide, a monocarboxylic acid, a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid and a N-acylurea. 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a derivative of orotic acid which serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis. 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is synthesized by the enzyme known as Dihydroorotase (EC 3.5.2.3) which converts carbamoyl aspartic acid into 4,5-dihydroorotic acid as part of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway (PMID: 13163076). 4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is also a substrate for the enzyme known as dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).  In mammalian species, DHODH catalyzes the fourth step in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, which involves the ubiquinone-mediated oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate and the reduction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to dihydroflavin mononucleotide (FMNH2). Inhibition of DHODH activity with teriflunomide (an immunomodulatory drug) or expression with RNA interference results in reduced ROS generation and consequent apoptosis of transformed skin and prostate epithelial cells. Mutations in the DHOD gene have been shown to cause Miller syndrome, also known as Genee-Wiedemann syndrome, Wildervanck-Smith syndrome or post-axial acrofacial dystosis (PMID: 19915526).
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) (CAS: 18104-45-5), also known as 13(S)-hydroxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid or 13(S)-HODE, is the major lipoxygenation product synthesized in the body from linoleic acid. 13-HODE prevents cell adhesion to endothelial cells and can inhibit cancer metastasis. 13-HODE synthesis is enhanced by cyclic AMP. gamma-Linolenic acid, a desaturated metabolite of linoleic acid, causes substantial stimulation of 13-HODE synthesis. A fall in gamma-linolenic acid synthesis with age may be related to the age-related fall in 13-HODE formation (PMID: 9561154). 13-HODE is considered an intermediate in linoleic acid metabolism. It is generated from 13(S)-HPODE via the enzyme lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12). 13-HODE has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of systems. 13-HODE is found to be produced by prostate tumours and cell lines and researchers believe that there is a link between linoleic acid metabolism and the development or progression of prostate cancer (PMID: 9367845).
5,6-Dihydro-4-methoxy-6-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2H-pyran-2-one is found in beverages. 5,6-Dihydro-4-methoxy-6-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2H-pyran-2-one is a constituent of Piper methysticum (kava). FDA advises against use of kava in food due to potential risk of severe liver damage (2002)
Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) is the first metabolite in the series of reactions leading to the synthesis of all leukotrienes. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the two-step conversion of arachidonic acid to LTA4.The first step consists of the oxidation of arachidonic acid to the unstable intermediate 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), and the second step is the dehydration of 5-HPETE to form LTA4. Leukotriene A4, an unstable epoxide, is hydrolyzed to leukotriene B4 or conjugated with glutathione to yield leukotriene C4 and its metabolites, leukotriene D4 and leukotriene E4. The leukotrienes participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. Recent studies also suggest a neuroendocrine role for leukotriene C4 in luteinizing hormone secretion. (PMID: 10591081, 2820055). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties. [PubChem]
Glucorhein is found in green vegetables. Glucorhein is isolated from Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb).
Equol is a metabolite of daidzein, a phytoestrogen common in the human diet and abundant in soy. Intestinal bacteria in humans can reduce daidzein to equol, and can be found in normal human urine. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. (PMID: 17579895, 17579894). Equol can be found in Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Eggerthella (PMID: 20519412; PMID: 18838805).
Glucorhein is found in green vegetables. Glucorhein is isolated from Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb).
Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide is a cocoa and tea metabolite in plasma and urine.
Smilagenone is found in root vegetables. Smilagenone is a constituent of the wild yam Dioscorea deltoidea.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). Its systematic chemical name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid. It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. Chemically, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. Because of the presence of double bonds, EPS is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Metabolically it acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups. It is found in fish oils of cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk (Wikipedia).
Protobassic acid is found in fruits. Protobassic acid is a constituent of the famine food Madhuca longifolia
Androstenedione is a delta-4 19-carbon steroid that is produced not only in the testis, but also in the ovary and the adrenal cortex. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to testosterone as well as estrone and estradiol. It is the common precursor of male and female sex hormones. Some androstenedione is also secreted into the plasma and may be converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogens. Androstenedione originates either from the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone or from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is further converted to either testosterone or estrone. The production of adrenal androstenedione is governed by ACTH, while the production of gonadal androstenedione is under control by gonadotropins.
Chrysoobtusin is found in coffee and coffee products. Chrysoobtusin is isolated from seeds of Cassia tora (charota).
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Salsoline-1-carboxylic acid is a intermidiate metabolite in the synthesis of Salsoline and it can be directly oxidized by certain enzyme. It can also be synthesized through another intermediate metabolite Salsolinol 1-carboxylate via Catechol O-methyltransferase.
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
Asteltoxin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus stellatus and Emericella varicolo
Nb-Acetyl-Nb-methyltryptamine is found in beverages. Nb-Acetyl-Nb-methyltryptamine is an alkaloid from stems of Limonia acidissima (wood apple
Perflutren, a diagnostic drug that is intended to be used for contrast enhancement during the indicated echocardiographic procedures, is comprised of lipid-coated microspheres filled with octafluoropropane(OFP) gas. When exposed to ultrasound waves, the microspheres resonate and 'echo' strong signals back to the ultrasound machine. The difference in density between the gas-filled bubbles and the blood around them creates an increased level of contrast visible in the resulting ultrasound image. During echocardiography, activated Perflutren enhances images of the inner edges or borders of the heart, producing an improved image that may enable physicians to better diagnose patients.
Pyrazin-2-carboxylic acid belongs to the family of Pyrazine Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives. These are heterocyclic compounds containing a pyrazine ring substituted by one or more carboxylic acid group.
2,2,2-trichloroethanol belongs to the family of Primary Alcohols. These are compounds comprising the primary alcohol functional group, with the general strucuture RCOH (R=alkyl, aryl).
Dihydrovaltrate is found in fats and oils. Dihydrovaltrate is isolated from Valeriana specie
T2 Toxin is isolated from Fusarium species and Trichoderma lignorum. T2 Toxin is an important mycotoxin occurring naturally in various agricultural products.
It is used in foods as a nutrient supplement and pH control agent
Metoprolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is marketed under the brand name Lopressor by Novartis, and Toprol (in the USA); Seleken or Selokeen (elsewhere); A selective adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It's binding to plasma albumin is weaker than alprenolol and it may be useful in the treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system; Metoprolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the cardiovascular system. It is marketed under the brand name Lopressor by Novartis, and Toprol (in the USA); Seleken or Selokeen (elsewhere); as Minax by Alphapharm (in Australia), as Betaloc by AstraZeneca and as Corvitol by Berlin-Chemie AG; A selective adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It's binding to plasma albumin is weaker than alprenolol and it may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias; as Minax by Alphapharm (in Australia), as Betaloc by AstraZeneca and as Corvitol by Berlin-Chemie AG.
Codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G) is a major active metabolite of codeine and may be responsible for as much as 60% of the analgesic effects of codeine. C6G exhibits decreased immunosuppressive effects compared to codeine. During its metabolism, codeine is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the enzyme UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase-2B7 (UGT2B7) to form codeine-6-glucuronide. (Wikipedia)
Calcipotriol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol or Vitamin D.The precise mechanism of calcipotriol in remitting psoriasis is not well-understood. However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the Vitamin D receptor, while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism. The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid, bone, kindney, and T cells of the immune system. T cells are known to play a role in psoriasis, and it is thought that the binding of calcipotriol to the VDR modulates the T cells gene transcription of cell differentiation and proliferation related genes.
Nutrient supplement; flavouring ingredient with a bitter taste. Thiamine hydrochloride is found in many foods, some of which are sesame, cinnamon, garden rhubarb, and nougat.
2,3-Butanediol is an isomer of butanediol. The 2R,3R stereoisomer of 2,3-butanediol is produced by a variety of microorganisms, in a process known as butanediol fermentation. 2,3-Butanediol fermentation is the anaerobic fermentation of glucose with 2,3-butanediol as one of the end products. The overall stoichiometry of the reaction is 2 pyruvate + NADH --> 2CO2 + 2,3-butanediol. Butanediol fermentation is typical for Enterobacter species or microbes found in the gut. 2,3-butanediol has been identified in the sera of alcoholics and it may be a specific marker of alcohol abuse (PMID:6139706). In humans, 2,3-butanediol is oxidized to acetyl-CoA via acetoin. 2,3-Butanediol is also found in cocoa butter. 2,3-Butanediol can also be found in Bacillus, Klebsiella and Serratia (PMID:21272631).
L-Agaritine is found in mushrooms. L-Agaritine is a constituent of some members of the family Agaricaceae, notably Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom).
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the corpus luteum and the placenta. Progesterone acts on the uterus, the mammary glands and the brain. It is required in embryo implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for milk production. Progesterone, converted from pregnenolone, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of gonadal steroid hormones and adrenal corticosteroids. Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestagens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestagen. During implantation and gestation, progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy. Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle. The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor. In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy. The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production. Progesterone is found to be associated with pregnene hydroxylation deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
2,4-D is a member of the phenoxy family of herbicides, which include:; 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant hormones. It is absorbed through the leaves and is translocated to the meristems of the plant. Uncontrolled, unsustainable growth ensues, causing stem curl-over, leaf withering, and eventual plant death. 2,4-D is typically applied as an amine salt, but more potent ester versions exist as well. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (usually referred to by its abbreviation, 2,4-D) is a common systemic pesticide/herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is one of the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America. 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin (plant hormone), and as such it is often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. It was a major ingredient in Agent Orange alongside its chemically similar relative, 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid).
Maltoheptaose is a polysaccharide with 7 units of glucose and can be classified as a maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It is produced from starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as a creamy-white hygroscopic spray-dried powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose, and might be either moderately sweet or almost flavourless. It is commonly used for the production of natural sodas and candy such as SweeTarts. Maltodextrin consists of D-glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Maltodextrin is typically composed of a mixture of chains that vary from three to nineteen glucose units long. Maltodextrins are classified by DE (dextrose equivalent) and have a DE between 3 to 20. The higher the DE value, the shorter the glucose chains, and the higher the sweetness and solubility. Above DE 20, the European Union's CN code calls it glucose syrup, at DE 10 or lower the customs CN code nomenclature classifies maltodextrins as dextrins (Wikipedia).
5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-10'-apo-b,y-carotene-3,10'-diol is found in citrus. 5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-10'-apo-b,y-carotene-3,10'-diol is isolated from Persea americana (avocado) and from Valencia orange juice.
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde belongs to the family of Furans. These are compounds containing a furan ring, which is a five-member aromatic ring with one oxygen atom, four carbon atoms. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is found in garden onion. Obtainable from various carbohydrates. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is present in tomatoes, tobacco oil etc. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is a constituent of numerous plant species. 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde is used as an index of heat treatment and deterioration in food such as tomato paste, honey and fruit juices. Also an indicator of adulteration with acid-converted invert sugars.  5-Hydroxymethylfurfural is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
2-Furancarboxaldehyde, also known as 2-furaldehyde or a-furole, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aryl-aldehydes. Aryl-aldehydes are compounds containing an aldehyde group directly attached to an aromatic ring. 2-Furancarboxaldehyde is found in allspice and it is also a flavour ingredient. 2-Furancarboxaldehyde is present in coffee, calamus, matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake), pumpkin, malt, peated malt, Bourbon vanilla, Lamb's lettuce, pimento leaf and various fruits, e.g. apple, apricot, sweet cherry, morello cherry, orange, grapefruit, Chinese quince and a common constituent of essential oils. Furfural is an organic compound derived from a variety of agricultural byproducts, including corncobs, oat, wheat bran, and sawdust.
A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006)
Emulsifier in foods, dietary supplement. Calcium citrate is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fermentation process by which citric acid is produced industrially. The citric acid in the broth solution is neutralized by calcium hydroxide, precipitating insoluble calcium citrate. This is then filtered off from the rest of the broth and washed to give clean calcium citrate.
The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of testosterone with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.
5alpha-Tetrahydrocortisol is a normal human metabolite. However its increased ratio (5alpha-tetrahydrocortisol + tetrahydrocortisol) over tetrahydrocortisone in urine is the biochemical marker for the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME). AME is a heritable form of hypertension due to an inborn error of cortisol metabolism and is characterized by hypokalemia and low renin levels despite subnormal or normal levels of aldosterone and other known mineralocorticoids. The syndrome is attributable to congenital deficiency of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxydehydrogenase (11-beta-HSD), which converts cortisol to biologically inactive cortisone. This results in a prolonged half-life of cortisol, which acts at the kidney level as a potent mineralocorticoid (PMID: 8732999).
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Sotalol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias (PubChem). Sotalol has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class I) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class I) antiarrhythmic properties. Sotalol is a racemic mixture of d- and l-sotalol. Both isomers have similar Class I antiarrhythmic effects, while the l-isomer is responsible for virtually all of the beta-blocking activity. Sotalol inhibits response to adrenergic stimuli by competitively blocking &#946;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors within the myocardium and &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptors within bronchial and vascular smooth muscle. The electrophysiologic effects of sotalol may be due to its selective inhibition of the rapidly activating component of the potassium channel involved in the repolarization of cardiac cells. The class II electrophysiologic effects are caused by an increase in sinus cycle length (slowed heart rate), decreased AV nodal conduction, and increased AV nodal refractoriness, while the class III electrophysiological effects include prolongation of the atrial and ventricular monophasic action potentials, and effective refractory period prolongation of atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, and atrio-ventricular accessory pathways (where present) in both the anterograde and retrograde directions.
L-Glutamic acid 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the urea cycle and the metabolism of amino groups. It is a substrate of aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1 [EC:2.7.2.11 1.2.1.41] (KEGG)In citrulline biosynthesis, it is a substrate of the enzyme glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [EC 1.2.1.41] and in proline synthesis it is a substrate of the enzyme Glutamate 5-kinase [EC 2.7.2.11] (BioCyc).
Tropicamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the muscarinic antagonists with pharmacologic action similar to atropine and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic. [PubChem]Tropicamide binds to and blocks the receptors in the muscles of the eye (muscarinic receptor M4). Tropicamide acts by blocking the responses of the iris sphincter muscle to the iris and ciliary muscles to cholinergic stimulation, producing dilation of the pupil and paralysis of the ciliary muscle.
Xylose or wood sugar is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is found in the embryos of most edible plants. The polysaccharide xylan, which is closely associated with cellulose, consists practically entirely of d-xylose. Corncobs, cottonseed hulls, pecan shells, and straw contain considerable amounts of this sugar. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. (Wikipedia). Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.
Deoxynivalenol is found in cereals and cereal products. Deoxynivalenol is produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium roseum, responsible for headblight in cereals Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpeneoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and Gibberella ear rot in maize. Deoxynivalenol is a direct relationship between the incidence of Fusarium head blight and contamination of wheat with deoxynivalenol has been established. The incidence of Fusarium head blight is strongly associated with moisture at the time of flowering (anthesis), and the timing of rainfall, rather than the amount, is the most critical factor. Furthermore, deoxynivalenol contents are significantly affected by the susceptibility of cultivars towards Fusarium species, previous crop, tillage practices, and fungicide us
Crustecdysone is found in crustaceans. Crustecdysone is isolated from the marine crayfish Jasus lalandei in low yield (2 mg/ton
Tetrahydrocorticosterone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, tetrahydrocorticosterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is one of the major urinary metabolites from corticosterone. Premenopausal patients with early breast cancer excrete subnormal amounts of tetrahydrocorticosterone as compared with the normal subjects of corresponding ages (PMID: 1133844).
(9Z,11E,13E,15Z)-4-Oxo-9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic acid is found in fruits. (9Z,11E,13E,15Z)-4-Oxo-9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic acid is obtained from Chrysobalanus icaco seed oi
Hexyl glucoside is found in citrus. Hexyl glucoside is a constituent of Citrus species and apples (Malus sylvestris)
(2S,4S,6S)-2-[2-(4-Hydroxy-3-meyhoxyphenyl)ethyl]tetrahydro-6-(4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2H-pyran-4-ol is found in herbs and spices. (2S,4S,6S)-2-[2-(4-Hydroxy-3-meyhoxyphenyl)ethyl]tetrahydro-6-(4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2H-pyran-4-ol is a constituent of Zingiber officinale (ginger)
3-O-Methylniveusin A is found in fats and oils. 3-O-Methylniveusin A is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower).
Tamoxifen is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators with tissue-specific activities. Tamoxifen acts as an anti-estrogen (inhibiting agent) in the mammary tissue, but as an estrogen (stimulating agent) in cholesterol metabolism, bone density, and cell proliferation in the endometrium. [PubChem]Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors (ER), inducing a conformational change in the receptor. This results in a blockage or change in the expression of estrogen dependent genes. The prolonged binding of tamoxifen to the nuclear chromatin of these results in reduced DNA polymerase activity, impaired thymidine utilization, blockade of estradiol uptake, and decreased estrogen response. It is likely that tamoxifen interacts with other coactivators or corepressors in the tissue and binds with different estrogen receptors, ER-alpha or ER-beta, producing both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects.
A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic. Bufotenin (5-OH-DMT), is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in the skin of some species of toads; in mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals. Bufotenin is a chemical constituent in the venom and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the Bufo genus, but most notably in the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius) as it is the only toad species in which bufotenin is present in large enough quantities for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad venom, containing bufotenin and other bioactive compounds, have been used in some traditional medicines (probably derived from Bufo gargarizans), which has been used medicinally for centuries in China. Bufotenin is a constituent of the seeds of Anadenanthera colubrina and Anadenanthera peregrina trees. Anadenanthera seeds have been used as an ingredient in psychedelic snuff preparations by indigenous cultures of the Caribbean, Central and South America.
Brassilexin is found in brassicas. Brassilexin is isolated from leaves of brown mustard (Brassica juncea) (Cruciferae
Glycyl-Tryptophan is a dipeptide composed of glycine and tryptophan. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
N-desmethylrosiglitazone is a metabolite of rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as a stand-alone drug (Avandia) and in combination with metformin (Avandamet) or with glimepiride (Avandaryl). Annual sales peaked at approximately $2.5bn in 2006, but declined after reports of adverse effects. (Wikipedia)
N-desmethylrosiglitazone is a metabolite of rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as a stand-alone drug (Avandia) and in combination with metformin (Avandamet) or with glimepiride (Avandaryl). Annual sales peaked at approximately $2.5bn in 2006, but declined after reports of adverse effects. (Wikipedia)
N-Desmethyl-O-hydroxy rosiglitazone is a metabolite of rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as a stand-alone drug (Avandia) and in combination with metformin (Avandamet) or with glimepiride (Avandaryl). Annual sales peaked at approximately $2.5bn in 2006, but declined after reports of adverse effects. (Wikipedia)
Celecoxib (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. It is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Celebrex. In some countries, it is branded Celebra. Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs; Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs.
Celecoxib (INN) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. It is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Celebrex. In some countries, it is branded Celebra. Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain, painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms, and to reduce numbers of colon and rectum polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs; Celecoxib is a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor and primarily inhibits this isoform of cyclooxygenase, whereas traditional NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is approximately 10-20 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1. In theory, this specificity allows celecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors to reduce inflammation (and pain) while minimizing gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (e.g. stomach ulcers) that are common with non-selective NSAIDs. It also means that it has a reduced effect on platelet aggregation compared to traditional NSAIDs.
N-desmethylrosiglitazone is a metabolite of rosiglitazone. Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR receptors in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as a stand-alone drug (Avandia) and in combination with metformin (Avandamet) or with glimepiride (Avandaryl). Annual sales peaked at approximately $2.5bn in 2006, but declined after reports of adverse effects. (Wikipedia)
An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Food flavour enhancer. Monosodium glutamate, also known as sodium glutamate or MSG, is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring non-essential amino acids. It has been classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and by the European Union as a food additive. MSG has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621. The glutamate of MSG confers the same umami taste of glutamate from other foods, being chemically identical. Industrial food manufacturers market and use MSG as a flavor enhancer because it balances, blends and rounds the total perception of other tastes. Trade names of monosodium glutamate include AJI-NO-MOTO¬Æ, Vetsin, and Ac'cent. [Wikipedia].
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Colistimethate is an antibiotic that has been shown to have bactericidal activity against aerobic gram-negative microorganisms. Colistimethate is particularly indicated when the infection is caused by sensitive strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
In contrast to previous adult studies on urinary metabolites, plasma carboxyphosphamide concentrations did not support the existence of polymorphic metabolism. Plasma concentrations of dechlorethylcyclophosphamide and carboxyphosphamide were correlated in individual patients, suggesting that the activity of both aldehyde dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) determine carboxyphosphamide production in vivo. (PMID: 7850793) Detoxification of cyclophosphamide is effected, in part, by hepatic class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-1)-catalyzed oxidation of aldophosphamide, a pivotal aldehyde intermediate, to the nontoxic metabolite, carboxyphosphamide. (PMID: 9394035) A key finding was the detection of a metabolite, most likely carboxyphosphamide, that is formed only by cytosols from cells expressing either class 3 or class 1 ALDH. (PMID: 8662659)
Vapreotide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analog. It was being studied for the treatment of cancer.The exact mechanism of action is unknown, although one study has provided in vitro and in vivo evidence for a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist effect in the analgesic effects of vapreotide (PMID: 7556407).
Rebaudioside A belongs to the class of organic compounds known as steviol glycosides. These are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically linked to a steviol (a diterpenoid based on a 13-hydroxykaur-16-en-18-oic acid) moiety. Rebaudioside A is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Rebaudioside A is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two major compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931.
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Gambogic acid is found in fruits. Gambogic acid is isolated from Gamboge resin (exudate of Garcinia morella).
4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is found in fruits. 4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is isolated from acid hydrolysate of peach gum.
alpha-Solamarine is found in potato. alpha-Solamarine is an alkaloid from Solanum juzepczukii (bitter potato
Dihydrodigoxin belongs to the family of Terpene Glycosides. These are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically bound to a terpene backbone.
Sorbitan palmitate is a food emulsifier, stabilise
Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice
Maysin is found in cereals and cereal products. Maysin is isolated from corn silk (Zea mays).
Aquacobalamin is one of the major forms of vitamin B(12) isolated from mammalian cells. Aquacobalamin and the thiolate forms of glutathione are the precursors of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl, a precursor to the formation of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B(12), adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin) in mammalian cells. Under biological conditions the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione is essentially irreversible; upon entering cells, any free (protein-unbound) aquacobalamin could be rapidly and irreversibly converted to GSCbl. (PMID: 15476387). Aquacobalamin is reduced to cob(II)alamin by Methionine synthase reductse (MSR) in the presence of NADPH, and this reduction leads to stimulation of the conversion of apomethionine synthase and aquacobalamin to methionine synthase holoenzyme. MSR serves as a special chaperone for human methionine synthase and as an aquacobalamin reductase, rather than acting solely in the reductive activation of methionine synthase. (PMID: 16769880).
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Serylvaline is a dipeptide composed of serine and valine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Methyl 2-octynoate is a flavouring ingredien
4'-O-Methylepicatechin 7-O-glucuronide (4ME7G) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to glucuronic acid at the C7-position. 4'-O-Methyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-glucuronide is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). (−)-Epicatechin is taken up by Caco-2 cells (i.e. intestinal epithelial cells) and intracellularly metabolized into many products including 4ME7G (PMID: 24717599). 4ME7G is a cocoa metabolite from gut microflora. It has been found in urine.
alpha-Linolenoyl ethanolamide is a N-acylethanolamine. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a class of lipid compounds naturally present in both animal and plant membranes as constituents of the membrane-bound phospholipid, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). NAPE is composed of a third fatty acid moiety linked to the amino head group of the commonly occurring membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine. NAEs are released from NAPE by phospholipase D-type hydrolases in response to a variety of stimuli. Transient NAE release and accumulation has been attributed a variety of biological activities, including neurotransmission, membrane protection, and immunomodulation in animals. N-oleoylethanolamine is an inhibitor of the sphingolipid signaling pathway, via specific ceramidase inhibition (ceramidase converts ceramide to sphingosine). N-oleoylethanolamine blocks the effects of TNF- and arachidonic acid on intracellular Ca concentration. (PMID: 12692337, 12056855, 12560208, 11997249).
Urolithin D is a biomarker of nut consumption in urine.
Dezocine is a partial opiate drug and is used for pain management. Dezocine is a very effective alternative to fentanyl when administered during outpatient laparoscopy, although is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea.
Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2) is one of the earliest discovered and most common prostaglandins. It is actively biosynthesized in various organs of mammals and exhibits a variety of biological activities, including contraction of pulmonary arteries. It is used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. PGF2a binds to the Prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) which is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family. PGF2-alpha mediates luteolysis. Luteolysis is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy. PGF2 may also be involved in modulating intraocular pressure and smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract sphincters. PGF2 is mainly synthesized directly from PGH2 by PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide reductase. A small amount of PGF2 is also produced from PGE2 by PGE2 9-ketoreductase. A PGF2 epimer has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, and its levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma, and urine in patients with mastocytosis and bronchial asthma. PGF2 is synthesized from PGD2 by PGD2 11-ketoreductase. (PMID: 16475787). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Gadoteric acid, also known as gadoterate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly four carboxyl groups. Gadoteric acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
Cabazitaxel is a prescription anti-cancer medicine used with the steroid medicine prednisone. Cabazitaxel is used to treat people with prostate cancer that has progressed after treatment with other anti-cancer medicines, including docetaxel. Cabazitaxel is prepared by semi-synthesis with a precursor extracted from yew needles (10-deacetylbaccatin III). It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 17, 2010.
Gadoteric acid, also known as gadoterate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly four carboxyl groups. Gadoteric acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Artemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of <i>Plasmodium spp.</i> and may be used to treat infections caused by <i>P. falciparum</i> and unidentified <i>Plasmodium</i> species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Antidiuretic hormone, also known commonly as vasopressin, is a nine amino acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary. Within hypothalamic neurons, the hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein called neurophysin, and both are released upon hormone secretion.
Prehumulinic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. Prehumulinic acid is a constituent of hops
Nebivolol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a highly cardioselective vasodilatory beta1 receptor blocker used in treatment of hypertension. In most countries, this medication is available only by prescription. [Wikipedia]Nebivolol is a selective &beta;1-receptor antagonist. Activation of &beta;1-receptors by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Nebivolol blocks these receptors which reverses the effects of epinephrine, lowering the heart rate and blood pressure. In addition, beta blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. At high enough concentrations, this drug may also bind beta 2 receptors.
Ascorbic acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables and is an essential nutrient in human diets. It is necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. The biologically active form of ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. Primates (including humans) and a few other species in all divisions of the animal kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid and must obtain it in their food. Vitamin C functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant (PubChem). Ascorbic acid is an electron donor for enzymes involved in collagen hydroxylation, biosynthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine, tyrosine metabolism, and amidation of peptide hormones. Ascrobic acid (vitamin C) deficiency causes scurvy. The amount of vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy may not be adequate to maintain optimal health. The ability of vitamin C to donate electrons also makes it a potent water-soluble antioxidant that readily scavenges free radicals such as molecular oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. In this setting, several mechanisms could account for a link between vitamin C and heart disease. One is the relation between LDL oxidation and vitamins C and E. Vitamin C in vitro can recycle vitamin E, which can donate electrons to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro. As the lipid-phase vitamin E is oxidized, it can be regenerated by aqueous vitamin C. Other possibilities are that vitamin C could decrease cholesterol by mechanisms not well characterized, or could improve vasodilatation and vascular reactivity, perhaps by decreasing the interactions of nitric oxide with oxidants (PMID: 10799361). Moreover, ascorbic acid is found to be associated with hyperoxalemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Ascorbic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Ketogulonicigenium (PMID: 15785002).
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
Apelin also known as APLN is a peptide which in humans is encoded by the APLN gene.[ Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the G-protein-coupled APJ receptor that is expressed at the surface of some cell types.[7] It is widely expressed in various organs such as the heart, lung, kidney, liver, adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, brain, adrenal glands, endothelium, and human plasma.
Retinol acetate is a dietary supplement, permitted in infant formula
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
(3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is found in nuts. (3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is a constituent of Pistacia vera (pistachio)
Fumonisin B2 is from Fusarium moniliforme Fumonisin B2 is a fumonisin mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium moniliforme. It is a structural analog of fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 is more cytotoxic than fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 inhibits sphingosine acyltransferase
Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would not attempt to market ximelagatran after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and to discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved.
(20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is found in tea. (20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is isolated from Panax ginseng (ginseng).
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Fumonisin B3 is from Fusarium moniliforme.
Eleutheroside D is found in tea. Eleutheroside D is a constituent of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) senticosus).
6-Hydroxymusizin 8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside is found in green vegetables. 6-Hydroxymusizin 8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside is isolated from the rhubarb Rhei rhizom
Ethynodiol Diacetate is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive. [PubChem]Binds to the progesterone and estrogen receptors. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Once bound to the receptor, progestins like Ethynodiol Diacetate will slow the frequency of release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus and blunt the pre-ovulatory LH (luteinizing hormone) surge.
Clomipramine N-oxide is a metabolite of clomipramine. Clomipramine (trademarked as Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It was developed in the 1960s by the Swiss drug manufacturer Geigy (now known as Novartis) and has been in clinical use worldwide ever since. (Wikipedia)
Anandamide, also known as arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), is a highly potent endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. CB1 receptors are predominantly found in the central nervous system (CNS) where they mainly mediate the psychotropic effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and endocannabinoids, whereas the expression of the CB2 receptor is thought to be restricted to cells of the immune system. It was suggested that AEA might inhibit tumour cell proliferation or induce apoptosis independently of CB1 and CB2 receptors, via interaction with the type 1 vanilloid receptor (VR1). VR1 is an ion channel expressed almost exclusively by sensory neurons, activated by pH, noxious heat (> 48-degree centigrade), and plant toxins and is thought to play an important role in nociception. Cervical cancer cells are sensitive to AEA-induced apoptosis via VR1 that is aberrantly expressed in vitro and in vivo while CB1 and CB2 receptors play a protective role. (PMID: 15047233). Novel prostaglandins (prostaglandin glycerol esters and prostaglandin ethanolamides) are COX-2 oxidative metabolites of endogenous cannabinoids (such as anandamide). Recent evidence suggests that these new types of prostaglandins are likely novel signalling mediators involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity (PMID: 16957004).
Dulxanthone E is found in fruits. Dulxanthone E is a constituent of Garcinia dulcis (mundu).
Quinupristin/dalfopristin is a combination of two antibiotics used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Dalfopristin inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis in the bacterial ribosome and quinupristin inhibits the late phase of protein synthesis. The combination of the two components acts synergistically and is more effective in vitro than each component alone.
Endrin has been found as a contaminant throughout the environment, including foodstuffs, fish, human milk, etc
Cucurbitacin D is found in calabash. Cucurbitacin D is isolated from plants of the Cucurbitacea
Natamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [PubChem]Like other polyene antibiotics, Natamycin inhibits fungal growth by binding to sterols. Specifically, Natamycin binds to ergosterol in the plasma membrane, preventing ergosterol-dependent fusion of vacuoles, as well as membrane fusion and fission. This differs from the mechanism of most other polyene antibiotics, which tend to work by altering fungal membrane permeability instead.
3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine is structual derivative of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and carnitine. Due to its increased concentration in blood, 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5OH-I) is an important indicator for the diagnosis of organic acidemias in newborns (PMID: 18088573). Analysis of acylcarnitines by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has recently been used to screen newborns for organic acidemias and fatty acid oxidation defects (PMID: 7494654, 9216448, 11427446, 12127323, 14578311). These diseases cause the accumulation of acyl-CoA, which is esterified to acylcarnitine by carnitine acyltransferase. Acylcarnitine is then eliminated in the urine, thus acylcarnitine concentration serves as an excellent indicator for these diseases (PMID: 6361812). 3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5OH-I) is an indicator for diagnoses of multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency (PMID: 18088573), which are inborn errors of metabolism.
Sorbitan oleate is an emulsifier and clarification agent in food preparations (sugar liquor or juice
Rebaudioside C is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Methylgingerol is found in ginger. Methylgingerol is present in ginge
5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate, also known as 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol disulfuric acid, is classified as a member of the sulfated steroids. Sulfated steroids are sterol lipids containing a sulfate group attached to the steroid skeleton. 5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound. 5alpha-Androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol disulfate can be found in feces.
Ercalcitriol is the active circulating metabolite of vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is modified by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D *-hydroxylase in the kidney to form the active metabolite, ercalcitriol, which is then metabolized by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase, CYP24A1, EC 1.14.13.13). The binding of ercalcitriol or their analogs to Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, activates VDR to interact with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and forms the VDR/RXR/cofactor complex, which binds to Vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes to regulate gene transcription. The kidney is the major site of 25-hydroxyvitamin D*-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, EC 1.14.13.13), which is responsible for the activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Of all the steroid hormones, ercalcitriol represents the most difficult challenge to the analytical biochemist with respect to quantization. Ercalcitriol circulates at pmol concentrations, is highly lipophilic and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, circulates at nmol levels. (PMID: 16242929, 17867378, 17197173).
Tussilagone is found in tea. Tussilagone is a constituent of Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot).
Eleutheroside D is found in tea. Eleutheroside D is a constituent of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) senticosus).
Ginsenoside Ib is found in tea. Ginsenoside Ib is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng).
19,20-DiHDPA is one of the major metabolites produced when Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is incubated with NADPH-supplemented rat liver microsomes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid and the most abundant omega-3 fatty acid in neural tissues, especially in the retina and brain. DHA is also slowly metabolized by monkey seminal vesicles to 19,20-DiHDPA. The route of production likely proceeds through cytochrome P450-catalyzed epoxidation at the omega-3 double bond, followed by conversion to the vicinal diols by epoxide hydrolase. (PMID: 1742320).
Hydroxylated lecithin is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide is the major prostanoid product derived from anandamide. Incubation of anandamide with lysates and the intact cell line expressing COX-2 but not that of COX-1 produced prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. This reaction demonstrates the existence of a COX-2-mediated pathway for anandamide metabolism, and the metabolites formed represent a novel class of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Azaspiracid 3 is found in mollusks. Azaspiracid 3 is an alkaloid from Mytilus edulis (blue mussel).
Samin is found in fats and oils. Samin is isolated from sesame seed oil (Sesamum sp.) Samin [ samin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartniczka, within Brodnica County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
2-[4-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)butyl]-4(1H)-quinolinone is found in herbs and spices. 2-[4-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)butyl]-4(1H)-quinolinone is an alkaloid from Ruta graveolens (rue
Pentoxifylline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. [PubChem]Pentoxifylline inhibits erythrocyte phosphodiesterase, resulting in an increase in erythrocyte cAMP activity. Subsequently, the erythrocyte membrane becomes more resistant to deformity. Along with erythrocyte activity, pentoxifylline also decreases blood viscosity by reducing plasma fibrinogen concentrations and increasing fibrinolytic activity. It is also a non selective adenosine receptor antagonist.
myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is an intermediate in inositol phosphate metabolism. It can be generated from D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate via the enzyme inositol-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase (EC 2.7.1.158). myo-Inositol hexakisphosphate is also known as phytic acid. It can be used clinically as a complexing agent for the removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. Phytic acid is a strong chelator of important minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc and can, therefore, contribute to mineral deficiencies in developing countries. For people with a particularly low intake of essential minerals, especially young children and those in developing countries, this effect can be undesirable. However, dietary mineral chelators help prevent over-mineralization of joints, blood vessels, and other parts of the body, which is most common in older persons. Phytic acid is a plant antioxidant (PMID: 3040709).
Benzoylmalic acid is found in pulses. Benzoylmalic acid is a constituent of alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Aminoacridine derivative that is a potent intercalating antineoplastic agent. It is effective in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant lymphomas, but has poor activity in the treatment of solid tumors. It is frequently used in combination with other antineoplastic agents in chemotherapy protocols. It produces consistent but acceptable myelosuppression and cardiotoxic effects. [PubChem]
1-(2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3-butanedione is found in herbs and spices. 1-(2,4,6-Trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3-butanedione is a constituent of Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) oil
Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) is a breakdown product of type I fibrillar collagen, it occurs mainly in Type I collagen of bone. DPD shows a high specificity for bone, and the measurement of urinary DPD is not influenced by newly collagens and dietary intake. DPD cross-links of type 1 collagen are excreted in urine either as free or peptide-bound moieties. It is the peptide-bound cross-links that decrease by the greatest amount in response to bisphosphonate therapy. DPD is one of the most extensively characterized biochemical bone markers, but the interpretation of results is hampered by biologic and other preanalytical variability. Biochemical bone markers can provide a valuable tool in the management of metabolic bone diseases. Their most recognized application in clinical practice is for monitoring treatment for osteoporosis as an adjunct to bone mineral density measurements. Other applications that have been investigated include their use as a diagnostic tool for bone diseases other than osteoporosis and as predictive markers for bone loss and the risk of bone fracture. DPD measured in urine follow a circadian or diurnal cycle with a peak in the early morning and nadir in the late afternoon to early evening. The magnitude of the diurnal change, i.e., nadir concentration divided by peak concentration, expressed as a percentage is around 70% (range, 53-75%). (PMID: 11805003, 17229003, 16751696).
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive drug whose main use is after organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. It is also used in a topical preparation in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis, severe refractory uveitis after bone marrow transplants, and the skin condition vitiligo. It was discovered in 1984 from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus is chemically known as a macrolide. It reduces peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) creating a new complex. This FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription.
Vinorelbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an anti-mitotic chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer, including breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. [Wikipedia]The antitumor activity of vinorelbine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinorelbine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death. Like other vinca alkaloids, vinorelbine may also interfere with: 1) amino acid, cyclic AMP, and glutathione metabolism, 2) calmodulin-dependent Ca<sup>2+</sup>-transport ATPase activity, 3) cellular respiration, and 4) nucleic acid and lipid biosynthesis.
Enterolactone (CAS: 78473-71-9) is a mammalian lignan that has a similar biphenolic structure to lignans from plants. Lignans are compounds with estrogenic properties and are probably the most important source of phytoestrogens in western diets. Mammalian lignans are formed from precursors that are contained mainly in vegetables, whole grain products, and berries, via the action of intestinal microflora. Enterolactone is produced in the colon by the action of bacteria on secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and its glycosides. Secoisolariciresinol is converted to enterodiol which is subsequently converted to enterolactone as it passes through the colon. Matairesinol is converted directly to enterolactone. Enterolactone has been shown to possess weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, and it has been suggested that the high production of this antiestrogenic mammalian lignans in the gut may serve to protect against breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men; however epidemiological evidence to date is conflicting (PMID: 16168401, 12270221, 11216511, 12107024). Enterolactone is a biomarker for the consumption of soybeans and other soy products.
Hygromycin B is a fda approved antibiotic food additive for swine and poultry Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Bilirubin diglucuronide is a glucuronidated version of bilirubin, a tetrapyrrole compound produced via heme degradation. Heme is the red pigment in haemoglobin and red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs have a life span of about 120 days. When the RBCs have reached the end of their useful lifespan, the cells are engulfed by macrophages and their constituents recycled or disposed of.  Heme is broken down when the heme ring is opened by the enzyme known as heme oxygenase, which is found in the endoplasmic reticulum of the macrophages. The oxidation process produces the linear tetrapyrrole known as biliverdin along with ferric iron (Fe3+), and carbon monoxide (CO). In the next reaction, a second methylene group (located between rings III and IV of the porphyrin ring) is reduced by the enzyme known as biliverdin reductase, producing bilirubin. Bilirubin is significantly less extensively conjugated than biliverdin. This reduction causes a change in the color of the biliverdin molecule from blue-green (vert or verd for green) to yellow-red, which is the color of bilirubin (ruby or rubi for red). In plasma virtually all the bilirubin is tightly bound to plasma proteins, largely albumin, because it is only sparingly soluble in aqueous solutions at physiological pH. In the sinusoids unconjugated bilirubin dissociates from albumin, enters the liver cells across the cell membrane through non-ionic diffusion to the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum. In hepatocytes, bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyltransferase (bilirubin-UGT) adds 2 additional glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin to produce the more water-soluble version of the molecule known as bilirubin diglucuronide. The bilirubin diglucuronide is transferred rapidly across the canalicular membrane into the bile canaliculi where it is then excreted as bile into the large intestine.
Ibuprofen glucuronide (CAS: 115075-59-7) is a natural human metabolite of ibuprofen generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs, or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [PubChem]
The formation of docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) involves the production of tetracosahexaenoic acid C24:6n-3) from dietary linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) via a series of elongation and desaturation reactions, followed by beta-oxidation of C24:6n-3 to C22:6n-3. DHA is deficient in patients lacking peroxisomes.(PMID: 11734571).
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid from cell cultures of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho)
Methylgingerol is found in ginger. Methylgingerol is present in ginge
Neferine is found in coffee and coffee products. Neferine is an alkaloid from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera (East Indian lotus
11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid is found in herbs and spices. 11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid is a constituent of Boswellia serrata (Indian olibanum).
Asteltoxin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus stellatus and Emericella varicolo
alpha-Amyrin acetate is found in mugwort. alpha-Amyrin acetate is a constituent of Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort).
11,12-Dimethoxydihydrokawain is found in beverages. 11,12-Dimethoxydihydrokawain is a constituent of Piper methysticum (kava). FDA advises against use of kava in food due to potential risk of severe liver damage (2002)
1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is found in herbs and spices. 1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane)
Glycinoeclepin A is found in common bean. Glycinoeclepin A is isolated from kidney bean roots.
trans-Piceid is found in alcoholic beverages. trans-Piceid is present in grapeskins and red wine. It is isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed).Piceid is a stilbenoid glucoside and is a major resveratrol derivative in grape juices
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
Thyroxine glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of thyroxine generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
Rebaudioside D is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Curcumol is found in turmeric. Curcumol is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
Zederone is a constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary).
11,12-Dimethoxydihydrokawain is found in beverages. 11,12-Dimethoxydihydrokawain is a constituent of Piper methysticum (kava). FDA advises against use of kava in food due to potential risk of severe liver damage (2002)
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
Tripamide belongs to the family of Aromatic Monoterpenes. These are monoterpenes containing at least one aromatic ring.
beta1-Tomatidine is found in garden tomato. beta1-Tomatidine is present in tomatoe
Cefditoren is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use. It is commonly marketed under the trade name Spectracef by Cornerstone BioPharma.The bactericidal activity of cefditoren results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefditoren is stable in the presence of a variety of b-lactamases, including penicillinases and some cephalosporinases.
Dalfopristin is a combination of two antibiotics (Dalfopristin and quinupristin) used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. It is not effective against Enterococcus faecalis infections. Dalfopristin inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis in the bacterial ribosome and quinupristin inhibits the late phase of protein synthesis.
N5-Acetyl-N2-gamma-L-glutamyl-L-ornithine is found in pulses. N5-Acetyl-N2-gamma-L-glutamyl-L-ornithine is a constituent of the seeds of green gram (Vigna radiata).
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
Corilagin is a member of the class of compounds known as ellagitannins, a class of hydrolyzable tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins are tannins with a structure characterized by either of the following models: (1) a structure containing galloyl units (in some cases, shikimic acid units) linked to diverse polyol carbohydrate, catechin, or triterpenoid units, or (2) a structure containing at least two galloyl units C-C coupled to each other and not containing a glycosidically linked catechin unit. Corilagin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Corilagin can be found in pomegranate, which makes corilagin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Corilagin was first isolated in 1951 from Dividivi extract and from Caesalpinia coriaria, hence the name of the molecule. It can also be found in Alchornea glandulosa and in the leaves of Punica granatum (pomegranate) (Wikipedia). Corilagin has been shown to exhibit thrombolytic function (PMID: 14750026).
Physalin E is found in fruits. Physalin E is a constituent of the famine food Physalis angulata (cutleaf ground cherry)
Gibberellin A105 is found in apple. Gibberellin A105 is a constituent of apple seeds (Malus domestica)
Ligustroside is found in fruits. Ligustroside is found in olives (Olea europaea
Annoglabasin C is found in alcoholic beverages. Annoglabasin C is a constituent of Annona glabra (pond apple)
Ganoderenic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderenic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Dulcoside A is present in <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> (stevia) extracts.
trans-Piceid is found in alcoholic beverages. trans-Piceid is present in grapeskins and red wine. It is isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed).Piceid is a stilbenoid glucoside and is a major resveratrol derivative in grape juices
Zederone is a constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary).
Reboxetine is an antidepressant drug used in the treatment of clinical depression, panic disorder and ADD/ADHD. Its mesylate (i.e. methanesulfonate) salt is sold under tradenames including Edronax, Norebox, Prolift, Solvex, Davedax or Vestra. Reboxetine has two chiral centers, but it only exists as two enantiomers, (R,R)-(-)- and (S,S)-(+)-reboxetine.
Porson is found in herbs and spices. Porson belongs to the family of Methoxyphenols and Derivatives. These are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety.
Phenylethyl primeveroside is found in herbs and spices. Phenylethyl primeveroside is a constituent of Camellia sinensis (oolong tea), Jasminum sambac (Arabian Jasmine).
nLc5Cer is classified as a member of the Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety. nLc5Cer is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
VI3NeuAc-nLc6Cer is classified as a member of the Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety. VI3NeuAc-nLc6Cer is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would not attempt to market ximelagatran after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and to discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved.
2-[4-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)butyl]-4(1H)-quinolinone is found in herbs and spices. 2-[4-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)butyl]-4(1H)-quinolinone is an alkaloid from Ruta graveolens (rue
Calcipotriol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol or Vitamin D.The precise mechanism of calcipotriol in remitting psoriasis is not well-understood. However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the Vitamin D receptor, while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism. The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid, bone, kindney, and T cells of the immune system. T cells are known to play a role in psoriasis, and it is thought that the binding of calcipotriol to the VDR modulates the T cells gene transcription of cell differentiation and proliferation related genes.
Tylosin is used in treatment of cattle, swine and mycoplasmas in poultry Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae
24-Hydroxycalcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium transport but not bone calcium mobilization or phosphate transport reactions. (PMID: 163578). Vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] to 24-Hydroxycalcitriol (1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3). (PMID: 9165006). The administration of 24-Hydroxycalcitriol at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 microg/kg/day produced strong anabolic effects, especially on vertebral cancellous bone that can prevent estrogen depletion-induced bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. (PMID: 9115161).
Asiaticoside B is found in green vegetables. Asiaticoside B is a constituent of Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)
Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used by veterinarians as a supportive treatment for the relief of arthritic symptoms in geriatric dogs. Carprofen was previously used in human medicine for over 10 years (1985-1995). It was generally well tolerated, with the majority of adverse effects being mild, such as gastro-intestinal pain and nausea, similar to those recorded with aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It is no longer marketed for human usage, after being withdrawn on commercial grounds. [Wikipedia]
An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2. [PubChem]
Loracarbef is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a carbacephem antibiotic sometimes grouped together with the second-generation cephalosporin antibiotics. It is marketed under the trade name Lorabid.Loracarbef is an oral, synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbacephem class. Chemically, carbacephems differ from cephalosporin-class antibiotics in the dihydrothiazine ring where a methylene group has been substituted for a sulfur atom. Loracarbef has a spectrum of activity similar to that of the second generation cephalosporins. It is structurally identical to cefaclor except for a sulfur atom that has been replaced by a methylene group. This change gives greater chemical stability in solution and allows storage at room temperature. Loracarbef, like all b-lactams and cephalosporins, inhibits penicillin binding proteins, enzymes that create the cross-linkage of the peptidoglycan polymer. This binding leads to interference with the formation and remodeling of the cell wall structure.
Austalide B is a mycotoxin of. of the food storage mould Aspergillus ustu
Etodolac is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Its therapeutic effects are due to its ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. It is indicated for relief of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Similar to other NSAIDs, the anti-inflammatory effects of etodolac result from inhibition of the enzyme cycooxygenase (COX). This decreases the synthesis of peripheral prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation. Etodolac binds to the upper portion of the COX enzyme active site and prevents its substrate, arachidonic acid, from entering the active site. Etodolac was previously thought to be a non-selective COX inhibitor, but it is now known to be 5 â€“ 50 times more selective for COX-2 than COX-1. Antipyresis may occur by central action on the hypothalamus, resulting in peripheral dilation, increased cutaneous blood flow, and subsequent heat loss.
Albendazole s-oxide is part of the Steroid hormone biosynthesis, Linoleic acid metabolism, Retinol metabolism, and Bile secretion pathways. It is a substrate for: Cytochrome P450 3A4.
Albendazole sulfone is a metabolite of albendazole. Albendazole, marketed as Albenza, Eskazole, Zentel, Andazol and Alworm, is a member of the benzimidazole compounds used as a drug indicated for the treatment of a variety of worm infestations. Although this use is widespread in the United States, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved albendazole for this indication. It is marketed by Amedra Pharmaceuticals. Albendazole was first discovered at the SmithKline Animal Health Laboratories in 1972. (Wikipedia)
The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the corpus luteum and the placenta. Progesterone acts on the uterus, the mammary glands and the brain. It is required in embryo implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for milk production. Progesterone, converted from pregnenolone, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of gonadal steroid hormones and adrenal corticosteroids. Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones called progestagens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestagen. During implantation and gestation, progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy. Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle. The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor. In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy. The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production. Progesterone is found to be associated with pregnene hydroxylation deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linolenelaidic acid is found in fats and oils. Linolenelaidic acid is isolated from seed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Carbimazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to methimazole, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity. [PubChem]Carbimazole is an aitithyroid agent that decreases the uptake and concentration of inorganic iodine by thyroid, it also reduces the formation of di-iodotyrosine and thyroxine. Once converted to its active form of methimazole, it prevents the thyroid peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.
Chlorothiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)As a diuretic, chlorothiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like chlorothiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of chlorothiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.
Betamipron is an artificial sweetene
Enoximone is a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with congestive heart failure. Trials were halted in the U.S., but the drug is used in various countries.
Propranolol is a widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. --PubChem; Propranolol is a highly lipophilic drug achieving high concentrations in the brain. The duration of action of a single oral dose is longer than the half-life indicates and may be up to 12 hours, if the single dose is high enough (e.g. 80 mg). Effective plasma concentrations are between 10-100 ng/mL. -- Wikipedia; It was the first successful beta blocker developed. Propranolol is commonly marketed by Wyeth under the trade name Inderal.
Arbutamine, administered through a closed-loop, computer-controlled drug-delivery system, is indicated to elicit acute cardiovascular responses, similar to those produced by exercise, in order to aid in diagnosing the presence or absence of coronary artery disease in patients who cannot exercise adequately.
6-Thioguanosine monophosphate is a metabolite of tioguanine. Tioguanine, formerly thioguanine, is a drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. It is a guanine analog. (Wikipedia) Norcodeine
Bentiromide is a peptide used as a screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy. It is given by mouth as a noninvasive test. The amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas. Headache and gastrointestinal disturbances have been reported in patients taking bentiromide. Bentiromide is not available in the U.S. or Canada (It was withdrawn in the US in October 1996).
Antimicrobial agent used as preservative in bread, cheese and other foods
Procaine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [PubChem]Procaine acts mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane of peripheral nerves. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an action potential cannot arise and signal conduction is thus inhibited. The receptor site is thought to be located at the cytoplasmic (inner) portion of the sodium channel. Procaine has also been shown to bind or antagonize the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as well as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the serotonin receptor-ion channel complex.
Propericiazine is a phenothiazine of the piperidine group. It has been shown to reduce pathologic arousal and affective tension in some psychotic patients, while the symptoms of abnormal mental integration are relatively unaffected. It is a sedative phenothiazine with weak antipsychotic properties. It also has adrenolytic, anticholinergic, metabolic and endocrine effects and an action on the extrapyramidal system. It is used as an adjunctive medication in some psychotic patients, for the control of residual prevailing hostility, impulsiveness and aggressiveness. Pericyazine, like other phenothiazines, is presumed to act principally in the subcortical areas, by producing what has been described as a central adrenergic blockade.
Principally used as an insecticidal and nemacidal fumigant, especially for soil and agricultural produce. Also used as a solvent for extraction of plant oils The chemical compound bromomethane, commonly known as methyl bromide, is an organobromine compound with formula CH3Br. This colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas is produced both industrially and particularly biologically. It is a recognized ozone-depleting chemical. It was used extensively as a pesticide until being phased out by most countries in the early 2000s
L-L-Homoglutathione is found in pulses. L-L-Homoglutathione occurs in seeds of various legume
Methanethiol (also known as methyl mercaptan) is a colorless gas that smells like rotten cabbage. It is a natural substance found in the blood, brain, and other tissues of people and animals. It is released from animal feces. It occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is also one of the main chemicals responsible for bad breath and flatulence. At very high concentrations methanethiol is highly toxic and affects the central nervous system. The chemical formula for methanethiol is CH3SH; it is classified as a thiol. Methanethiol is also considered to be a weak acid, with a pKa of ~10.4. This acidic property makes it reactive with dissolved metals in aqueous solutions. The environmental chemistry of these interactions in seawater or fresh water environments such as lakes has yet to be fully investigated. -- Wikipedia.
4,4’-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is an industrial chemical that is produced and used industrially as a precursor to polyamides, epoxy resins, and polyurethane foams (PMID: 20621954). It is a primary aromatic amine, belonging to the family of compounds known as Diphenylmethanes. Diphenylmethanes are compounds consisting of methane with two of the hydrogen atoms replaced by phenyl groups. MDA is used mainly as a precursor to 4,4 ́-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), which is a precursor to many polyurethane foams. To generate MDI, which is a highly reactive isocyanate, MDA is treated with phosgene. Workers exposed to MDI may develop sensitization, leading to occupational asthma. MDI is metabolized in the body and secreted in the urine as MDA, Therefore MDA is a urinary biomarker of MDI exposure. On its own, MDA is a known animal carcinogen, and human hepatotoxin. MDA produces genotoxic effects by forming DNA adducts in the liver and inducing DNA damage to hepatocytes (PMID: 32038824). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 0.01 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average, and a short-term exposure limit at 0.10 ppm.
Oxytetracycline is a tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [PubChem]Oxytetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Oxytetracycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Oxytetracycline is a clinically used broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotic. It is approved by FDA for use in fish and animal feeds. Oxytetracycline is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against such a wide range of infections. It was the second of the tetracyclines to be discovered. Oxytetracycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat many infections common and rare. Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne, but alternatives sould be sought if no improvement occurs by 3 months
Uroporphyrinogens are porphyrinogen variants in which each pyrrole ring has one acetate side chain and one propionate side chain; it is formed by condensation 4 four molecules of porphobilinogen. 4 isomers are possible but only 2 commoly are found, types I and III. Uroporphyrinogen III is a functional intermediate in heme biosynthesis while Uroporphyrinogen I is produced in an abortive side reaction.
Trimipramine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. [PubChem]Trimipramine's mechanism of action differs from other tricyclic antidepressants. Trimipramine acts by decreasing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT).
3-Dechloroethylifosfamide is an inactive metabolite of the antitumour, alkylating drug Ifosfamide. It is a member of the compound class called oxazaphosphorines  Oxazaphosphorines are any saturated six-membered heterocycle containing three carbon atoms and one each of oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, especially one in which the phosphorus atom is linked to both the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. It is formed from its side-chain oxidation leading to the liberation of chloroacetaldehyde (PMID: 9054957). 3-dechloroethylifosfamide can be biosynthesized from ifosfamide through the action of several CYP450 enzymes including CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2B6 (PMID: 15875221). The duration of ifosfamide infusion influences the amount of 3-dechloroethylifosfamide that is produced (PMID: 11408362). 3-dechloroethylifosfamide is only found in individuals who have consumed or received the drug Ifosfamide.
4-Ketoifosfamide is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated 'IFO'. (Wikipedia)
Carboxyifosfamide is a metabolite of ifosfamide. Ifosfamide (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer. It is sometimes abbreviated 'IFO'. (Wikipedia)
Rufloxacin belongs to the family of Phenylpiperazines. These are compounds containing a phenylpiperazine skeleton, which consists of a piperazine bound to a phenyl group.
Dimethindene is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antihistamine/anticholinergic used orally and locally as an antipruritic.Dimethindene is a selective histamine H1 antagonist and binds to the histamine H1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
Pipecuronium is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents inhibit neuromuscular transmission by competing with acetylcholine for the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate, thereby reducing the response of the end plate to acetylcholine. This type of neuromuscular block is usually antagonized by anticholinesterase agents.
Bendroflumethiazide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)As a diuretic, bendroflumethiazide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like bendroflumethiazide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of bendroflumethiazide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle.
PG(a-13:0/a-15:0) is a phosphatidylglycerol - a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphoglycerol moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PG(a-13:0/a-15:0), in particular, consists of one chain of anteisotridecanoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of anteisopentadecanoic acid at the C-2 position. Phosphatidylglycerol is present at a level of 1-2% in most animal tissues, but it can be the second most abundant phospholipid in lung surfactant (up to 11% of the total). It is well established that the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol increases during fetal development. Phosphatidylglycerol may be present in animal tissues merely as a precursor for cardiolipin synthesis.
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the maintenance treatment of asthma and to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies. It is usually administered orally. Montelukast blocks the action of leukotriene D4 on the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor CysLT1 in the lungs and bronchial tubes by binding to it. This reduces the bronchoconstriction otherwise caused by the leukotriene, and results in less inflammation. Because of its method of operation, it is not useful for the treatment of acute asthma attacks. Again because of its very specific locus of operation, it does not interact with other allergy medications such as theophylline. Montelukast is marketed in United States and many other countries by Merck &amp; Co. with the brand name Singulair. It is available as oral tablets, chewable tablets, and oral granules. In India and other countries, it is also marketed under the brand name Montair&reg;, produced by Indian company Cipla.
Nateglinide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It belongs to the meglitinide class of short-acting insulin secretagogues, which act by binding to cells of the pancreas to stimulate insulin release. Nateglinide is an amino acid derivative that induces an early insulin response to meals decreasing postprandial blood glucose levels. It should only be taken with meals and meal-time doses should be skipped with any skipped meal. Approximately one month of therapy is required before a decrease in fasting blood glucose is seen. Meglitnides may have a neutral effect on weight or cause a slight increase in weight. The average weight gain caused by meglitinides appears to be lower than that caused by sulfonylureas and insulin and appears to occur only in those naive to oral antidiabetic agents. Due to their mechanism of action, meglitinides may cause hypoglycemia although the risk is thought to be lower than that of sulfonylureas since their action is dependent on the presence of glucose. In addition to reducing postprandial and fasting blood glucose, meglitnides have been shown to decrease glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which are reflective of the last 8-10 weeks of glucose control. Meglitinides appear to be more effective at lowering postprandial blood glucose than metformin, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones. Nateglinide is extensively metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine (83%) and feces (10%). The major metabolites possess less activity than the parent compound. One minor metabolite, the isoprene, has the same potency as its parent compound.
PE(18:0/18:0) is a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylethanolamine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphoethanolamines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PE(18:0/18:0), in particular, consists of two chains of stearic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The stearic acid moieties are derived from animal fats, coco butter and sesame oil. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling.While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PEs are neutral zwitterions at physiological pH. They mostly have palmitic or stearic acid on carbon 1 and a long chain unsaturated fatty acid (e.g. 18:2, 20:4 and 22:6) on carbon 2. PE synthesis can occur via two pathways. The first requires that ethanolamine be activated by phosphorylation and then coupled to CDP. The ethanolamine is then transferred from CDP-ethanolamine to phosphatidic acid to yield PE. The second involves the decarboxylation of PS.
Gestodene is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.Gestodene is a progestogen hormonal contraceptive. Products containing gestoden include Meliane, which contains 20 mcg of ethinylestradiol and 75 mcg of gestodene; and Gynera, which contains 30 mcg of ethinylestradiol and 75 mcg of gestodene.
Cedryl acetate is a flavouring ingredien
1-Methylhistamine, also known as H137, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 2-arylethylamines. These are primary amines that have the general formula RCCNH2, where R is an organic group. 1-Methylhistamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 1-methylhistamine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, S-adenosylhomocysteine and 1-methylhistamine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethionine and histamine; which is mediated by the enzyme histamine N-methyltransferase. In addition, 1-methylhistamine can be converted into methylimidazole acetaldehyde through its interaction with the enzyme amine oxidase [flavin-containing] a. In humans, 1-methylhistamine is involved in histidine metabolism. 1-Methylhistamine is a potentially toxic compound.
Armillaric acid is found in mushrooms. Armillaric acid is isolated from Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom).
Oxoamide is a metabolite of Cotinine, which is a major metabolite of Nicotine.
Neoherculin is found in herbs and spices. Neoherculin is a constituent of Zanthoxylum species
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is a 20-carbon-chain omega-6 fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) only at position 5. 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is also known as Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:3(n-6). DGLA is the elongation product of the 18 carbon gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). DGLA can be converted into prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). PGE1 inhibits platelet aggregation and also exerts a vasodilatory effect. DGLA competes with arachadonic acid for COX and lipoxygenase, inhibiting the production of arachadonic acid's eicosanoids.
Caraganoside A is found in green vegetables. Caraganoside A is a constituent of Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree).
Ganoderic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Lubiprostone is a medication used in the management of idiopathic chronic constipation. It is a bicyclic fatty acid (prostaglandin E1 derivative) which acts by specifically activating ClC-2 chloride channels on the apical aspect of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, producing a chloride-rich fluid secretion. These secretions soften the stool, increase motility, and promote spontaneous bowel movements (SBM).
Momilactone B is found in cereals and cereal products. Momilactone B is a constituent of Oryza sativa (rice) Momilactone B is an allelopathic agent produced from the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (100 mg from 200 kg dry rice husk). It has been shown to be produced in high concentrations by the roots of rice seedlings. The production of momilactone B has also been induced in response to infection by blast fungus (Pyricularia oryzae) or irradiated with UV light. More recently is has been shown to be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against human colon cancer. The second step is the cyclization of syn-CDP to 9 -pimara-7,15-diene. This step is initiated by the elimination of the diphosphate group, a type A cyclization. The genes encoding for the type A cyclase were found by Otomo et al. in 2004. It is suggested that OsKS4, located on chromosome 4 (14.3cM) is one of the genes responsible for phytoalexin biosynthesis. After UV-radiation, OsKS4 mRNA levels rise drastically in response to the attack.
Jujuboside B1 is found in fruits. Jujuboside B1 is isolated from seeds of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date).
Erythroskyrin is a mycotoxin produced by the common food storage mould Penicillium islandicu
N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin is a metabolite of valrubicin. Valrubicin (N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, trade name Valstar) is a chemotherapy drug used to treat bladder cancer. Valrubicin is a semisynthetic analog of the anthracycline doxorubicin, and is administered by infusion directly into the bladder. It was originally launched as Valstar in the U.S. (Wikipedia)
Bassic acid is found in fruits. Sapogen from the famine food Madhuca longifoli
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formation. Also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746).
Tigecycline is a glycylcycline antibiotic developed and marketed by Wyeth under the brand name Tygacil. It was given a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fast-track approval and was approved on June 17, 2005. It was developed in response to the growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus.
13'-Carboxy-gamma-tocopherol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 13'-hydroxy-r-tocopherol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. r-Tocopherol provides different antioxidant activities in food and in-vitro studies and showed higher activity in trapping lipophilic electrophiles and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. From the metabolism end product, only that of r-tocopherol (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(b-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman), but not that of a-tocopherol, was identified to provide natriuretic activity. Only the r-tocopherol plasma level served as biomarker for cancer and cardiovascular risk.
(-)-Epigallocatechin 3-cinnamate is found in tea. (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-cinnamate is isolated from Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica).
22-Isopimpifolidine is found in garden tomato. 22-Isopimpifolidine is an alkaloid from roots of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato).
MG(0:0/20:3(11Z,14Z,17Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formation. Also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746).
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS brevifolia. It stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death. [PubChem] ABI-007 (Abraxane) is the latest attempt to improve upon paclitaxel, one of the leading chemotherapy treatments. Both drugs contain the same active agent, but Abraxane is delivered by a nanoparticle technology that binds to albumin, a natural protein, rather than the toxic solvent known as Cremophor. It is thought that delivering paclitaxel with this technology will cause fewer hypersensitivity reactions and possibly lead to greater drug uptake in tumors.
Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect.
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled with a pyrophosphate linkage to 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. NADP serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage (Dorland, 27th ed). This extra phosphate is added by the enzyme NAD+ kinase and removed via NADP+ phosphatase. NADP is also known as TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide) and it is an important cofactor used in anabolic reactions in all forms of cellular life. Examples include the Calvin cycle, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elongation, and nucleic acid synthesis (Wikipedia).
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
24-Hydroxycalcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium transport but not bone calcium mobilization or phosphate transport reactions. (PMID: 163578). Vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] to 24-Hydroxycalcitriol (1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3). (PMID: 9165006). The administration of 24-Hydroxycalcitriol at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 microg/kg/day produced strong anabolic effects, especially on vertebral cancellous bone that can prevent estrogen depletion-induced bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. (PMID: 9115161).
The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. B12 cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B12 are bacteria and archaea. The total synthesis of B12 was reported in 1973 by Robert Burns Woodward, and remains one of the classic feats of total synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short).
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
Neoisoliquiritin is found in chickpea. Neoisoliquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Cicer arietinum (chickpea) and Glycine max (soybean).
Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931
QS 21 is a constituent of the bark of Quillaja saponaria (soap-bark tree).
Ganoderic acid H is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid H is from Ganoderma lucidum (reishi
Ganoderic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Naringenin is a flavorless, colorless flavanone, a type of flavonoid. It is the predominant flavanone in grapefruit, and is found in a variety of fruits and herbs. Naringenin has the skeleton structure of a flavanone with three hydroxy groups at the 4', 5, and 7 carbons. It may be found both in the aglycol form, naringenin, or in its glycosidic form, naringin, which has the addition of the disaccharide neohesperidose attached via a glycosidic linkage at carbon 7. Naringenin (not to be confused with naringin) is a flavanone that is considered to have a bioactive effect on human health as antioxidant, free radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, immunity system modulater. This substance has also been shown to repair DNA. Scientists exposed cells to 80 micomoles of naringenin per liter, for 24 hours, and found that the amount of hydroxyl damage to the DNA was reduced by 24 percent in that very short period of time. Unfortunately, this bioflavonoid is difficult to absorb on oral ingestion. Only 15% of ingested naringenin will get absorbed, in the human gastrointestinal tract, in the best case scenario. A full glass of orange juice will supply about enough naringenin to achieve a concentration of about 0.5 micromoles per liter. Naringenin is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits.
Machilin F is found in herbs and spices. Machilin F is a constituent of mace (Myristica fragrans).
Benzoylmalic acid is found in pulses. Benzoylmalic acid is a constituent of alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Naringin, also known as naringoside or naringin hydrate, is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside between the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose. Naringin belongs to the flavonoid family. Flavonoids consist of 15 carbon atoms in 3 rings, 2 of which must be benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain.  Naringin contains the basic flavonoid structure along with one rhamnose and one glucose unit attached to its aglycone portion, called naringenin, at the 7-carbon position. The steric hindrance provided by the two sugar units makes naringin less potent than its aglycone counterpart, naringenin. Naringin is a bitter tasting compound. Naringin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as rosemaries, grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and grapefruits and in a lower concentration in grape wines, pummelo, and beers. Naringin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as citrus, limes, herbs and spices, common oregano, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). Both naringin and hesperetin, which are the aglycones of naringin and hesperidin, occur naturally in citrus fruits. Naringin is the major flavonoid glycoside in grapefruit and gives grapefruit juice its bitter taste. Narinigin exerts a variety of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant activity, blood lipid-lowering, anticarcinogenic activity, and inhibition of selected cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in several drug interactions in-vitro.
Cyanidin 3-sambubioside is found in black chokeberry. Cyanidin 3-sambubioside is isolated from Rubus species, Sambucus species and other plant species.
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) is found in herbs and spices. 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) is a constituent of the fruit of allspice (Pimenta dioica)
Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is found in pulses. Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is a constituent of soybean molasses (Glycine max)
3-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinolactone is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of morphine, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)
Melilotocarpan B is found in herbs and spices. Melilotocarpan B is isolated from Melilotus alba (white melilot
Cinchonine is found in fruits. Cinchonine is an alkaloid from the leaves of Olea europaea Cinchonine is an alkaloidwith molecular formula C19H22N2O used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonidine
Safflomin A is found in fats and oils. Safflomin A is a pigment from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius
Licochalcone A is found in herbs and spices. Licochalcone A is a constituent of the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
Ligustroside is found in fruits. Ligustroside is found in olives (Olea europaea
Tussilagone is found in tea. Tussilagone is a constituent of Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot).
Epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) is found in tea. Epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) is isolated from green China tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves.
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
5-Methoxycanthin-6-one is an alkaloid from the wood of Picrasma excelsa (Jamaican quassiawood
Natamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [PubChem]Like other polyene antibiotics, Natamycin inhibits fungal growth by binding to sterols. Specifically, Natamycin binds to ergosterol in the plasma membrane, preventing ergosterol-dependent fusion of vacuoles, as well as membrane fusion and fission. This differs from the mechanism of most other polyene antibiotics, which tend to work by altering fungal membrane permeability instead.
Deoxyinosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a deoxyribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Deoxyinosine is found in DNA while inosine is found in RNA. Inosine is a nucleic acid important for RNA editing. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) catalyzes the conversion of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine, respectively. ADA-deficient individuals suffer from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and are unable to produce significant numbers of mature T or B lymphocytes. This occurs as a consequence of the accumulation of ADA substrates or their metabolites. Inosine is also an intermediate in a chain of purine nucleotides reactions required for muscle movements. Moreover, deoxyinosine is found to be associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Simmondsin is found in coffee and coffee products. Simmondsin is a constituent of Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) Simmondsin is an extract of jojoba seeds (pronounced "ho-HO-bah") (Simmondsia chinensis), it was traditionally thought to be a toxic substance due to jojoba seed meal causing weight loss in animals, but recently it has been researched as a potential treatment for reducing appetite of obese individuals by helping to reduce craving for food. Several mechanisms of action are thought to be involved in the appetite suppressant effect
Tetrahymanol is involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahymanol is produced from squalene.
Tamarixetin is a flavanoid component of the Ginko Biloba extract. Exhibits antioxidant properties.
Momilactone B is found in cereals and cereal products. Momilactone B is a constituent of Oryza sativa (rice) Momilactone B is an allelopathic agent produced from the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (100 mg from 200 kg dry rice husk). It has been shown to be produced in high concentrations by the roots of rice seedlings. The production of momilactone B has also been induced in response to infection by blast fungus (Pyricularia oryzae) or irradiated with UV light. More recently is has been shown to be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against human colon cancer. The second step is the cyclization of syn-CDP to 9 -pimara-7,15-diene. This step is initiated by the elimination of the diphosphate group, a type A cyclization. The genes encoding for the type A cyclase were found by Otomo et al. in 2004. It is suggested that OsKS4, located on chromosome 4 (14.3cM) is one of the genes responsible for phytoalexin biosynthesis. After UV-radiation, OsKS4 mRNA levels rise drastically in response to the attack.
N-Lactoylleucine is a lactoyl derivative of phenylalanine. N-Lactoyl-amino acids are ubiquitous pseudodipeptides of lactic acid and amino acids that are rapidly formed by reverse proteolysis. A protease, cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), catalyzes their formation. The plasma levels of these metabolites strongly correlate with plasma levels of lactate and amino acid (PMID: 25964343).
Glucoraphanin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkylglucosinolates. These are organic compounds containing a glucosinolate moiety that carries an alkyl chain. Outside of the human body, glucoraphanin has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as radish, common cabbages, Brassicas, Chinese cabbages, and cabbages. This could make glucoraphanin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Mestranol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the 3-methyl ether of ethinyl estradiol. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL contraceptives. [PubChem]Mestranol is the 3-methyl ether of ethinylestradiol. Ethinylestradiol, is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. Ethinylestradiol is orally bio-active and the estrogen used in almost all modern formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills. It binds to (and activates) the estrogen receptor. Mestranol is a biologically inactive prodrug of ethinylestradiol to which it is demethylated in the liver with a conversion efficiency of 70%.Estrogens diffuse into their target cells and interact with a protein receptor. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. The combination of an estrogen with a progestin suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary system, decreasing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Insecticide. Clofenotane is a major component of commercial DDT (other names *Gespan*, *Gesarol*, *Geverol*, *Chlorophenotane*). Use banned or discouraged in many countrie
A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine, and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [PubChem]
3-Epidemissidine is found in alcoholic beverages. 3-Epidemissidine is an alkaloid from Solanum tuberosum (potato).
This compound is a regulatory oxysterol which can alter HMG-CoA reductase activity when minor changes are made to its concentration. (PMID: 3654653).
Rutin is a flavonoid known to have a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties. A large number of flavonoids, mostly O-glycosides, are polyphenolic compounds of natural origin that are present in most fruits and vegetables. The average intake of the compounds by humans on a normal diet is more than 1 g per day. Although flavonoids are devoid of classical nutritional value, they are increasingly viewed as beneficial dietary components that act as potential protectors against human diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancers, and inflammatory bowel disease. Rutin acts as a quercetin deliverer to the large intestine; moreover, quercetin is extensively metabolized in the large intestine, which suggests that quercetin liberated from rutin and/or its colonic metabolites may play a role. Rutin's anti-inflammatory actions are mediated through a molecular mechanism that underlies the quercetin-mediated therapeutic effects: quercetin-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activation. TNF-alpha-induced NFkB activity plays a central role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in progression of gut inflammation. (PMID:16132362).
2-Acetyl-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthalene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetralins. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a tetralin moiety, which consists of a benzene fused to a cyclohexane.
Zonisamide is a sulfonamide anticonvulsant approved for use as an adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Zonisamide may be a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor although this is not one of the primary mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels leading to a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may inhibit the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while enhancing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.
Cyclochlorotine is a mycotoxin produced by the common food storage mould Penicillium islandicu
Azaspiracid 2 is found in mollusks. Azaspiracid 2 is an alkaloid from Mytilus edulis (blue mussel).
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
Azaspiracid 3 is found in mollusks. Azaspiracid 3 is an alkaloid from Mytilus edulis (blue mussel).
Bisosthenon B is found in citrus. Bisosthenon B is a constituent of Citrus paradisi (grapefruit)
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Oleanolic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. Oleanolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is an integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on triterpenoids research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these compounds. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. (PMID:17292619, 15522132, 15994040).
Elatoside E is found in green vegetables. Elatoside E is a constituent of Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree).
1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is found in herbs and spices. 1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane)
Octyl gallate is an antioxidant used in margarin
4-oxo-Retinoic acid is a biologically active geometric isomer of retinoic acid (RA). 4-oxo-retinoic acid is generated from its precursor canthaxanthin and enhances gap junctional communication in cells. Metabolic transformation of all-trans RA to 4-hydroxylated RA appears to be primarily catalyzed by the cytochrome P 450 (CYP) 26AI in human skin cells. Cellular levels of all-trans RA are meticulously regulated utilizing an array of systems to balance uptake, biosynthesis, catabolism, and efflux transport. RA is a critical regulator of gene expression during embryonic development and in the maintenance of adult epithelial tissues. (PMID: 8794203, 7893159, 17330217, 16778795, 17460545).
Pregnenolone is a derivative of cholesterol, the product of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (EC 1.14.15.6, CYP11A1. This reaction consists of three consecutive monooxygenations, a 22-hydroxylation, a 20-hydroxylation, and the cleavage of the C20-C22 bond, yielding pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is the precursor to gonadal steroid hormones and the adrenal corticosteroids. This reaction occurs in steroid hormone-producing tissues such as the adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and placenta. The most notable difference between the placenta and other steroidogenic tissues is that electron supply to CYP11A1 limits the rate at which cholesterol is converted into pregnenolone in the placenta. The limiting component for electron delivery to CYP11A1 is the concentration of adrenodoxin reductase in the mitochondrial matrix which is insufficient to maintain the adrenodoxin pool in a fully reduced state. Pregnenolone is also a neurosteroid, and is produced in the spinal cord; CYP11A1 is the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all classes of steroids, and has been localized in sensory networks of the spinal cord dorsal horn. In the adrenal glomerulosa cell, angiotensin II, one of the major physiological regulators of mineralocorticoid synthesis, appears to affect most of the cholesterol transfer to the mitochondrial outer membrane and many steps in the transport to the inner membrane. Thus, it exerts a powerful control over the use of cholesterol for aldosterone production (PMID: 17222962, 15823613, 16632873, 15134809).
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
Licoricesaponin H2 is found in herbs and spices. Licoricesaponin H2 is a constituent of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice).
5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity.
This compound belongs to the family of Peptides. These are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another.
6''-Acetylapiin is found in herbs and spices. 6''-Acetylapiin is a constituent of parsley
trans-Nonachlor os one of the most common chlordane-related environmental contaminants. It is an organochlorine chemical, a class largely banned in the U.S. that builds up in the body over time, linked to cancer and reproductive harm. It is a bioaccumulating component of the pesticide chlordane, which can be detected in various environmental biota and in humans. Some studies also show that there is a dose-response relations between serum cencetrations of trans-nonachlor and the prevalence of diabetes. [PMID: 16801591]
3',4',5'-Trimethoxycinnamyl alcohol acetate is found in citrus. 3',4',5'-Trimethoxycinnamyl alcohol acetate is a constituent of oil of bergamot (Citrus bergamia).
N-Lactoylleucine is a lactoyl derivative of phenylalanine. N-Lactoyl-amino acids are ubiquitous pseudodipeptides of lactic acid and amino acids that are rapidly formed by reverse proteolysis. A protease, cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), catalyzes their formation. The plasma levels of these metabolites strongly correlate with plasma levels of lactate and amino acid (PMID: 25964343).
(Z)-5-[(5-Methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]-2(5H)-furanone is found in herbs and spices. (Z)-5-[(5-Methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]-2(5H)-furanone is a minor constituent of the roots of Chamaemelum nobile (Roman chamomile).
Dhurrin is found in borage. Cyanogenic glucoside isolated from Sorghum vulgare (sorghum) Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glycoside occurring in plants. Its biosynthesis has been elucidated. Dhurrin is hydrolyzed in the stomach of an insect into a carbohydrate and aglycone. The aglycone is unstable and releases hydrogen cyanide
Naringenin-7-O-glucuronide is an orange/orange juice metabolite in urine.
gamma-Fagarine is found in fruits. gamma-Fagarine is an alkaloid from Aegle marmelos (bael fruit
Bupivacaine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a widely used local anesthetic agent. [PubChem]Bupivacaine blocks the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. Bupivacaine binds to the intracellular portion of sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The analgesic effects of Bupivicaine are thought to potentially be due to its binding to the prostaglandin E2 receptors, subtype EP1 (PGE2EP1), which inhibits the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia.
ACRL Toxin II is found in citrus. ACRL Toxin II is produced by the fungus Alternaria citri on rough lemo
Naematolone is found in mushrooms. Naematolone is a metabolite of Hypholoma capnoides (conifer tuft
Caffeic acid 3-O-sulfate (CAS: 1208232-16-9) is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313). Caffeic acid sulfate was found to be elevated in rat urine after whole rye consumption which makes this compound a potential urinary biomarker of whole grain intake (PMID: 26862900).
Emulsifier, surfactant in production of coarse cryst. NaCl, stabiliser, wetting agent in poultry scalds, colour diluent, flavour. Polysorbate 80 is a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier derived from polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid, and is often used in foods. Polysorbate 80 is a viscous, water-soluble yellow Liquid.
Ganglioside GA1 (d18:1/18:0) is a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide)or oligoglycosylceramide with one or more sialic acids (i.e. n-acetylneuraminic acid) linked on the sugar chain. It is a component the cell plasma membrane which modulates cell signal transduction events. Gangliosides have been found to be highly important in immunology. Ganglioside GA1 carries a net-negative charge at pH 7.0 and is acidic. Gangliosides can amount to 6% of the weight of lipids from brain, but they are found at low levels in all animal tissues. Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids. There are four types of glycosphingolipids, the cerebrosides, sulfatides, globosides and gangliosides. Gangliosides are very similar to globosides except that they also contain N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) in varying amounts. The specific names for the gangliosides provide information about their structure. The letter G refers to ganglioside, and the subscripts M, D, T and Q indicate that the molecule contains mono-, di-, tri and quatra-sialic acid. The numbered subscripts 1, 2 and 3 refer to the carbohydrate sequence that is attached to the ceramide. In particular, 1 stands for GalGalNAcGalGlc-ceramide, 2 stands for GalNAcGalGlc-ceramide and 3 stands for GalGlc-ceramide. Deficiencies in lysosomal enzymes that degrade the carbohydrate portions of various gangliosides are responsible for a number of lysosomal storage diseases such as Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, and GM1 gangliosidosis. The carbohydrate portion of the ganglioside GM1 is the site of attachment of cholera toxin, the protein secreted by Vibrio cholerae.
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
Tetrahymanol is involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahymanol is produced from squalene.
Amikacin is a semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from kanamycin A. Similar to other aminoglycosides, amikacin disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosome of susceptible organisms. Binding interferes with mRNA binding and tRNA acceptor sites leading to the production of non-functional or toxic peptides. Other mechanisms not fully understood may confer the bactericidal effects of amikacin. Amikacin is also nephrotoxic and ototoxic.
2-[4-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)butyl]-4(1H)-quinolinone is found in herbs and spices. 2-[4-(3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl)butyl]-4(1H)-quinolinone is an alkaloid from Ruta graveolens (rue
22-Angeloylbarringtogenol C is found in tea. 22-Angeloylbarringtogenol C is a constituent of Camellia sinensis var. assamica (Assam tea).
Moupinamide is found in eggplant. Moupinamide is an alkaloid from Piper nigru
Fenoldopam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation. [PubChem]Fenoldopam is a rapid-acting vasodilator. It is an agonist for D<sub>1</sub>-like dopamine receptors and binds with moderate affinity to &alpha;<sub>2</sub>-adrenoceptors. It has no significant affinity for D<sub>2</sub>-like receptors, &alpha;<sub>1</sub> and &beta;-adrenoceptors, 5<sub>HT1</sub> and 5<sub>HT2</sub> receptors, or muscarinic receptors. Fenoldopam is a racemic mixture with the R-isomer responsible for the biological activity. The R-isomer has approximately 250-fold higher affinity for D<sub>1</sub>-like receptors than does the S-isomer. In non-clinical studies, fenoldopam had no agonist effect on presynaptic D<sub>2</sub>-like dopamine receptors, or &alpha; or &beta; -adrenoceptors, nor did it affect angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Fenoldopam may increase norepinephrine plasma concentration.
Congmuyenoside A is found in green vegetables. Congmuyenoside A is a constituent of Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree)
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Gadobutrol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.It is a contrast agent used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Aztreonam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms. [PubChem]The bactericidal action of aztreonam results from the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis due to a high affinity of aztreonam for penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). By binding to PBP3, aztreonam inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins. It is possible that aztreonam interferes with an autolysin inhibitor.
Gambogic acid is found in fruits. Gambogic acid is isolated from Gamboge resin (exudate of Garcinia morella).
Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit. Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit due to vitamin C deficiency such as bruising due to capillary fragility were found in early studies to be relieved by crude vitamin C extract but not by purified vitamin C. The bioflavonoids, formerly called "vitamin P", were found to be the essential components in correcting this bruising tendency and improving the permeability and integrity of the capillary lining. These bioflavonoids include hesperidin, citrin, rutin, flavones, flavonols, catechin and quercetin. Of historical importance is the observation that "citrin", a mixture of two flavonoids, eriodictyol and hesperidin, was considered to possess a vitamin-like activity, as early as in 1949. Hesperidin deficiency has since been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. Supplemental hesperidin also helps in reducing oedema or excess swelling in the legs due to fluid accumulation. As with other bioflavonoids, hesperidin works best when administered concomitantly with vitamin C. No signs of toxicity have been observed with normal intake of hesperidin. Hesperidin was first discovered in 1827, by Lebreton, but not in a pure state and has been under continuous investigation since then (PMID:11746857).
Serylvaline is a dipeptide composed of serine and valine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
3-Hydroxyisoheptanoic acid is a metabolite found in patients with isovaleric acidemia, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (PMID 7237839). Isovaleric acidemia is closely related to the genetic metabolic disorder Maple syrup urine disease.
4alpha-carboxy-5alpha-cholesta-8-en-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol). It is a substrate for NAD(P)-dependent steroid dehydrogenase (H105E3) and it can be generated from the enzymatic carboxylation of 5alpha-cholesta-8-en-3-one. It is also a substrate for C-4 methyl sterol oxidase (SC4MOL) and can be generated from the enzymatic oxidation of 4alpha-formyl-5alpha-cholesta-8-en-3beta-ol. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway.
Medroxyprogesterone, or MP is a progestin (synthetic progestogen). MP is not used medically, as it is over two orders of magnitude less potent than medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA); a derivative of MP (PMID: 16784762). MP may be formed via the metabolism of MPA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is used to treat conditions such as absent or irregular menstrual periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding. Synthetic progestogens are widely used to simulate the effects of progesterone; a natural female sex hormone. Progesterone is essential for endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and the successful establishment of pregnancy. A low progesterone concentration or an insufficient response to progesterone can cause infertility and pregnancy loss (PMID: 20104424). In addition to progestagenic activity, MP is also a weak antiandrogen in vitro (PMID: 29990947). Medroxyprogesterone is only found in individuals that have used or taken MPA.
Cystathionine ketimine (CT) is a cyclic amino acid that was found to have a priming effect on superoxide generation in human neutrophils (PMID: 10708546). D-Cystathionine ketimine and L-cystathionine ketimine enhance superoxide generation by human neutrophils in two different manners. D-Cystathionine ketimine enhanced seryl phosphorylation of 16.5-kDa protein in human neutrophils, while L-cystathionine ketimine enhanced tyrosyl phosphorylation of 45-kDa protein (PMID: 10049498). Cystathionine ketimine was found in the urine of a cystathioninuria patient (PMID: 8373176).
11-Deoxycorticosterone (also called desoxycortone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, DOC, or simply deoxycorticosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is classified as a member of the 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Deoxycorticosterone is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Deoxycorticosterone can be synthesized from progesterone by 21-beta-hydroxylase and is then converted to corticosterone by 11-beta-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase. Deoxycorticosterone stimulates the collecting tubules in the kidney to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does. Deoxycorticosterone has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone and about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone (Wikipedia). Deoxycorticosterone can be found throughout all human tissues and has been detected in amniotic fluid and blood. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycorticosterone can act as a hypertensive agent and a metabotoxin. A hypertensive agent increases blood pressure and causes the production of more urine. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.  Chronically high levels of deoxycorticosterone are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and with adrenal tumors producing deoxycorticosterone (PMID: 20671982). High levels of this mineralocorticoid are associated with resistant hypertension, which can result in polyuria, polydipsia, increased blood volume, edema, and cardiac enlargement. Deoxycorticosterone can be used to treat adrenal insufficiency. In particular, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's disease.
Valproic acid glucuronide is the glucuronidation product of valproic acid. Valproic acid, or 2-Propylpentanoic acid, is a chemical compound that has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder, but also used to treat migraine headaches and schizophrenia. In epileptics, valproic acid is used to control absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal), complex partial seizures, and the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Glucuronidation is a vital phase 2 metabolic (conjugative) process by which a wide range of drugs and other xenobiotics may be rendered water-soluble, detoxified and excreted. Acyl (ester) glucuronides (AGs) of carboxylic acids are potentially reactive metabolites. In particular, AGs are important phase 2 metabolites for a wide range of carboxylic acid-containing drugs. (PMID: 18201150, 17496767, 17496206).
Glycyl-Serine is a dipeptide composed of glycine and serine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
Monoethyl malonic acid is an organic acid identified in the urine in a healthy pediatric population. (PMID 14708889).
Rosuvastatin is an antilipemic agent that competitively inhibits hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. HMG-CoA reducuase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Rosuvastatin belongs to a class of medications called statins and is used to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease.
Campesteryl alpha-linolenate is found in fats and oils. Campesteryl alpha-linolenate is a constituent of soybean oil and corn pollen
MG(0:0/20:1(11Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
(13Z,16Z)-Docosadienoic acid, also known as docosadienoate or C22:2N-6,9, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very-long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. (13Z,16Z)-Docosadienoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule that is practically insoluble (in water) and is relatively neutral. (13Z,16Z)-Docosadienoic acid can be found in feces.
Methionyl butyrate is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Agrocybenine is found in mushrooms. Agrocybenine is an alkaloid from the edible Korean mushroom yangimatusutake (Agrocybe cylindracea).
Dodecanol, also known by its IUPAC name 1-dodecanol or dodecan-1-ol, and by its trivial name dodecyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol. Dodecanol is a colourless, water insoluble solid with a melting point of 24 °C and boiling point of 259 °C. It has a floral odor. Dodecanol can be obtained from palm kernel or coconut oil fatty acids and methyl esters by reduction.
A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and also for the short-term management of insomnia but has largely been superseded by the benzodiazepines. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) Meprobamate is a controlled substance in the U.S.
Cefdinir (marketed by Abbott Laboratories under the brand name Omnicef) is a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic in the third generation of the cephalosporin class, proven effective for common bacterial infections of the ear, sinus, throat, and skin. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December of 1997.
Hexyl 3-mercaptobutanoate is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Tyrosyl-Tyrosine is a dipeptied compoosed of two tyrosine residues. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
Dehydrophytosphingosine is found in pulses. Dehydrophytosphingosine is present in soybean phospholipids.
Carboxytolbutamide belongs to the family of Sulfanylbenzoic Acid Derivatives. These are benzoic acid derivatives which bear a sulfanyl group (R-SH) attached to the benzene ring.
Cefdinir (marketed by Abbott Laboratories under the brand name Omnicef) is a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic in the third generation of the cephalosporin class, proven effective for common bacterial infections of the ear, sinus, throat, and skin. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December of 1997.
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
3-Hydroxyisoheptanoic acid is a metabolite found in patients with isovaleric acidemia, an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the enzyme isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (PMID 7237839). Isovaleric acidemia is closely related to the genetic metabolic disorder Maple syrup urine disease.
N-Jasmonoylisoleucine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as isoleucine and derivatives. Isoleucine and derivatives are compounds containing isoleucine or a derivative thereof resulting from the reaction of isoleucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. N-Jasmonoylisoleucine is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). N-Jasmonoylisoleucine is found in pulses. N-Jasmonoylisoleucine is isolated from Pinus mugo (dwarf mountain pine) and Vicia fab.
Indoleacrylic acid (CAS: 1204-06-4), also known as indoleacrylate, IA, and IAcrA, is a member of the class of compounds known as indoles. Indoles are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole. Indoleacrylic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Within the cell, indoleacrylic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). Indoleacrylic acid is best known as a plant growth hormone (a natural auxin), whereas its biological role in animals is still unknown. A two-stage production of this compound is likely: intestinal microorganisms catabolize tryptophan to indole derivatives which are then absorbed and converted into indoleacrylic acid and its glycine conjugate, indolylacryloylglycine (IAcrGly). Indolylacryloylglycine excretion in urine is especially pronounced in some myopathies, namely in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (PMID: 10707769). It has been recently found that indoleacrylic acid promotes intestinal epithelial barrier function and mitigates inflammatory responses. Stimulating indoleacrylic acid production could promote anti-inflammatory responses and have therapeutic benefits (PMID: 28704649). Urinary Indole-3-acrylate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502). Indoleacrylic acid is also a metabolite of Peptostreptococcus (PMID: 28704649, 29168502).
Cholesteryl docosahexaenoic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Depression has been found weakly related to serum cholesteryl ester arachidonic/docosahexaenoic fatty acid ratio. In healthy human receiving a diet rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), it was incorporated into LDL cholesteryl esters; DHA does not appear to increase the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Lower levels of DHA were found in all plasma lipid fractions from infants fed formula compared with those in the human milk-fed infants, irrespective of the source of the formula supplement. (PMID: 16482070, 15262190, 15051839).
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
MG(0:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
deaminated metabolite of glutamine in csf of patients with hepatic coma; intermediate in the detoxification of ammonia in brain; structure.
Cabazitaxel is a prescription anti-cancer medicine used with the steroid medicine prednisone. Cabazitaxel is used to treat people with prostate cancer that has progressed after treatment with other anti-cancer medicines, including docetaxel. Cabazitaxel is prepared by semi-synthesis with a precursor extracted from yew needles (10-deacetylbaccatin III). It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 17, 2010.
Plicamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It has been used in the treatment of testicular cancer, Paget's disease of bone, and, rarely, the management of hypercalcemia. The manufacturer discontinued plicamycin in 2000. Plicamycin is presumed to inhibit cellular and enzymic RNA synthesis by forming a complex with DNA. Plicamycin may also lower calcium serum levels by inhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone upon osteoclasts or by blocking the hypercalcemic action of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D.
N(omega)-Hydroxyarginine is a product of the arginine-nitric oxide pathway, and is the first intermediate in the process catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (EC 1.14.13.99). NOS is a heme protein that catalyzes the oxygenation of L-arginine in the presence of NADPH to form nitric oxide and citrulline. N(omega)-Hydroxyarginine appears to interfere with cell proliferation/cell growth by inhibiting arginase, a binuclear Mn(2+) metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea (EC 3.5.3.1). Arginase has 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) as an enzyme-bound cofactor (PMID: 11259671, 11258880, 14504282, 9735327).
<i>para</i>-hydroxyatorvastatin is a metabolite of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin, marketed by Pfizer as a calcium salt under the trade name Lipitor, is a member of the drug class known as statins, used for lowering blood cholesterol. It also stabilizes plaque and prevents strokes through anti-inflammatory and other mechanisms. Like all statins, atorvastatin works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme found in liver tissue that plays a key role in production of cholesterol in the body. (Wikipedia)
Erucic acid is a 22-carbon, monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found mainly in the Brassica family of plants such as canola, rapeseed, wallflower seed, mustard seed as well as Brussels spouts and broccoli. Some Brassica cultivars can have up to 40 to 50 percent of their oil recovered as erucic acid. Erucic acid is also known as cis-13-docosenoic acid. The trans isomer is known as brassidic acid. Erucic acid occurs in nature only along with bitter-tasting compounds. Erucic acid has many of the same uses as mineral oils but with the advantage that it is more readily bio-degradable. Its high tolerance to temperature makes it suitable for transmission oil. Erucic acid‚Äôs ability to polymerize and dry means it can be - and is - used as a binder for oil paints. Increased levels of eicosenoic acid (20:Ln9) and erucic acid (22:1N9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. Human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Food-grade rapeseed oil (also known as canola oil) is regulated to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US and 5% in the EU, with special regulations for infant food. Canola was bred from rapeseed cultivars of B. napus and B. rapa at the University of Manitoba, Canada. Canola oil is derived from a variety of rapeseed that is low in erucic acid.
Rumexoside is found in herbs and spices. Rumexoside is a constituent of the roots of Rumex patientia (patience dock).
3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid, also known as DOMA or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as catechols. Catechols are compounds containing a 1,2-benzenediol moiety. 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid can be biosynthesized from 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde through its interaction with the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric nadp-preferring. In addition, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid and guaiacol can be converted into vanillylmandelic acid and pyrocatechol through the action of the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase. In humans, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called tyrosinemia type I. Outside of the human body, 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as yellow wax beans, soy beans, pomegranates, cucurbita (gourd), and daikon radish.
Bitter flavouring It is used in tonics and bitter drinks Quinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an anti-arrhythmic. Though it has been synthesized in the lab, the bark of the cinchona tree is the only known natural source of quinine. Quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it.
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics.
Magnesium oxalate, also known as magnesium oxalic acid or dipotassium oxalate, belongs to dicarboxylic acids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Magnesium oxalate is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Magnesium oxalate can be found in garden rhubarb, which makes magnesium oxalate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Magnesium oxalate is an inorganic compound comprising a magnesium cation with a 2+ charge bonded to an oxalate anion. It has the chemical formula MgC2O4. Magnesium oxalate is a white solid that comes in two forms: an anhydrous form and a dihydrate form where two water molecules are complexed with the structure. Both forms are practically insoluble in water and are insoluble in organic solutions .
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
Carbohydrate antigen which is accumulated in various human cancer tissues and secreted into the blood stream. The carbohydrate moiety can be further modified with fucose or sialic acid. Monoclonal antibodies have been determined which can discriminate each subgroup of this antigen in the sera of cancer patients. Sialyl SSEA-1 antigen is particularly elevated in the sera of patients with a variety of tumors.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.
Icatibant (Firazyr) is a peptidomimetic drug consisting of ten amino acids, which is an effective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. It has been approved in the EU for use in hereditary angioedema, and is under investigation for a number of other conditions in which bradykinin is thought to play a significant role. Icatibant currently has orphan drug status in the United States.
Hygromycin B is a fda approved antibiotic food additive for swine and poultry Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cabazitaxel is a prescription anti-cancer medicine used with the steroid medicine prednisone. Cabazitaxel is used to treat people with prostate cancer that has progressed after treatment with other anti-cancer medicines, including docetaxel. Cabazitaxel is prepared by semi-synthesis with a precursor extracted from yew needles (10-deacetylbaccatin III). It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 17, 2010.
Nivalenol is a trichothecene produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition.(PubChem). It has been reported in the urine of patients suffering chronic idiopathic spastic paraparesis. These patients are usually found in hot and humid regions, most of which have heavy rains, and these conditions allow foods to be polluted by fungi some of which become toxigenic (PubMed ID 8855894 ).
Norbuprenorphine is the primary active metabolite of buprenorphine. Norbuprenorphine acts as a Î¼-opioid, Î´-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, as well as a Îº-opioid receptor partial agonist. Norbuprenorphine crosses the blood-brain-barrier similarly to buprenorphine and likely contributes to its effects. It was observed that Intravenous administration of norbuprenorphine at 1 to 3 mg/kg decreased respiratory rate, whereas buprenorphine had no effect up to 3 mg/kg in rats. (Wikipedia)
Glaucarubin is found in fats and oils. Glaucarubin is isolated from Simarouba glauca (aceituno
D-Glucosaminide is an intermediate in the Human Aminosugars metabolism, the substrate of the enzyme di-N-acetyl-chitobiase [EC:3.2.1.-], from the Glycosidases class (i.e.: enzymes hydrolyzing O- and S-glycosyl compounds). (KEGG).
Lupiwighteone hydrate 7-glucoside is found in pulses. Lupiwighteone hydrate 7-glucoside is a constituent of soybean molasses (Glycine sp.)
(R)-(E)-Sulforaphene is found in root vegetables. Mustard oil from Glucoraphenin (see 4-(Methylthio)-3-butenyl glucosinolate <ht>KZZ70-M</ht>) in radish seeds (Raphanus sativus var. alba
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Clomipramine N-oxide is a metabolite of clomipramine. Clomipramine (trademarked as Anafranil) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It was developed in the 1960s by the Swiss drug manufacturer Geigy (now known as Novartis) and has been in clinical use worldwide ever since. (Wikipedia)
Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in mollusks. Dinophysistoxin 1 is a metabolite of Dinophysis fortii. Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in scallops and mussels. Component toxin in diarrhetic shellfish poisonin
Plicamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It has been used in the treatment of testicular cancer, Paget's disease of bone, and, rarely, the management of hypercalcemia. The manufacturer discontinued plicamycin in 2000. Plicamycin is presumed to inhibit cellular and enzymic RNA synthesis by forming a complex with DNA. Plicamycin may also lower calcium serum levels by inhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone upon osteoclasts or by blocking the hypercalcemic action of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D.
Phomopsin A is a mycotoxin produced by Phomopsis leptostromiformi
Steviobioside belongs to the class of organic compounds known as steviol glycosides. These are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically linked to a steviol (a diterpenoid based on a 13-hydroxykaur-16-en-18-oic acid) moiety. Steviobioside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Steviobioside is present in Stevia rebaudiana (stevia) extracts.
Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive drug whose main use is after organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. It is also used in a topical preparation in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis, severe refractory uveitis after bone marrow transplants, and the skin condition vitiligo. It was discovered in 1984 from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus is chemically known as a macrolide. It reduces peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) creating a new complex. This FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription.
Everolimus is a derivative of Rapamycin (sirolimus), and works similarly to Rapamycin as an mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor. It is currently used as an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of organ transplants. In a similar fashion to other mTOR inhibitors Everolimus' effect is solely on the mTORC1 protein and not on the mTORC2 protein.
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
8-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is found in green vegetables. 8-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is from Artemisia dracunculoides (Russian tarragon
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
5-Methyldeoxycytidine is a dinucleotide. Methylation of cytosine-guanine dinucleotide sequences (CpG dinucleotides) catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase, particularly in the 5&#8242;-promoter regions of mammalian genes, forms 5-methyldeoxycytidine (5-mdc) whose levels may regulate gene expression. Levels of 5-mdc and the expression of nm23-H1 (an anti-metastatic gene identified in and human cancer lines) are highly correlated with human hepatoma cells with different invasion activities. DNA hypermethylation is a common finding in malignant cells and has been explored as a therapeutic target for hypomethylating agents. The levels of 5-mdc in the urine of patients with breast cancer is not significantly different than controls. (PMID: 17044778, 17264127, 16799933).
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Coprocholic acid, also called 3α,7α,12α-Trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-26-oic acid, is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine, and the portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH, and consequently require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
Nigakinone is an alkaloid from the wood of Picrasma excelsa (Jamaican quassiawood
1-[(5-Amino-5-carboxypentyl)amino]-1-deoxyfructose is found in milk and milk products. Amadori rearrangement produced found in heated milk and other foodstuff
(2'E,4'Z,7'Z,8E)-Colnelenic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. Product of enzymic oxidation of potato lipid
Pitheduloside J is found in fruits. Pitheduloside J is a constituent of Pithecellobium dulce (manila tamarind).
Cloversaponin I is found in green vegetables. Cloversaponin I is a constituent of Trifolium repens (white clover).
Dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-glucuronide is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313).
2-Methoxyestrone (or 2-ME1) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as estrogens and derivatives. These are steroids with a structure containing a 3-hydroxylated estrane. Thus, 2-methoxyestrone is considered to be a steroid or steroid derivative. It is a by-product of estrone and 2-hydroxyestrone metabolism and has been detected in all mammals. More specifically, 2-methoxyestrone is an endogenous, naturally occurring methoxylated catechol estrogen and a metabolite of estrone that is formed by catechol O-methyltransferase via the intermediate 2-hydroxyestrone. 2-Methoxyestrone is part of the androgen and estrogen metabolic pathway. The acid ionization constant (pKa) of 2-methoxyestrone has been determined to be 10.81 (PMID: 516114). 2-Methoxyestrone can be metabolized to a sulfated derivative (2-methoxyestrone 3-sulfate) via steroid sulfotransferase (EC 2.8.2.15). It can also be glucuronidated to 2-methoxyestrone 3-glucuronide by UDP glucuronosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.17). Unlike estrone but similarly to 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestrone has very low affinity for the estrogen receptor and lacks significant estrogenic activity (PMID: 10865186).
2,3-diaminosalicylic acid is classified as a member of the aminobenzoic acids. Aminobenzoic acids are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. 2,3-diaminosalicylic acid is considered to be a slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound. 2,3-diaminosalicylic acid can be found in blood and urine.
Hericenone D is found in mushrooms. Hericenone D is from the edible lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceum).
Epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) is found in tea. Epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) is isolated from green China tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves.
3-keto-Digoxigenin is a metabolite of digoxin. Digoxin is a purified cardiac glycoside and extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata. Its corresponding aglycone is digoxigenin, and its acetyl derivative is acetyldigoxin. Digoxin is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade names Lanoxin, Digitek, and Lanoxicaps. (Wikipedia)
Glutaminyltyrosine is a dipeptide composed of glutamine and tyrosine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Gibberellin A55 (GA55) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin A55 is found in common wheat. Gibberellin A55 is a constituent of Curcurbita maxima.
Cysteinylhydroxyproline is a dipeptide composed of cysteine and hydroxyproline. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Maslinic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619).
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
Acitretin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of etretinate with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate (PubChem). The mechanism of action of acitretin is unknown, however it is believed to work by targeting specific receptors (retinoid receptors such as RXR and RAR) in the skin which help normalize the growth cycle of skin cells.
Hypericin is found in alcoholic beverages. Hypericin is widespread in Hypericum species especially Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) Hypericin is a red-coloured anthraquinone-derivative, which, together with hyperforin, is one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum (Saint John's wort). Hypericin is believed to act as an antibiotic and non-specific kinase inhibitor. Hypericin may inhibit the action of the enzyme dopamine -hydroxylase, leading to increased dopamine levels, although thus possibly decreasing norepinephrine and epinephrine
Sulfamethoxazole N4-hydroxylamine is a metabolite of Sulfamethoxazole. Sulfamethoxazole n4-hydroxylamine belongs to the family of Acyclic Alkanes. These are acyclic hydrocarbons consisting only of n carbon atoms and m hydrogen atoms where m=2*n + 2.
Mephenytoin is a hydantoin-derivative anticonvulsant used to control various partial seizures. It is generally reserved for treatment of individuals refractory to less toxic agents. Mephenytoin and oxazolidinedione derivatives are associated with higher incidences of blood dyscrasias compared to other anticonvulsants. As such, these agents should not be used concurrently.
Sulforidazine belongs to the family of Phenothiazines. These are polycyclic aromatic compounds containing a phenothiazine moiety, which is a linear tricyclic system that consists of a two benzene rings joined by a para-thiazine ring.
Morellinol is found in fruits. Morellinol is a pigment from Garcinia morella (batuan
Dopaquinone, also known as o-dopaquinone or L-dopaquinone, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha-amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. Dopaquinone is slightly soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). L-Dopaquinone is a metabolite of L-DOPA and a precursor of melanin. Melanin is synthesized from tyrosine by hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and subsequent oxidation to dopaquinone. Both reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosinase, which is the rate-limiting step. Dopaquinone has an ortho-quinone ring, which is known to be neurotoxic and highly reactive with many other compounds (PMID: 413870). Dopaquinone typically combines with cysteine to form pheomelanin (a pigment-polymer). Alternatively, dopaquinone can be converted to leucodopachrome and eventually to eumelanin (also a pigment-polymer). Dopaquinone can be found in skin and feces. Within the cell, dopaquinone is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Dopaquinone is involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include transient tyrosinemia, hawkinsinuria, tyrosinemia type I, and alkaptonuria. Chronically high levels of dopaquinone are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Many Parkinson's patients are treated with L-DOPA. However, long-term treatment with L-DOPA may actually worsen symptoms or result in neurotic and psychotic symptoms. These may be due to dopachrome and dopaquinone accumulating in the brain of L-DOPA treated patients (PMID: 19131041, PMID: 12373519).
Boswellic acid (BA) is an active component of Boswellia serrata (also known as Salai guggul). Extensive research in the past 30 years identified the active component of this resin as BA (a pentacyclic triterpenic acid) and its derivatives (acetyl-beta-boswellic acid, 11-keto-beta-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid). In animal models of inflammation, BA has been shown to be an effective adjuvant mitigating bovine serum albumin-induced arthritis and osteoarthritis. The anti-arthritic potential of BA is a result of its anti-inflammatory activity, mediated through inhibition of NF-kB, COX-2 and 5-LOX. ((PMID: 17475558, 3429205).
Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IAld or I3A), also known as 3-formylindole or 3-indolealdehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles. Indoles are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of a pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole. In humans, I3A is a biologically active metabolite which acts as a receptor agonist at the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in intestinal immune cells. It stimulates the production of interleukin-22 which facilitates mucosal reactivity (PMID:27102537). I3A is a microbially derived tryptophan metabolite produced by Clostridium and Lactobacillus (PMID:30120222, 27102537). I3A has also been found in the urine of patients with untreated phenylketonuria (PMID:5073866). I3A has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as beans, Brussels sprouts, cucumbers, cereals and cereal products, and white cabbages. This could make I3A a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
AICA-riboside, also known as acadesine or AICAR, is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes. AICA-riboside is an adenosine regulating agent developed by PeriCor Therapeutics and licensed to Schering-Plough in 2007 for phase III studies. The drug is a potential first-in-class agent for prevention of reperfusion injury in CABG surgery. Schering began patient enrollment in phase III studies in May, 2009. The trial was terminated in late 2010 based on an interim futility analysis (Wikipedia). AICA-riboside is a minor constituent found in human milk (PMID: 7702711).
Pentostatin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase. The drug is effective in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly hairy-cell leukemia. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity. [PubChem]Pentostatin is a potent transition state inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the greatest activity of which is found in cells of the lymphoid system. T-cells have higher ADA activity than B-cells, and T-cell malignancies have higher activity than B-cell malignancies. The cytotoxicity that results from prevention of catabolism of adenosine or deoxyadenosine is thought to be due to elevated intracellular levels of dATP, which can block DNA synthesis through inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. Intracellular activation results in incorporation into DNA as a false purine base. An additional cytotoxic effect is related to its incorporation into RNA. Cytotoxicity is cell cycle phase-specific (S-phase).
2-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, also known as 2-S-Cysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or 2-S-Cysteinyldopa, is classified as a tyrosine or a Tyrosine derivative. Tyrosines are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. 2-S-cysteinyl-DOPA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. [PubChem]
prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide is the major prostanoid product derived from anandamide. Incubation of anandamide with lysates and the intact cell line expressing COX-2 but not that of COX-1 produced prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. This reaction demonstrates the existence of a COX-2-mediated pathway for anandamide metabolism, and the metabolites formed represent a novel class of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Inverted or invert sugar syrup is a mixture of glucose and fructose; it is obtained by splitting sucrose into these two components. Compared with its precursor, sucrose, inverted sugar is sweeter and its products tend to remain more moist and are less prone to crystallisation. Inverted sugar is therefore valued by bakers, who refer to the syrup as trimoline or invert syrup. Invert sugar is found in fig and black elderberry.
Remikiren is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an orally active, high specificity renin inhibitor. Several in vivo experiments have shown that remikiren is specific for renin and does not decrease arterial pressure by an unrelated mechanism.
PE-NMe(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) is a monomethylphosphatidylethanolamine. It is a glycerophospholipid, and it is formed by sequential methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine as part of a mechanism for biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Monomethylphosphatidylethanolamines are usually found at trace levels in animal or plant tissues. They can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. PE-NMe(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)), in particular, consists of one chain of docosahexaenoic acid at the C-1 position and one chain of docosahexaenoic acid at the C-2 position. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. Phospholipids are ubiquitous in nature. They are key components of the cell lipid bilayer and are involved in metabolism and signaling.
Alanylglutamine is a dipeptide composed of alanine and glutamine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
D-Glycero-D-manno-octulose is found in avocado. D-Glycero-D-manno-octulose is present in avocado (Persea gratissima), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), roots of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum
Halofantrine is a drug used to treat malaria. It belongs to the phenanthrene class of compounds that includes quinine and lumefantrine. It appears to inhibit polymerisation of heme molecules (by the parasite enzyme 'heme polymerase'), resulting in the parasite being poisoned by its own waste. Halofantrine has been shown to preferentially block open and inactivated HERG channels leading to some degree of cardiotoxicity.
LysoPA(0:0/18:1(9Z)) is a lysophosphatidic acid. It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphate moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. Lysophosphatidic acids can have different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 (sn-1) or C-2 (sn-2) position. Fatty acids containing 16 and 18 carbons are the most common. Lysophosphatidic acid is the simplest possible glycerophospholipid. It is the biosynthetic precursor of phosphatidic acid. Although it is present at very low levels only in animal tissues, it is extremely important biologically, influencing many biochemical processes. In particular, lysophosphatidic acid is an intercellular lipid mediator with growth factor-like activities, and is rapidly produced and released from activated platelets to influence target cells. 1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid is the major component of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in plasma, and is in a reduced ratio in individuals with gynecological cancers (PMID 11585410). LPA is a pluripotent lipid mediator controlling growth, motility, and differentiation, that has a strong influence on the chemotaxis and ultrastructure of human neutrophils (PMID 7416233). In serum and plasma, LPA is mainly converted from lysophospholipids, whereas in platelets and some cancer cells it is converted from phosphatidic acid. In each pathway, at least two phospholipase activities are required: phospholipase A1 (PLA1)/PLA2 plus lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activities are involved in the first pathway and phospholipase D (PLD) plus PLA1/PLA2 activities are involved in the second pathway. (PMID 15271293).
Tremorgenic agent from Penicillium paxilli, Acremonium lorii, Emericella foveolata, Emericella desertorum and Emericella striata Paxilline is a potassium channel blocker. Paxilline is a toxic, tremorgenic indole alkaloid produced by Penicillium paxilli
5-Methoxynoracronycine is found in citrus. 5-Methoxynoracronycine is an alkaloid from the bark of Citrus junos (yuzu
4-Oxoretinal is a predominant retinoids during morphogenesis in mouse skin in vivo. Topical 4-oxoretinal and 4-oxoretinol promoted significant epidermal hyperplasia and metaplasia in mouse tail. They induced a moderate response for epidermal inflammation, compared with retinal, whereas neither 4-oxoretinal nor 4-oxoretinol prevented menadione-induced epidermal lipid peroxidation, unlike retinal and retinol. As analyzed by quantitative PCR, 4-oxoretinal and 4-oxoretinol did not reproduce the significant increased expression of genes coding for keratin 4, amphiregulin, heparin-EGF and CYP26A1, that did induce retinal and retinol. However, both retinal and 4-oxoretinal significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced maturation of human dendritic cells in vitro. As analyzed in vivo and in vitro, 4-oxoretinal and 4-oxoretinol were not converted into retinoic acid. We conclude that 4-oxoretinal and 4-oxoretinol exert a moderate direct retinoid-like activity in vivo, thus confirming previous in vitro studies in amphibians showing 4-oxometabolites of vitamin A as bioactive agents rather than inactive catabolites.
hesperetin-7-O-glucuronide is metabolite of the citrus fruit hesperitin.
Dillanoside is a member of the class of compounds known as isoflavones. Isoflavones are polycyclic compounds containing a 2-isoflavene skeleton which bears a ketone group at the C4 carbon atom. Dillanoside is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Dillanoside can be found in dill, which makes dillanoside a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
6-Ketoestriol is a normal human metabolite that is in elevated concentration in the urine of patients with prolactinoma. (PMID 9812172).
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
3-Hydroxycapric acid (CAS: 14292-26-3) is a normally occurring carboxylic acid in human blood plasma. Medium- and long-chain 3-hydroxymonocarboxylic acids represent intermediates in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. They accumulate in the plasma of patients with an inherited deficiency of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) (PMID: 1912723). 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) deficiency has been described in diverse clinical cases: juvenile-onset recurrent myoglobinuria, hypoketotic hypoglycemic encephalopathy, hypertrophic/dilatative cardiomyopathy, sudden infant death, and fulminant hepatic failure (OMIM: 231530). 3-Hydroxycapric acid has some shape-transforming action on the membrane of intact human erythrocytes (PMID: 7318031).
MG(0:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
Phenethylamine glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of Phenethylamine generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
Carveol is a natural terpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of spearmint oil. It has an odor and flavor that resemble those of spearmint and caraway. Consequently, it is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavor additive in the food industry.
4-Epicycloeucalenone is found in fruits. 4-Epicycloeucalenone is isolated from Musa sapientum (banana
Latrepirdine is a tricyclic H1-antihistamine.
L-Agaridoxin is found in mushrooms. L-Agaridoxin is a constituent of Agaricus campestris (field mushroom)
Myrigalone E is found in herbs and spices. Myrigalone E is a constituent of Myrica gale (bog myrtle)
Simulenoline is found in fruits. Simulenoline is an alkaloid from the bark of Zanthoxylum simulans (Szechuan pepper
Convallatoxin is a constituent of Convallaria majalis. Convallaria majalis has been designated unsafe for inclusion in foods etc. by USA FDA
Methyl 2-octynoate is a flavouring ingredien
trans-12,13-epoxy-11-oxo-trans-9-octadecenoic acid is formed from 13-L (S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid by a cysteine &bull; FeCl<sub>3</sub> redox couple in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> (PMID: 7284410).
UDP-L-rhamnose is synthesized from UDP-D-glucose.
(S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene, also known as 2,3-oxidosqualene or (S)-squalene-2,3-epoxide, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as triterpenoids. These are terpene molecules containing six isoprene units. Thus, (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. (S)-2,3-Epoxysqualene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of terpenoid. It is a substrate for squalene monooxygenase and lanosterol synthase.
1-Piperideine-2-carboxylic acid (P2C), also known as Δ1-pipecolic acid, is classified as a member of the tetrahydropyridines. Tetrahydropyridines are derivatives of pyridine in which two double bonds in the pyridine moiety are reduced by adding four hydrogen atoms. 1-Piperideine-2-carboxylic acid is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic. 1-Piperideine-2-carboxylic acid is an intermediate of the L-lysine metabolic pathway in the brain; the uptake of P2C into the synaptosome of the cerebral cortex was Na+ and temperature-dependent (PMID: 7654748).
Medroxyprogesterone, or MP is a progestin (synthetic progestogen). MP is not used medically, as it is over two orders of magnitude less potent than medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA); a derivative of MP (PMID: 16784762). MP may be formed via the metabolism of MPA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is used to treat conditions such as absent or irregular menstrual periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding. Synthetic progestogens are widely used to simulate the effects of progesterone; a natural female sex hormone. Progesterone is essential for endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and the successful establishment of pregnancy. A low progesterone concentration or an insufficient response to progesterone can cause infertility and pregnancy loss (PMID: 20104424). In addition to progestagenic activity, MP is also a weak antiandrogen in vitro (PMID: 29990947). Medroxyprogesterone is only found in individuals that have used or taken MPA.
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol is found in animal foods. 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol is present in smoked fish and pork. 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol is a flavouring ingredien
(±)-2-Propylthiazolidine is a flavouring ingredient.
Biflorin is an o-naphthoquinone isolated from Capraria biflora L. (Scrophulariaceae, a perennial shrub widely distributed in several countries of tropical America). Biflorin has cytotoxic and antioxidant potential, strongly inhibiting the growth of five tested tumor cell lines, especially the skin, breast and colon cancer cells with IC50 of 0.40, 0.43 and 0.88 micro/ml for B16, MCF-7 and HCT-8, respectively, while the antioxidant activity was assayed against autoxidation of oleic acid in a water/alcohol system. (PMID: 16042338).
11-Deoxycorticosterone (also called desoxycortone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, DOC, or simply deoxycorticosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is classified as a member of the 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Deoxycorticosterone is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Deoxycorticosterone can be synthesized from progesterone by 21-beta-hydroxylase and is then converted to corticosterone by 11-beta-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase. Deoxycorticosterone stimulates the collecting tubules in the kidney to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does. Deoxycorticosterone has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone and about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone (Wikipedia). Deoxycorticosterone can be found throughout all human tissues and has been detected in amniotic fluid and blood. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycorticosterone can act as a hypertensive agent and a metabotoxin. A hypertensive agent increases blood pressure and causes the production of more urine. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.  Chronically high levels of deoxycorticosterone are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and with adrenal tumors producing deoxycorticosterone (PMID: 20671982). High levels of this mineralocorticoid are associated with resistant hypertension, which can result in polyuria, polydipsia, increased blood volume, edema, and cardiac enlargement. Deoxycorticosterone can be used to treat adrenal insufficiency. In particular, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's disease.
4-Methyl-4-(methylthio)-2-pentanone is a flavouring ingredient with blackcurant aroma.
Inositol cyclic phosphate is a substrate for Annexin A3.
Acetylpterosin C is found in green vegetables. Acetylpterosin C is from Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern
11Z-Eicosenoic acid, also known as gondoic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. Long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. 11Z-Eicosenoic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).  More specifically, 11Z-Eicosenoic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in a variety of nuts and plant oils. It is not produced by humans and comes from the diet. It has been found in the red blood cell membrane with increased concentrations in children with regressive autism (PMID: 16581239 ).
1-salicylate glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of 1-salicylate generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
2,2,7,7-Tetramethyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene is found in alcoholic beverages. 2,2,7,7-Tetramethyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]non-3-ene is a constituent of hops
(1'R)-Nepetalic acid is found in herbs and spices. (1'R)-Nepetalic acid is a constituent of Nepeta cataria (catnip)
Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive metabolite of progesterone and a barbiturate-like modulator of central gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors that modify a range of behaviors, including the stress response. is a steroid created in the body when progesterone, the female sex hormone, is metabolized. Typically, THP (allopregnanolone) is released in the brain in response to stress, and quiets the neural system within 30 minutes of escalation. This steroid hormone has recently been found to be responsible for the extreme mood swings found in teenagers. In adults and pre-pubescent chlidren THP normally helps soothe the activity of brain cells by binding to GABA receptors that inhibit accelerating electrical activity. However, in pubescent teenagers THP actually becomes a GABA receptor antagonist. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain with most sedatives (tranquilizers, anesthetics and alcohol) acting on the GABA receptor.
A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine, and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [PubChem]
Castanin is found in fruits. Castanin is isolated from Castanea mollissima (Chinese chestnut) and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (hill gooseberry).
1-Oxo-1H-2-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde is found in herbs and spices. 1-Oxo-1H-2-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde is isolated from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus
cis-Methylbixin is a constituent of Bixa orellana (annatto).
Intermediate in Cholesterol biosynthesis.
6-Caffeoylsucrose is found in herbs and spices. 6-Caffeoylsucrose is a constituent of Salvia officinalis (sage)
Cyclonormammein is found in fruits. Cyclonormammein is a constituent of Mammea americana (mamey)
5-O-Desmethyldonepezil is only found in individuals that have used or taken Donepezil. 5-O-Desmethyldonepezil is a metabolite of Donepezil. 5-o-desmethyldonepezil belongs to the family of Indanones. These are compounds containing an indane ring bearing a ketone group.
4,11,13,15-Tetrahydroridentin B is found in alcoholic beverages. 4,11,13,15-Tetrahydroridentin B is a constituent of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)
Arenaine is found in fruits. Arenaine is an alkaloid from seeds of Plantago arenaria (sand plantain
Diazoxide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group. [PubChem]As a diuretic, diazoxide inhibits active chloride reabsorption at the early distal tubule via the Na-Cl cotransporter, resulting in an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water. Thiazides like diazoxide also inhibit sodium ion transport across the renal tubular epithelium through binding to the thiazide sensitive sodium-chloride transporter. This results in an increase in potassium excretion via the sodium-potassium exchange mechanism. The antihypertensive mechanism of diazoxide is less well understood although it may be mediated through its action on carbonic anhydrases in the smooth muscle or through its action on the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa) channel, also found in the smooth muscle. As a antihypoglycemic, diazoxide inhibits insulin release from the pancreas, probably by opening potassium channels in the beta cell membrane.
(-)-Galeon is found in herbs and spices. (-)-Galeon is a constituent of Myrica gale (bog myrtle)
Isopetasoside is found in green vegetables. Isopetasoside is a constituent of Petasites japonicus (sweet coltsfoot)
(3b,24R,25x)-26-Benzoyloxystigmast-5-ene-3-ol is found in brassicas. (3b,24R,25x)-26-Benzoyloxystigmast-5-ene-3-ol is a constituent of Lepidium sativum (garden cress)
alpha-(1,2-Dihydroxyethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-9-methoxy-3,4-dioxocyclopenta[c][1]benzopyran-6-acetaldehyde is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
Smilagenone is found in root vegetables. Smilagenone is a constituent of the wild yam Dioscorea deltoidea.
Cefpodoxime is an oral third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against most Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It is commonly used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug which is absorbed and de-esterified by the intestinal mucosa to Cefpodoxime.
Homocarnosine is a normal human metabolite, the brain-specific dipeptide of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and histidine. (PMID 1266573). Increased concentration of CSF homocarnosine has been found in familial spastic paraplegia. (PMID 842287). Homocarnosinosis (an inherited disorder, OMIM 236130) is characterized by an elevated level of the dipeptide homocarnosine (Hca) in the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain and by carnosinuria and serum carnosinase deficiency, and can co-exist with paraplegia, retinitis pigmentosa, and a progressive mental deficiency. (PMID 3736769). In glial tumors of human brain the content of homocarnosine has been found to be lower than in brain tissue (PMID 1032224), while an increase in content of homocarnosine was observed in brain tissue of animals under experimental trauma of cranium. (PMID 1025883).
A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]
Momilactone B is found in cereals and cereal products. Momilactone B is a constituent of Oryza sativa (rice) Momilactone B is an allelopathic agent produced from the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (100 mg from 200 kg dry rice husk). It has been shown to be produced in high concentrations by the roots of rice seedlings. The production of momilactone B has also been induced in response to infection by blast fungus (Pyricularia oryzae) or irradiated with UV light. More recently is has been shown to be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against human colon cancer. The second step is the cyclization of syn-CDP to 9 -pimara-7,15-diene. This step is initiated by the elimination of the diphosphate group, a type A cyclization. The genes encoding for the type A cyclase were found by Otomo et al. in 2004. It is suggested that OsKS4, located on chromosome 4 (14.3cM) is one of the genes responsible for phytoalexin biosynthesis. After UV-radiation, OsKS4 mRNA levels rise drastically in response to the attack.
2-S-cysteinyl-DOPA, also known as 2-S-Cysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine or 2-S-Cysteinyldopa, is classified as a tyrosine or a Tyrosine derivative. Tyrosines are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. 2-S-cysteinyl-DOPA is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931
(S)C(S)S-S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide is found in brassicas. (S)C(S)S-S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide is a constituent of onion (Allium cepa), other Allium species and Brassica species. Potential nutriceutical
Alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid from cell cultures of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho)
Zederone is a constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary).
Sirolimus is a macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. [PubChem]
Nootkatone is a natural organic compound and is the most important and expensive aromatic of grapefruit. It is a sesquiterpene and a ketone. Nootkatone was previously thought to be one of the main chemical components of the smell and flavour of grapefruits. In its solid form it is usually found as crystals. As a liquid, it is viscous and yellow. Nootkatone is typically extracted from grapefruit, but can also be manufactured with genetically modified organisms, or through the chemical or biochemical oxidation of valencene. It is also found in Alaska yellow cedar trees and vetiver grass.
Lysyltyrosine is a dipeptide composed of lysine and tyrosine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Deoxynivalenol is found in cereals and cereal products. Deoxynivalenol is produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium roseum, responsible for headblight in cereals Vomitoxin, also known as deoxynivalenol (DON), is a type B trichothecene, an epoxy-sesquiterpeneoid. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. The occurrence of deoxynivalenol is associated primarily with Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) and F. culmorum, both of which are important plant pathogens which cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and Gibberella ear rot in maize. Deoxynivalenol is a direct relationship between the incidence of Fusarium head blight and contamination of wheat with deoxynivalenol has been established. The incidence of Fusarium head blight is strongly associated with moisture at the time of flowering (anthesis), and the timing of rainfall, rather than the amount, is the most critical factor. Furthermore, deoxynivalenol contents are significantly affected by the susceptibility of cultivars towards Fusarium species, previous crop, tillage practices, and fungicide us
(3S,6E,10E)-1,6,10,14-Phytatetraen-3-ol is found in herbs and spices. (3S,6E,10E)-1,6,10,14-Phytatetraen-3-ol is a constituent of Jasmine oil
Nivalenol is a trichothecene produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition.(PubChem). It has been reported in the urine of patients suffering chronic idiopathic spastic paraparesis. These patients are usually found in hot and humid regions, most of which have heavy rains, and these conditions allow foods to be polluted by fungi some of which become toxigenic (PubMed ID 8855894 ).
Ubiquinone-2 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP.
3,4',5-Trihydroxy-3',7-dimethoxyflavanone is found in tea. 3,4',5-Trihydroxy-3',7-dimethoxyflavanone is isolated from Blumea balsamifera (sambong).
(E)-4'-Methylresveratrol 3-glucoside is found in green vegetables. (E)-4'-Methylresveratrol 3-glucoside is a constituent of rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum) root.
Dillapional is found in dill. Dillapional is a minor constituent of Anethum sowa (Indian dill) oi
Mexiletine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. [PubChem]Mexiletine, like lidocaine, inhibits the inward sodium current required for the initiation and conduction of impulses, thus reducing the rate of rise of the action potential, Phase 0. It achieves this reduced sodium current by inhibiting sodium channels. Mexiletine decreases the effective refractory period (ERP) in Purkinje fibers in the heart. The decrease in ERP is of lesser magnitude than the decrease in action potential duration (APD), which results in an increase in the ERP/APD ratio. It does not significantly affect resting membrane potential or sinus node automaticity, left ventricular function, systolic arterial blood pressure, atrioventricular (AV) conduction velocity, or QRS or QT intervals
N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester can be found in a number of food items such as sesbania flower, rambutan, cloud ear fungus, and banana, which makes N-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Galactose-beta-1,4-xylose is a disaccharide and a likely degradation product from glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin sulfate and condroitin sulfate. GAGs are a major component of proteoglycans, which typically consist of a core protein and negatively charged GAGs. Proteoglycans are widely expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of various tissues and play important roles in the control of growth and differentiation. The biosynthesis of GAG is initiated by the formation of the linkage tetrasaccharide structure, GlcA1,3Gal1, 3Gal1,4Xyl1-O-Ser, which is common to heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and condroitin sulfate. In humans proteoglycan 1,4-galactosyltransferase I (Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7) (B4GalTI) transfers galactose to protein-linked xylose to form galactose-beta-1,4-xylose, which is the disaccharide unit from which the last two galactosyl and glucuronosyl units of the tetrasaccharide unit are attached via transferases.
Aldosterone 18-glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of Aldosterone generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
Galactose-beta-1,4-xylose is a disaccharide and a likely degradation product from glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin sulfate and condroitin sulfate. GAGs are a major component of proteoglycans, which typically consist of a core protein and negatively charged GAGs. Proteoglycans are widely expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of various tissues and play important roles in the control of growth and differentiation. The biosynthesis of GAG is initiated by the formation of the linkage tetrasaccharide structure, GlcA1,3Gal1, 3Gal1,4Xyl1-O-Ser, which is common to heparin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and condroitin sulfate. In humans proteoglycan 1,4-galactosyltransferase I (Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase 7) (B4GalTI) transfers galactose to protein-linked xylose to form galactose-beta-1,4-xylose, which is the disaccharide unit from which the last two galactosyl and glucuronosyl units of the tetrasaccharide unit are attached via transferases.
Ubiquinone-2 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP.
Pratenol B is found in herbs and spices. Pratenol B is a constituent of Trifolium pratense (red clover).
2-Aminomuconic acid is a product of the Tryptophan metabolism degradation pathway (kinurenine pathway), in a reaction catabolized by the enzyme aminocarboxymuconate semialdehyde decarboxylase [EC:4.1.1.45]. The kynurenine pathway is the major route of L-tryptophan degradation in mammals. (BioCyc).
(6alpha)-hydroxycampestanol belongs to ergosterols and derivatives class of compounds. Those are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton (6alpha)-hydroxycampestanol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). (6alpha)-hydroxycampestanol can be found in a number of food items such as lentils, pineapple, other cereal product, and green vegetables, which makes (6alpha)-hydroxycampestanol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide is a cocoa and tea metabolite in plasma and urine.
Butorphanol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but is believed to interact with an opiate receptor site in the CNS (probably in or associated with the limbic system). The opiate antagonistic effect may result from competitive inhibition at the opiate receptor, but may also be a result of other mechanisms. Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist that exerts antagonistic or partially antagonistic effects at mu opiate receptor sites, but is thought to exert its agonistic effects principally at the kappa and sigma opiate receptors.
Coumestrin is found in alfalfa. Coumestrin is a constituent of Glycine max (soybean).
Captopril is a potent, competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Captopril may be used in the treatment of hypertension.
3,4-Dicaffeoyl-1,5-quinolactone is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Lucuminic acid is found in fruits. Lucuminic acid is a constituent of Calocarpum sapota (marmalade plum)
Cucurbitacin C is found in cucumber. Cucurbitacin C is a constituent of Cucurbitaceae, e.g. Cucumis sativus (cucumber)
2,5-Dimethyl-3-(methyldithio)furan is found in coffee and coffee products. 2,5-Dimethyl-3-(methyldithio)furan is a component of coffee aroma.
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
Prepd. from pectin by enzymic hydrolysis using yeast or mould pectinases or by acid hydrolysis. Sole or major repeating unit of the pectin class of polysaccharides.
3-Ethylpyridine is found in alcoholic beverages. 3-Ethylpyridine is present in cooked chicken, cooked beef, beer, coffee, black tea, and raw fish. 3-Ethylpyridine is a flavouring ingredien
Methyl 2-octynoate is a flavouring ingredien
Isoleucyl-Tyrosine is a dipeptide composed of isoleucine and tyrosine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
Presqualene diphosphate is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of Terpenoid. It is a substrate for Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase.
Mammea E/BB is found in fruits. Mammea E/BB is isolated from seeds of Mammea americana (mamey
Annuionone B is found in fats and oils. Annuionone B is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower)
1-(Hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione is a fda approved for use as an adjuvant in the bleaching of food-contact recycled paper and board used in food packagin
Medroxyprogesterone, or MP is a progestin (synthetic progestogen). MP is not used medically, as it is over two orders of magnitude less potent than medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA); a derivative of MP (PMID: 16784762). MP may be formed via the metabolism of MPA. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is used to treat conditions such as absent or irregular menstrual periods, or abnormal uterine bleeding. Synthetic progestogens are widely used to simulate the effects of progesterone; a natural female sex hormone. Progesterone is essential for endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, and the successful establishment of pregnancy. A low progesterone concentration or an insufficient response to progesterone can cause infertility and pregnancy loss (PMID: 20104424). In addition to progestagenic activity, MP is also a weak antiandrogen in vitro (PMID: 29990947). Medroxyprogesterone is only found in individuals that have used or taken MPA.
12-Oxo-2,3-dinor-10,15-phytodienoic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. 12-Oxo-2,3-dinor-10,15-phytodienoic acid is isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum
Dihydrosterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolo
Tricin 7-glucoside is found in barley. Tricin 7-glucoside is isolated from rice leaves (Oryza sativa
Debrisoquine is metabolized to 4-hydroxydebrisoquine by CYP2D6. Due to this, it has been used widely to determine the hydroxylation capacity of the enzyme.(PMID:15843230).
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
Dolichin A is found in cowpea. Dolichin A is isolated from bacteria-inoculated leaves of Dolichos biflorus (papadi
Pentadecylbenzene is found in mollusks. Pentadecylbenzene is a constituent of the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
Carthamin is found in fats and oils. Red pigment of flower petals of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) Carthamin is a natural red pigment derived from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), earlier known as carthamine. It is used as a dye and a food coloring. As a food additive, it is known as Natural Red 26
N-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl)-2-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid is found in cereals and cereal products. N-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl)-2-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid is isolated from oats (Avena sativa).
Animal and poultry feed additive.
Levetiracetam is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy. Levetiracetam may selectively prevent hypersynchronization of epileptiform burst firing and propagation of seizure activity. Levetiracetam binds to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of vesicle exocytosis. Although the molecular significance of levetiracetam binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is not understood, levetiracetam and related analogs showed a rank order of affinity for SV2A which correlated with the potency of their antiseizure activity in audiogenic seizure-prone mice.
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418). The daily excretion of allotetrahydrocortisol is above normal in hyperthyroid patients; In contrast, in hyperthyroidism the excretion is diminished below normal levels to approximately half that of normal subjects. (PMID 13906284). A decreased activity of the enzyme 11beta-HSD produces a pattern of urinary steroid metabolites with an abnormal elevation of tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol compared to tetrahydrocortisone; this pattern of steroid excretion is essential for the diagnosis of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess type 1. (PMID: 8834992).
Tryptophanamide is a substrate for tryptophan aminopeptidase (EC: 3.5.1.57)and is converted to L-Tryptophan via enzymatic hydrolysis.
Phenylalanylproline is a dipeptide composed of phenylalanine and proline. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. It is found in urine (PMID: 3782411).
Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive metabolite of progesterone and a barbiturate-like modulator of central gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors that modify a range of behaviors, including the stress response. is a steroid created in the body when progesterone, the female sex hormone, is metabolized. Typically, THP (allopregnanolone) is released in the brain in response to stress, and quiets the neural system within 30 minutes of escalation. This steroid hormone has recently been found to be responsible for the extreme mood swings found in teenagers. In adults and pre-pubescent chlidren THP normally helps soothe the activity of brain cells by binding to GABA receptors that inhibit accelerating electrical activity. However, in pubescent teenagers THP actually becomes a GABA receptor antagonist. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain with most sedatives (tranquilizers, anesthetics and alcohol) acting on the GABA receptor.
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
4'-O-Methylepicatechin 7-O-glucuronide (4ME7G) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to glucuronic acid at the C7-position. 4'-O-Methyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-glucuronide is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). (−)-Epicatechin is taken up by Caco-2 cells (i.e. intestinal epithelial cells) and intracellularly metabolized into many products including 4ME7G (PMID: 24717599). 4ME7G is a cocoa metabolite from gut microflora. It has been found in urine.
Isopentenyladenine-9-N-glucoside belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycosylamines. Glycosylamines are compounds consisting of an amine with a beta-N-glycosidic bond to a carbohydrate, thus forming a cyclic hemiaminal ether bond (alpha-amino ether). Isopentenyladenine-9-N-glucoside is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Isopentenyladenine-9-N-glucoside is produced when isopentenyladenine and UDP-D-glucose react, with UDP as a byproduct. The reaction is catalyzed by UDP glycosyltransferases.
Methylcitric acid (MCA) is elevated in body fluids of patients with propionic acidaemia (PA; OMIM 232000, 232050), methylmalonic aciduria (MMA; OMIM 251000, 251120) and multiple carboxylase deficiency (OMIM 253260, 253270), which are inherited disorders. MCA is formed by condensation of accumulated propionyl- CoA and oxalacetate by the enzyme si-citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). MCA molecule has two stereogenic centers so that it can occur in the form of four stereoisomers. Only two stereoisomers of MCA, (2S, 3S) and (2R, 3S), were found in human urine (PMID: 17295121).
Ascorbic acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables and is an essential nutrient in human diets. It is necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. The biologically active form of ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. Primates (including humans) and a few other species in all divisions of the animal kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid and must obtain it in their food. Vitamin C functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant (PubChem). Ascorbic acid is an electron donor for enzymes involved in collagen hydroxylation, biosynthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine, tyrosine metabolism, and amidation of peptide hormones. Ascrobic acid (vitamin C) deficiency causes scurvy. The amount of vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy may not be adequate to maintain optimal health. The ability of vitamin C to donate electrons also makes it a potent water-soluble antioxidant that readily scavenges free radicals such as molecular oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. In this setting, several mechanisms could account for a link between vitamin C and heart disease. One is the relation between LDL oxidation and vitamins C and E. Vitamin C in vitro can recycle vitamin E, which can donate electrons to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro. As the lipid-phase vitamin E is oxidized, it can be regenerated by aqueous vitamin C. Other possibilities are that vitamin C could decrease cholesterol by mechanisms not well characterized, or could improve vasodilatation and vascular reactivity, perhaps by decreasing the interactions of nitric oxide with oxidants (PMID: 10799361). Moreover, ascorbic acid is found to be associated with hyperoxalemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Ascorbic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Ketogulonicigenium (PMID: 15785002).
Guanabenz is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. [PubChem]Guanabenz's antihypertensive effect is thought to be due to central alpha-adrenergic stimulation, which results in a decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature in addition to a decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a slight slowing of pulse rate. Chronic administration of guanabenz also causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
5-Deoxymyricanone is found in fruits. 5-Deoxymyricanone is isolated from bacterial galls of Myrica rubra (Chinese bayberry
11'-carboxy-r-tocotrienol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 11'-hydroxy-r-tocotrienol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. Gamma-tocotrienol targets cancer cells by inhibiting Id1, a key cancer-promoting protein. Gamma-tocotrienol was shown to trigger cell apoptosis and well as anti-proliferation of cancer cells. This mechanism was also observed in separate prostate cancer and melanoma cell line studies.
1-(5-Acetyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-butanone is found in root vegetables. 1-(5-Acetyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-butanone is a constituent of Polymnia sonchifolia (yacon)
(-)-Nopol is found in root vegetables. (-)-Nopol is present in carrots. (-)-Nopol is a flavouring agent for baked goods and candie
Naringenin-7-O-glucuronide is an orange/orange juice metabolite in urine.
Butyrylcarnitine, also known as (3R)-3-(butyryloxy)-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate or L-carnitine butyryl ester, is classified as a member of the acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. Butyrylcarnitine is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic. Butyrylcarnitine is elevated in patients with short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency, in infants with acute acidosis and generalized muscle weakness, and in middle-aged patients with chronic myopathy localized in muscle (OMIM: 201470).
Valerenic acid is found in fats and oils. Valerenic acid is a constituent of Valeriana officinalis (valerian) Valerenic acid is a sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant
(1aalpha,2beta,3alpha,11calpha)-1a,2,3,11c-Tetrahydro-6,11-dimethylbenzo[6,7]phenanthro[3,4-b]oxirene-2,3-diol is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral
Cofactor of phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylase (S-form) (Combined Chemical Dictionary).
7-Methoxy-6-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is found in herbs and spices. 7-Methoxy-6-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one is a constituent of Trachyspermum roxburghianum (Bishop's weed).
Phloretin xylosyl-galactoside is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Migration residue from food packaging.
2-hydroxymexiletine is a metabolite of mexiletine. Mexiletine (sold under the trade name Mexitil) belongs to the Class IB anti-arrhythmic group of medicines. It is used to treat arrhythmias within the heart, or seriously irregular heartbeats. It slows conduction in the heart and makes the heart tissue less sensitive. Dizziness, heartburn, nausea, nervousness, trembling, unsteadiness are common side effects. It is available in injection and capsule form. (Wikipedia)
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
Quinic acid, also known as quinate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinic acids and derivatives. Quinic acids and derivatives are compounds containing a quinic acid moiety (or a derivative thereof), which is a cyclitol made up of a cyclohexane ring that bears four hydroxyl groups at positions 1,3, 4, and 5, as well as a carboxylic acid at position 1. Quinic acid is a sugar acid. It is also a cyclitol, or cyclic polyol. More specifically, quinic acid is a crystalline acid obtained from cinchona bark, coffee beans, tobacco leaves, carrot leaves, apples, peaches, pears, plums, vegetables, etc. Quinic acid can also be made synthetically by hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid. Quinic acid is implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee.
Naringenin 4'-O-glucuronide is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313). It is an orange/orange juice metabolite in urine.
Eriodictyol, also known as 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroluteolin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Thus, eriodictyol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Outside of the human body, eriodictyol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common oregano, common thymes, parsley, sweet basils, and tarragons. This could make eriodictyol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Eriodictyol is a compound isolated from Eriodictyon californicum and can be used in medicine as an expectorant. BioTransformer predicts that eriodictiol is a product of luteolin metabolism via a flavonoid-c-ring-reduction reaction catalyzed by an unspecified-gut microbiota enzyme (PMID: 30612223).
3'-Hydroxyhexobarbital is only found in individuals that have used or taken Hexobarbital. 3'-Hydroxyhexobarbital is a metabolite of Hexobarbital. 3'-hydroxyhexobarbital belongs to the family of Barbituric Acid Derivatives. These are compounds containing a perhydropyrimidine ring substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups.
3beta-Acetoxy-19alpha-hydroxy-12-ursene is found in pomes. 3beta-Acetoxy-19alpha-hydroxy-12-ursene is a constituent of Pyrus communis (pear).
Ercalcitriol is the active circulating metabolite of vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is modified by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D *-hydroxylase in the kidney to form the active metabolite, ercalcitriol, which is then metabolized by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase, CYP24A1, EC 1.14.13.13). The binding of ercalcitriol or their analogs to Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, activates VDR to interact with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and forms the VDR/RXR/cofactor complex, which binds to Vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes to regulate gene transcription. The kidney is the major site of 25-hydroxyvitamin D*-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, EC 1.14.13.13), which is responsible for the activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Of all the steroid hormones, ercalcitriol represents the most difficult challenge to the analytical biochemist with respect to quantization. Ercalcitriol circulates at pmol concentrations, is highly lipophilic and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, circulates at nmol levels. (PMID: 16242929, 17867378, 17197173).
Eupatilin is found in herbs and spices. Eupatilin is isolated from Tanacetum vulgare (tansy
Penicillin G is narrow spectrum antibiotic used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria. It is a natural penicillin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly due to poor oral absorption. Penicillin G may also be used in some cases as prophylaxis against susceptible organisms. Natural penicillins are considered the drugs of choice for several infections caused by susceptible gram positive aerobic organisms, such as <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, groups A, B, C and G streptococci, nonenterococcal group D streptococci, viridans group streptococci, and non-penicillinase producing staphylococcus. Aminoglycosides may be added for synergy against group B streptococcus (<i>S. agalactiae</i>), <i>S. viridans</i>, and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. The natural penicillins may also be used as first or second line agents against susceptible gram positive aerobic bacilli such as <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>, <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>, and <i>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</i>. Natural penicillins have limited activity against gram negative organisms; however, they may be used in some cases to treat infections caused by <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> and <i>Pasteurella</i>. They are not generally used to treat anaerobic infections. Resistance patterns, susceptibility and treatment guidelines vary across regions.
Cadinene is found in caraway. Cadinene is the trivial chemical name of a number of isomeric hydrocarbons that occur in a wide variety of essential oil-producing plants. They all share the cadalane skeleton (4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethyldecahydronaphthalene) and can be further subdivided in: cadinenes, muurolene, amorphenes, and bulgarenes. (Wikipedia) According to the double bonds positions, they are also subdivided in alpha [e.g. 4,9-Cadinadiene], beta, gamma [e.g. 4,10(15)-Cadinadiene], delta [e.g. 1(10),4-Cadinadiene], epsilon, zeta 1 and zeta 2. Prominent stereo-isomers are: alpha-cadinene (FDB017447), gamma-cadinene (FDB017449), and delta-cadinene (FDB013710)
Alanylserine is a dipeptide composed of alanine and serine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
1(R),2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline [N-methyl-(R)salsolinol, NM(R)Sal] is the most potent toxin among isoquinolines. Endogenous isoquinolines with and without catechol structure have been proposed to be neurotoxins specific for dopamine neurons. (PMID 9085193). (R)salsolinol N-methyltransferase synthesizes N-methyl(R)salsolinol, which is further oxidized into 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion by non-enzymatic and enzymatic oxidation. (PMID 14697894). Dopamine-derived N-methyl(R)salsolinol is an endogenous MPTP-like neurotoxin to cause Parkinson's disease. In the cerebrospinal fluid from newly diagnosed untreated patients with Parkinson's disease, the level of this toxin was found to increase significantly, compared to control and a disease control, multiple system atrophy. L-DOPA therapy did not seem to affect the level of this toxin. The results suggest that N-methyl(R)salsolinol level in the cerebrospinal fluid may indicate remaining dopamine neurons in the parkinsonian brain. (PMID 10076861). N-methyl(R)salsolinol (NM(R)Sal) induces apoptosis (but not necrosis) in SH-SY5Y cells, and the apoptotic cascade is initiated by mitochondrial permeability transition and activated by stepwise reactions. (PMID 12200198).
1-[(5-Amino-5-carboxypentyl)amino]-1-deoxyfructose is found in milk and milk products. Amadori rearrangement produced found in heated milk and other foodstuff
Lubiminol is found in alcoholic beverages. Lubiminol is isolated from infected potatoe
N-Acetylserotonin sulfate is a metabolite of melatonin. Melatonin Listen/ˌmɛləˈtoʊnɪn/, also known chemically as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a naturally occurring compound found in animals, plants, and microbes. In animals, circulating levels of the hormone melatonin vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions. (Wikipedia)
Homovanillic acid sulfate is a component of olive oil and is a major catecholamine metabolite. It is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. In psychiatry and neuroscience, brain and cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) are measured as a marker of metabolic stress caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. HVA presence supports a diagnosis of neuroblastoma and malignant pheochromocytoma (Wikipedia). Homovanillic acid sulfate is an endogenous phenolic acid metabolite detected after the consumption of whole grain.
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418). The daily excretion of allotetrahydrocortisol is above normal in hyperthyroid patients; In contrast, in hyperthyroidism the excretion is diminished below normal levels to approximately half that of normal subjects. (PMID 13906284). A decreased activity of the enzyme 11beta-HSD produces a pattern of urinary steroid metabolites with an abnormal elevation of tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol compared to tetrahydrocortisone; this pattern of steroid excretion is essential for the diagnosis of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess type 1. (PMID: 8834992).
Protoleucomelone is found in mushrooms. Protoleucomelone is a constituent of the kurukawa mushroom (Boletopsis leucomelas) (edibility not reported)
Epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) is found in tea. Epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methylgallate) is isolated from green China tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves.
Coriandrin is found in coriander. Coriandrin is a constituent of Coriandrum sativum (coriander)
Ubiquinone-1 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-1 has just 1 isoprene unit. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-1 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10, which is also called Coenzyme Q (CoQ). CoQ is found in the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes, vesicles and notably the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where it is an important part of the electron transport chain; there it passes reducing equivalents to acceptors such as Coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase. CoQ is also essential in the formation of the apoptosome along with other adapter proteins. The loss of trophic factors activates pro-apoptotic enzymes, causing the breakdown of mitochondria. Because of its ability to transfer electrons and therefore act as an antioxidant, Coenzyme Q has become a valued dietary supplement. CoQ10 has been widely used for the treatment of heart disease (especially heart failure), gum diseases, and also breast cancer. The benzoquinone portion of Coenzyme Q10 is synthesized from amino acids, while the isoprene sidechain is synthesized from acetyl CoA through the mevalonate pathway. The mevalonate pathway is used for the first steps of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Guanidoacetic acid (GAA), also known as guanidinoacetate or glycocyamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof. Guanidinoacetic acid was first prepared in 1861 by Adolph Strecker by reaction of cyanamide with glycine in aqueous solution. Manufactured guanidinoacetic acid is primarily used a feed additive approved by EFSA in poultry farming (for fattening), and pigs for fattening. Guanidoacetic acid exists naturally in all vertebrates. It is formed primarily in the kidneys by transferring the guanidine group of L-arginine to the amino acid glycine via the enzyme known as L-Arg:Gly-amidinotransferase (AGAT). In a further step, guanidinoacetate is methylated to generate creatine using S-adenosyl methionine (as the methyl donor) via the enzyme known as guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). The resulting creatine is released into the bloodstream. Elevated levels of guanidoacetic acid are a characteristic of an inborn metabolic disorder known as Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase (GAMT) Deficiency. GAMT converts guanidinoacetate to creatine and deficiency of this enzyme results in creatine depletion and accumulation of guanidinoacetate The disorder is transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion and is localized to mutations on chromosome 19p13.3. GAMT deficiency is characterized by developmental arrest, medication-resistant epilepsy (myoclonic, generalized tonic-clonic, partial complex, atonic), severe speech impairment, progressive dystonia, dyskinesias, hypotonia, ataxia, and autistic-like behavior.
Dimethylbenzimidazole is an intermediate in Riboflavin metabolism. Dimethylbenzimidazole is the second to last step for the synthesis of alpha-Ribazole. It is converted from Riboflavin then it is converted to N1-(5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole via the enzyme nicotinate-nucleotide--dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.21).
2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethyloxazole is found in animal foods. 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethyloxazole is a volatile flavour constituent of boiled beef and roasted peanuts. 2,5-Dihydro-2,4,5-trimethyloxazole is used as flavour enhancer in fish product
2-pentylfuran is a colourless to light yellow liquid that is not known to be produced by mammalian metabolism. It is present in many foods including alcoholic beverages, coffee, potatoes, tomatoes, roasted filberts, and soybean oil, and it is also a component of the aroma of these foods. 2-pentylfuran is a flavouring ingredient. 2-pentylfuran belongs to the furan family which is characterized by a furan ring (a five-member aromatic ring with one oxygen atom and four carbon atoms). A study showed that 2-pentylfuran is found in the breath of patients with Aspergillus fumigatus infections (PMID:19301177).
Benzoylmalic acid is found in pulses. Benzoylmalic acid is a constituent of alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
5-Hydroxy-2-furoic acid belongs to the family of Furoic Acid Derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a furoic acid moiety, whose structure is characterized by a furan ring bearing a carboxylic acid group at the C2 or C3 carbon atom.
Dimethyl fukiic acid is found in green vegetables. Dimethyl fukiic acid is isolated from Petasites japonicus (sweet coltsfoot
2-Amino-1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine is found in animal foods. 2-Amino-1,6-dimethylfuro[3,2-e]imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine is isolated from cooked meat
Acetohexamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide. [PubChem]Sulfonylureas such as acetohexamide bind to an ATP-dependent K<sup>+</sup> channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells. This inhibits a tonic, hyperpolarizing outflux of potassium, which causes the electric potential over the membrane to become more positive. This depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. The rise in intracellular calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granulae with the cell membrane, and therefore increased secretion of (pro)insulin.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
trans-12,13-epoxy-11-oxo-trans-9-octadecenoic acid is formed from 13-L (S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid by a cysteine &bull; FeCl<sub>3</sub> redox couple in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> (PMID: 7284410).
5-Sulfosalicylic acid is a derivative of salicylic acid, a common anti-inflammatory drug. Sulfosalicylic acid is used in urine tests to determine urine protein content. The chemical causes the precipitation of dissolved proteins, which is measured from the degree of turbidity. It is also used for integral colour anodizing. -Wikipedia.
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Oleanolic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. Oleanolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is an integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on triterpenoids research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these compounds. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. (PMID:17292619, 15522132, 15994040).
Momoridcin is found in fruits. Momoridcin is a constituent of Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
4,4-Dimethyl-14alpha-hydroxymethyl-5alpha-cholesta-8-en-3beta-ol is a 3-beta-hydroxysterol that is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. It is a substrate for lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51A1) and can be generated from the enzymatic oxidation of 24,25-dihydrolanosteroland and from the enzymatic reduction of 4,4-dimethyl-14alpha-formyl-5alpha-cholesta-8-en-3beta-ol. The sequence of reactions and the types of intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis may vary. Alternate routes exist because reduction of the carbon 24,25 double bond on the hydrocarbon side chain of the sterol ring structure by sterol delta24-reductase can occur at multiple points in the pathway, giving rise to different intermediates. These intermediates, with or without a double bond in the hydrocarbon side chain, can serve as substrates for the other enzymes in the pathway.
Miscanthoside is found in orange mint. Miscanthoside is a constituent of Pyrus communis (pear) and Mentha aquatica (water mint),
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
Methyl-[10]-shogaol is found in ginger. Methyl-[10]-shogaol is isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) [DFC] (Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Verapamil  metabolite D-617 is only found in individuals that have used or taken Verapamil. D-617 is a metabolite of Verapamil. D-617 belongs to the family of Phenylbutylamines. These are compounds containing a phenylbutylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the fourth carbon by an butan-1-amine.
Maclurin is found in fruits. Extract from heartwood of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen). Also from Morus alba (white mulberry
Tazobactam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug.It is a antibacterial penicillin derivative which inhibits the action of bacterial beta-lactamases.Tazobactam broadens the spectrum of piperacillin by making it effective against organisms that express beta-lactamase and would normally degrade piperacillin.
Marcanine A is found in alcoholic beverages. Marcanine A is an alkaloid from Annona glabra (pond apple).
Cymorcin monoglucoside is a constituent of the seeds of Carum copticum (ajowan)
Debrisoquine is an adrenergic neuron-blocking drug. Genetic and environmental factors are determinants of the interindividual and interethnic variability in drug metabolism. Thus, interethnic differences in debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism (Cytochrome p450, subfamily IID, polypeptide 6, CYP2D6) might be partly responsible for the variation in haloperidol disposition between races. The influence of tobacco, ethanol, caffeine, gender, and oral contraceptive use on the debrisoquine metabolic ratio (MR) has been analyzed in panels of healthy volunteers. About 5-10% of European white population has a genetically determinant defect of the CYP2D6, one of the enzymes of cytochrome P-450. This defect leads to the impaired metabolism of many drugs including various psychopharmacological agents. The measurement of the hydroxylation of debrisoquine is a laboratory test which allows identifying such an individual. Patients who show an impaired hydroxylation of debrisoquine usually demonstrate severe side effects and poor outcome of psychopharmacotherapy. In practice, knowledge of a patient's debrisoquine metabolic phenotype is an advantage when prescribing tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptics, as the drug concentration will be considerably higher in slow metabolisers than in the average patient. (PMID: 8839686, 1738265, 7878155).
Methyl 2-octynoate is a flavouring ingredien
Debrisoquine is metabolized to 4-hydroxydebrisoquine by CYP2D6. Due to this, it has been used widely to determine the hydroxylation capacity of the enzyme.(PMID:15843230).
Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide (NAM), is a form of vitamin B3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication. Niacinamide belongs to the class of organic compounds known as nicotinamides. These are heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing a pyridine ring substituted at position 3 by a carboxamide group. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. The structure of nicotinamide consists of a pyridine ring to which a primary amide group is attached in the meta position. It is an amide of nicotinic acid. As an aromatic compound, it undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions and transformations of its two functional groups. Niacinamide and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate can be converted into nicotinic acid mononucleotide and phosphate by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. In humans, niacinamide is involved in the metabolic disorder called the nad+ signalling pathway (cancer). Niacinamide is an odorless tasting compound. Outside of the human body, niacinamide is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as common sages, cow milk, and cocoa beans and in a lower concentration in common pea. Niacinamide has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as yardlong beans, roselles, apples, oyster mushrooms, and swiss chards. Niacinamide occurs in trace amounts mainly in meat, fish, nuts, and mushrooms, as well as to a lesser extent in some vegetables. It is commonly added to cereals and other foods. Many multivitamins contain 20–30 mg of vitamin B3 and it is also available in higher doses. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.
Polyoxyethylene dioleate is used as a food additive [EAFUS] ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. [http://www.eafus.com/]")
Proline-derived Maillard product.
Brassicanal A is found in brassicas. Brassicanal A is an alkaloid from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) inoculated with Pseudomonas cichorii.
Methyl 2-octynoate is a flavouring ingredien
Thyronine (T0) is a de-iodinated form of thyroxine. Thyronine are a group of metabolites derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms. Thyronine (T0) has been identified in human urine. In 22 normal individuals urinary thyronine concentrations were found to range between 8-25 nmol‚ÅÑ24h (PMID: 479355). Thyronine is thought to be a byproduct of thyroxine metabolism and arises through the action of thyroxine deiodinases.
D-Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (CAS: 2646-35-7) is an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) that has two functions: (1) the generation of NADPH for reductive syntheses and oxidative stress responses within cells, and (2) the formation of ribose residues for nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis (PMID: 16055050). It is formed by transketolase and acted upon (degraded) by transaldolase. Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate can be increased in the blood of patients affected with a transaldolase deficiency, a genetic disorder (PMID: 12881455). Sedoheptulose is a ketoheptose, a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms and a ketone functional group. It is one of the few heptoses found in nature (Wikipedia).
beta-Elemonic acid is found in herbs and spices. beta-Elemonic acid is a constituent of elemi resin. beta-Elemonic acid is a flavouring agent
gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and cysteine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. gamma-Glutamylcysteine is a product of enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase [EC 6.3.2.2] and a substrate of enzyme glutathione synthase [EC 6.3.2.3] in the glutamate metabolism pathway (KEGG).
Hexanoylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycineHexanoylglycine is a fatty acid metabolite, it appears in the urine of patients with hereditary medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (PMID 2775902), which is a genetic disorder.
Aprobarbital is a barbiturate derivative synthesized in the 1920s by Ernst Preiswerk. It has sedative, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties, and was used primarily for the treatment of insomnia. Aprobarbital was never as widely used as more common barbiturate derivatives such as phenobarbital and is now rarely prescribed.
Pratenol B is found in herbs and spices. Pratenol B is a constituent of Trifolium pratense (red clover).
Triiodothyronine glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of triiodothyronine generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs, or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
(1xi,3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-beta-carboline-1,3-dicarboxylic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. (1xi,3S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-methyl-beta-carboline-1,3-dicarboxylic acid is present in fruit syrups, beer, vinegar and fermented syrup
Pyrazinamide. Pyrazinamide is a drug used to treat tuberculosis in afflicted patients. The drug is largely bacteriostatic, but can be bacteriocidal on actively replicating tuberculosis bacteria. -- Wikipedia; Pyrazinamide is a generic drug and is available in a wide variety of presentations. Pyrazinamide tablets are usually 500mg and form the bulkiest part of the standard tuberculosis treatment regimen. Pyrazinamide tablets are so large that some patients find them impossible to swallow: pyrazinamide syrup is an option for these patients. -- Wikipedia; Pyrazinamide is also available as part of fixed dose combinations with other TB drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin (Rifater is an example). -- Wikipedia; Pyrazinamide is well absorbed orally. It crosses inflamed meninges and is an essential part of the treatment of tuberculous meningitis. It is metabolised by the liver and the metabolic products are excreted by the kidneys. -- Wikipedia; Pyrazinamide is a pro-drug that stops the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis has the enzyme pyrazinamidase which is only active at acidic pH. Pyrazinamidase converts pyrazinamide to the active form, pyrazinoic acid. Pyrazinoic acid inhibits the enzyme fatty acid synthetase I, which is required by the bacterium to synthesise fatty acids. Mutations of the pyrazinamidase gene (pncA) are responsible for pyrazinamide resistance in M. tuberculosis. -- Wikipedia.
Stigmasterol is a phytosterol, meaning it is steroid derived from plants. As a food additive, phytosterols have cholesterol-lowering properties (reducing cholesterol absorption in intestines), and may act in cancer prevention. Phytosterols naturally occur in small amount in vegetable oils, especially soybean oil. One such phytosterol complex, isolated from vegetable oil, is cholestatin, composed of campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol, and is marketed as a dietary supplement. Sterols can reduce cholesterol in human subjects by up to 15%. The mechanism behind phytosterols and the lowering of cholesterol occurs as follows : the incorporation of cholesterol into micelles in the gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, decreasing the overall amount of cholesterol absorbed. This may in turn help to control body total cholesterol levels, as well as modify HDL, LDL and TAG levels. Many margarines, butters, breakfast cereals and spreads are now enriched with phytosterols and marketed towards people with high cholesterol and a wish to lower it. Stigmasterol is found to be associated with phytosterolemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Urolithin A glucuronide is a biomarker of nut consumption in urine.
Vinylacetylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:. acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Vinylacetylglycine is a human metabolite that had been identified in a GC/MS urine screen. Increased amounts of this metabolite in the urine has been linked to a metabolomic disorder termed Isovaleric acidemia. (Gas-Chromatographic Method of Analysis for Urinary Organic Acids. I. Retention indices of 155 metaboically Important Compounds; Kay Tanaka, David G. Hine, Agnes West-Dull, and Theodore B. Lynn.).
(S)-Reticuline is an endogenous precursor of morphine (PMID: 15383669). (S)-Reticuline is a key intermediate in the synthesis of morphine, the major active metabolite of the opium poppy. "Endogenous morphine" has been long isolated and authenticated by mass spectrometry in trace amounts from animal- and human-specific tissue or fluids (PMID: 15874902). Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were shown capable of synthesizing morphine as well. (S)-Reticuline undergoes a change of configuration at C-1 during its transformation into salutaridinol and thebaine. From thebaine, there is a bifurcate pathway leading to morphine proceeding via codeine or oripavine, in both plants and mammals (PMID 15937106).
Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.
gamma-Tocopherol, also known as 7,8-dimethyltocol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. They differ from tocotrienols which contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain. It is estimated that 50% of gamma-tocopherol is metabolized into gamma-CEHC and excreted into the urine. gamma-Tocopherol is the predominant form of vitamin E in plant seeds and derived products (e.g. nuts and vegetable oils). Unlike alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol inhibits cyclooxygenase activity and, therefore, exhibit anti-inflammatory properties (PMID: 11722951).
gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and phenylalanine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It is probably formed by transpeptidation between glutathione and the corresponding amino acid, catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (PMID: 237763). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. It can be detected in the urine of patients with phenylketonuria, which is a human genetic disorder due to the lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine (Wikipedia). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is found in adzuki bean, onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and soybean.
Sirolimus is a macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. [PubChem]
N-Nonanoylglycine is an acylglycine with C-9 fatty acid group as the acyl moiety. Acylglycines 1 possess a common amidoacetic acid moiety and are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. Elevated levels of certain acylglycines appear in the urine and blood of patients with various fatty acid oxidation disorders. They are normally produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine &#8596; CoA + N-acylglycine.
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol is found in animal foods. 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol is present in smoked fish and pork. 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenol is a flavouring ingredien
2,3,4,6-Tetragalloyl-D-glucopyranose is found in herbs and spices. 2,3,4,6-Tetragalloyl-D-glucopyranose is isolated from the root and rhizome of Sanguisorba officinalis (burnet bloodwort).
Captopril is a potent, competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII). ATII regulates blood pressure and is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Captopril may be used in the treatment of hypertension.
Veranisatin C is found in fruits. Veranisatin C is a constituent of Illicium verum (Chinese star anise)
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
(Z)-15-Oxo-11-eicosenoic acid is found in cereals and cereal products. (Z)-15-Oxo-11-eicosenoic acid is isolated from wheat flour infested with the beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensi
13'-Carboxy-gamma-tocopherol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 13'-hydroxy-r-tocopherol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. r-Tocopherol provides different antioxidant activities in food and in-vitro studies and showed higher activity in trapping lipophilic electrophiles and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. From the metabolism end product, only that of r-tocopherol (2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(b-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman), but not that of a-tocopherol, was identified to provide natriuretic activity. Only the r-tocopherol plasma level served as biomarker for cancer and cardiovascular risk.
hydroxyitraconazole is a metabolite of itraconazole. Itraconazole, invented in 1984, is a triazole antifungal agent that is prescribed to patients with fungal infections. The drug may be given orally or intravenously. (Wikipedia)
11-Dehydrocorticosterone is a mineral corticosteroid. The conversion of inactive 11-ketoglucocorticoids such as 11-dehydrocorticosterone) into active 11b-hydroxyglucocorticoids (such as corticosterone) is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11b-HSD1, EC 1.1.1.146), which is expressed in many tissues and plays an important role in metabolically relevant tissues such as the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles and possibly kidney. Chronically elevated local glucocorticoid action as a result of increased 11beta-HSD1 activity rather than elevated systemic glucocorticoid levels has been associated with metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Recent studies indicate that compounds inhibiting 11beta-HSD1 activity ameliorate the adverse effects of excessive glucocorticoid concentrations on metabolic processes, providing promising opportunities for the development of therapeutic interventions. 11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone display antinatriuretic activity, although 11-dehydrocorticosterone is generally a more potent sodium retainer than corticosterone. (PMID: 17584152, Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2007 Jun;7(2):125-40.).
Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2) is one of the earliest discovered and most common prostaglandins. It is actively biosynthesized in various organs of mammals and exhibits a variety of biological activities, including contraction of pulmonary arteries. It is used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. PGF2a binds to the Prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) which is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family. PGF2-alpha mediates luteolysis. Luteolysis is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy. PGF2 may also be involved in modulating intraocular pressure and smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract sphincters. PGF2 is mainly synthesized directly from PGH2 by PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide reductase. A small amount of PGF2 is also produced from PGE2 by PGE2 9-ketoreductase. A PGF2 epimer has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, and its levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma, and urine in patients with mastocytosis and bronchial asthma. PGF2 is synthesized from PGD2 by PGD2 11-ketoreductase. (PMID: 16475787). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Sinigrin is found in brassicas. Sinigrin is isolated from seeds of black mustard (Brassica nigra) and cabbage, as K salt. Sinigrin is present in many crucifers, major glucosinolate in Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleraceae).
Methylergonovine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a homolog of ergonovine containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)Methylergonovine acts directly on the smooth muscle of the uterus and increases the tone, rate, and amplitude of rhythmic contractions through binding and the resultant antagonism of the dopamine D1 receptor. Thus, it induces a rapid and sustained tetanic uterotonic effect which shortens the third stage of labor and reduces blood loss.
Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice
Afzelechin 7-apioside is a constituent of rhizomes of Polypodium glycyrrhiza (licorice fern)
trans-12,13-epoxy-11-oxo-trans-9-octadecenoic acid is formed from 13-L (S)-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid by a cysteine &bull; FeCl<sub>3</sub> redox couple in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> (PMID: 7284410).
D-1-[(3-Carboxypropyl)amino]-1-deoxyfructose is found in fruits. D-1-[(3-Carboxypropyl)amino]-1-deoxyfructose is isolated from stored apricots and peaches.
cis,trans-5'-Hydroxythalidomide is only found in individuals that have used or taken Thalidomide. cis,trans-5'-Hydroxythalidomide is a metabolite of Thalidomide. Cis,trans-5'-hydroxythalidomide belongs to the family of Isoindolones. These are aromatic polycyclic compounds that contain an isolindole bearing a ketone.
Baclofen is a gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) derivative used as a skeletal muscle relaxant. Baclofen stimulates GABA-B receptors leading to decreased frequency and amplitude of muscle spasms. It is especially useful in treating muscle spasticity associated with spinal cord injury. It appears to act primarily at the spinal cord level by inhibiting spinal polysynaptic afferent pathways and, to a lesser extent, monosynaptic afferent pathways.
Dimethylethanolamine, also known as 2-dimethylaminoethanol or DMEA, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-aminoalcohols. These are organic compounds containing an alkyl chain with an amine group bound to the C1 atom and an alcohol group bound to the C2 atom. Dimethylethanolamine is naturally produced in the human body and can also be found in fatty fish. It is also used as a food additive ("EAFUS: Everything Added to Food in the United States. "). Dimethylethanolamine is a potentially toxic compound. Dimethylethanolamine has been used in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Alzheimer's disease, autism, and tardive dyskinesia. Dimethylethanolamine is commonly referred to as 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol, Dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) or dimethylethanolamine (DMEA). These are organic compounds containing an alkylamine group. It holds tertiary amine and primary alcohol groups as functional groups. It has been also used as an ingredient in skin care, and in cognitive function- and mood-enhancing products.
Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide antibiotic that is similar to erythromycin.Troleandomycin acts by penetrating the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binding to the 50 S subunit of bacterial ribosomes or near the "P" or donor site so that binding of tRNA (transfer RNA) to the donor site is blocked. Translocation of peptides from the "A" or acceptor site to the "P" or donor site is prevented, and subsequent protein synthesis is inhibited.
Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-OH, also known as Ac-ser-asp-lys-pro or AcSDKP-NH2, is classified as a member of the Oligopeptides. Oligopeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of between three and ten alpha-amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-OH is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
Cephaloglycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cephalorsporin antibiotic.The bactericidal activity of cephaloglycin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
Guanabenz is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent. [PubChem]Guanabenz's antihypertensive effect is thought to be due to central alpha-adrenergic stimulation, which results in a decreased sympathetic outflow to the heart, kidneys, and peripheral vasculature in addition to a decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a slight slowing of pulse rate. Chronic administration of guanabenz also causes a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.
This compound belongs to the family of Indoles and Derivatives. These are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of pyrrole ring fused to benzene  to form 2,3-benzopyrrole.
6-sulfatoxymelatonin belongs to the family of Serotonins. These are compounds containing a serotonin moiety, which conists of an indole that bears an aminoethyl a position 2 and an hydroxyl group at position 5.
Lysyltyrosine is a dipeptide composed of lysine and tyrosine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Cerulenin is an antifungal antibiotic that inhibits sterol and fatty acid biosynthesis. In fatty acid synthesis, reported to bind in equimolar ratio to b-keto-acyl-ACP synthase. In sterol synthesis, inhibits HMG-CoA synthetase activity. It is also shown to inhibit feeding and induce dramatic weight loss in mice. It is found naturally in the Cephalosporium caerulensfungus. [Wikipedia]
Piroxicam is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily. [PubChem]The antiinflammatory effect of Piroxicam may result from the reversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase, causing the peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The prostaglandins are produced by an enzyme called Cox-1. Piroxicam blocks the Cox-1 enzyme, resulting into the disruption of production of prostaglandins. Piroxicam also inhibits the migration of leukocytes into sites of inflammation and prevents the formation of thromboxane A2, an aggregating agent, by the platelets.
Tetrahydro-6-(2-hydroxy-16,19-dimethylhexacosyl)-4-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one is found in fruits. Tetrahydro-6-(2-hydroxy-16,19-dimethylhexacosyl)-4-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one is found in flowers of Grewia asiatica (phalsa
Auxins are a class of plant growth substances and morphogens (often called phytohormone or plant hormone). Auxins have an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant's life cycle. IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) is the most abundant and the basic native auxin in plants. Auxin is found in soft-necked garlic.
Amisulpride (trade name Solian) is an antipsychotic drug sold by Sanofi-Aventis. It is not approved for use in the United States, but is approved for use in Europe and Australia for the treatment of psychoses and schizophrenia. Additionally, it is approved in Italy for the treatment of dysthymia (under the brand name Deniban). Amisulpride is a selective dopamine antagonist.
Being bifunctional, chloroacetaldehyde is a versatile precursor to many heterocyclic compounds. It condenses with thiourea derivatives to give aminothiazoles. This reaction was once important as a precursor to sulfathiazole, one of the first sulfa drugs. Chloroacetaldehyde is the organic compound with the formula ClCH2CHO. Like some related compounds, it is highly electrophilic reagent and a potentially dangerous alkylating agent. The compound is not normally encountered in the anhydrous form, but rather as the hydrate (acetal), ClCH2CH(OH)2. Chloroacetaldehyde is a useful intermediate in the synthesis, e.g. of 2-aminothiazole or many pharmaceutical compounds. Another use is to facilitate bark removal from tree trunks.
It is used as a food additive .
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Glutamylcysteine is a dipeptide composed of glutamate and cysteine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. Glutamylcysteine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
Verapamil is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [PubChem]Verapamil inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels. Specifically, its effect on L-type calcium channels in the heart causes a reduction in ionotropy and chronotropy, thuis reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Verapamil's mechanism of effect in cluster headache is thought to be linked to its calcium-channel blocker effect, but which channel subtypes are involved is presently not known. [PubChem] Calcium channel antagonists can be quite toxic. In the management of poisoning, early recognition is critical. Calcium channel antagonists are frequently prescribed, and the potential for serious morbidity and mortality with over dosage is significant. Ingestion of these agents should be suspected in any patient who presents in an overdose situation with unexplained hypotension and conduction abnormalities. The potential for toxicity should be noted in patients with underlying hepatic or renal dysfunction who are receiving therapeutic doses. (PMID 8213877).
Penciclovir is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections. It is a nucleoside analogue which exhibits low toxicity and good selectivity. [Wikipedia]Penciclovir has <i>in vitro</i> activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2). In cells infected with HSV-1 or HSV-2, viral thymidine kinase phosphorylates penciclovir to a monophosphate form. The monophosphate form of the drug is then converted to penciclovir triphosphate by cellular kinases. The intracellular triphosphate of penciclovir is retained <i>in vitro</i> inside HSV-infected cells for 10-20 hours, compared with 0.7-1 hour for acyclovir. <i>in vitro</i> studies show that penciclovir triphosphate selectively inhibits viral DNA polymerase by competing with deoxyguanosine triphosphate. Inhibition of DNA synthesis of virus-infected cells inhibits viral replication. In cells not infected with HSV, DNA synthesis is unaltered. Resistant mutants of HSV can occur from qualitative changes in viral thymidine kinase or DNA polymerase. The most commonly encountered acyclovir-resistant mutants that are deficient in viral thymidine kinase are also resistant to penciclovir.
Memantine is an amantadine derivative with low to moderate-affinity for NMDA receptors. It is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that binds preferentially to NMDA receptor-operated cation channels. It blocks the effects of excessive levels of glutamate that may lead to neuronal dysfunction. It is under investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but there has been no clinical support for the prevention or slowing of disease progression.
Qh(2) is part of the Oxidative phosphorylation, Cardiac muscle contraction, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease pathways. It is a substrate for: Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial.
13-oxoODE is produced from 13-HODE by a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase present in rat colonic mucosa. 13-OxoODE has been shown to stimulate cell proliferation when instilled intrarectally in rats. 13-OxoODE has also been detected in preparations of rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes, mostly esterified to phospholipids. Production of 13-oxoODE is putatively linked to the maturation of reticulocytes to erythrocytes through the activity of 15-LO.
Tetraphyllin B is found in papaya. Tetraphyllin B is isolated from dried damiana leaves (Turnera diffusa
N-Phenylacetylphenylalanine (PAP) is a peptide analogue used as a potential antisickling agent. This biaromatic agent has properties that make it a suitable candidate for the development of a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of sickle cell disease. (PMID: 3663644, 6587344).
Lysylphenylalanine is a dipeptide composed of lysine and phenylalanine. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Dipeptides are organic compounds containing a sequence of exactly two alpha-amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signalling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
DG(12:0/18:1(12Z)-O(9S,10R)/0:0) belongs to the family of Diacylglycerols. These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. DG(12:0/18:1(12Z)-O(9S,10R)/0:0) is also a substrate of diacylglycerol kinase. It is involved in the phospholipid metabolic pathway.
Carinol is found in beverages. Carinol is a constituent of roots of Carissa carandas (karanda)
Phloretin xylosyl-galactoside is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
15(S)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15S-HETrE) is the in vivo metabolite of gamma-linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that have been reported to modulate arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism and tumorigenesis. 15S-HETrE suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) over expression and/or Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis (PMID 15197770), and inhibits [(3)H]thymidine uptake in parallel with the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma expression (a growth modulating nuclear receptor, PPARgamma). (PMID 12445673).
gamma-CEHC (gamma-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman) is a metabolite of vitamin E. Smokers have a significantly higher excretion level of urinary gamma-CEHC, and therefore require more vitamin E compared to non-smokers. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased oxidative stress and increased risk of degenerative disease. As the major lipophilic antioxidant, requirements for vitamin E may also be higher in smokers due to increased utilization (PMID: 15493460).
2,3,6-Trimethylphenol is a flavouring ingredien
8-Acetylegelolide is found in herbs and spices. 8-Acetylegelolide is a constituent of Achillea millefolium (yarrow).
Ubiquinone-2 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP.
Methyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organic thiocarbonic acid derivatives. These are organic compounds containing the thiocarbonic acid structure or a derivative thereof.
Genistein 4',7-O-diglucuronide is a polyphenol metabolite detected in biological fluids (PMID: 20428313).
Tinidazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [PubChem]Tinidazole is a prodrug and antiprotozoal agent. The nitro group of tinidazole is reduced in <i>Trichomonas</i> by a ferredoxin-mediated electron transport system. The free nitro radical generated as a result of this reduction is believed to be responsible for the antiprotozoal activity. It is suggested that the toxic free radicals covalently bind to DNA, causing DNA damage and leading to cell death. The mechanism by which tinidazole exhibits activity against <i>Giardia</i> and <i>Entamoeba</i> species is not known, though it is probably similar.
Serylserine is a dipeptide composed of two serine residues. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis.
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
hesperetin-7-O-glucuronide is metabolite of the citrus fruit hesperitin.
6-Hydroxymelatonin, also known as lopac-H-0627, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxyindoles. These are organic compounds containing an indole moiety that carries a hydroxyl group. 6-Hydroxymelatonin is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule. 6-Hydroxymelatonin has been found in human liver and kidney tissues, and has also been detected in multiple biofluids, such as urine and blood. Within the cell, 6-hydroxymelatonin is primarily located in the cytoplasm. 6-Hydroxymelatonin is the main primary metabolite that can be biosynthesized from melatonin through its interaction with the enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 (PMID: 11452239). In humans, 6-hydroxymelatonin is involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway.
Patuletin 3-gentiobioside is found in cauliflower. Patuletin 3-gentiobioside is isolated from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) leaves.
Arachidin III is found in nuts. Arachidin III is isolated from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea).
Acutilobin is found in green vegetables. Acutilobin is a constituent of Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui).
Arbutamine, administered through a closed-loop, computer-controlled drug-delivery system, is indicated to elicit acute cardiovascular responses, similar to those produced by exercise, in order to aid in diagnosing the presence or absence of coronary artery disease in patients who cannot exercise adequately.
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formation. Also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746).
Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit. Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit due to vitamin C deficiency such as bruising due to capillary fragility were found in early studies to be relieved by crude vitamin C extract but not by purified vitamin C. The bioflavonoids, formerly called "vitamin P", were found to be the essential components in correcting this bruising tendency and improving the permeability and integrity of the capillary lining. These bioflavonoids include hesperidin, citrin, rutin, flavones, flavonols, catechin and quercetin. Of historical importance is the observation that "citrin", a mixture of two flavonoids, eriodictyol and hesperidin, was considered to possess a vitamin-like activity, as early as in 1949. Hesperidin deficiency has since been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. Supplemental hesperidin also helps in reducing oedema or excess swelling in the legs due to fluid accumulation. As with other bioflavonoids, hesperidin works best when administered concomitantly with vitamin C. No signs of toxicity have been observed with normal intake of hesperidin. Hesperidin was first discovered in 1827, by Lebreton, but not in a pure state and has been under continuous investigation since then (PMID:11746857).
The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. B12 cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B12 are bacteria and archaea. The total synthesis of B12 was reported in 1973 by Robert Burns Woodward, and remains one of the classic feats of total synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short).
Artesunate is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may, therefore, be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system (DrugBank).
Stigmastanol, also known as sitostanol or (3b)-stigmastan-3-ol, belongs to stigmastanes and derivatives class of compounds. Those are sterol lipids with a structure based on the stigmastane skeleton, which consists of a cholestane moiety bearing an ethyl group at the carbon atom C24. Stigmastanol is practically insoluble (in water) and an extremely weak acidic compound (based on its pKa). Stigmastanol can be found primarily in blood and feces, as well as in human skeletal muscle tissue. Stigmastanol can be found anywhere throughout the human cell, such as in in the peroxisome, in the cytoplasm, in the Golgi apparatus, and in the membrane (predicted from logP). It can also be found in the extracellular space. Moreover, stigmastanol is found to be associated with sitosterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism. Stigmastanol (sitostanol) is a phytosterol found in a variety of plant sources. Similar to sterol esters and stanol esters, stigmastanol inhibits the absorption of cholesterol from the diet. Animal studies suggest that it also inhibits biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver (Wikipedia). Stigmastanol is plant stanol. It can decrease the circulating LDL-cholesterol level by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption (PMID 16910223).
Amphotericin B shows a high order of in vitro activity against many species of fungi. Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Candida species, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenckii, Mucor mucedo, and Aspergillus fumigatus are all inhibited by concentrations of amphotericin B ranging from 0.03 to 1.0 mcg/mL in vitro. While Candida albicans is generally quite susceptible to amphotericin B, non-albicans species may be less susceptible. Pseudallescheria boydii and Fusarium sp. are often resistant to amphotericin B. The antibiotic is without effect on bacteria, rickettsiae, and viruses.
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS brevifolia. It stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death. [PubChem] ABI-007 (Abraxane) is the latest attempt to improve upon paclitaxel, one of the leading chemotherapy treatments. Both drugs contain the same active agent, but Abraxane is delivered by a nanoparticle technology that binds to albumin, a natural protein, rather than the toxic solvent known as Cremophor. It is thought that delivering paclitaxel with this technology will cause fewer hypersensitivity reactions and possibly lead to greater drug uptake in tumors.
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled with a pyrophosphate linkage to 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. NADP serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage (Dorland, 27th ed). This extra phosphate is added by the enzyme NAD+ kinase and removed via NADP+ phosphatase. NADP is also known as TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide) and it is an important cofactor used in anabolic reactions in all forms of cellular life. Examples include the Calvin cycle, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elongation, and nucleic acid synthesis (Wikipedia).
It is used as a food additive
Glucosylsphingosine is a cytotoxic compound. Accumulation of glucosylsphingosine in brain and other tisues occurs in patients with Gaucher disease, which is an inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase converts glucosylsphingosine to glucose and sphingosine.
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
Octyl gallate is an antioxidant used in margarin
Bitter flavouring It is used in tonics and bitter drinks Quinine is a natural white crystalline alkaloid having antipyretic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties and a bitter taste. It is a stereoisomer of quinidine which, unlike quinine, is an anti-arrhythmic. Though it has been synthesized in the lab, the bark of the cinchona tree is the only known natural source of quinine. Quinine was the first effective treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs replaced it.
Latanoprost ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes. It is also known by the brand name of Xalatan manufactured by Pfizer.
Todatriol glucoside is a constituent of the fruit of Carum ajowan (ajowan).
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
Adenosine diphosphate ribose is a molecule formed into poly(ADP-ribose) or PAR chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase or PARP. PARP is found in every cell nucleus. Its main role is to detect and signal single-strand DNA breaks (SSB) to the enzymatic machinery involved in the SSB repair. PARP activation is an immediate cellular response to metabolic, chemical, or radiation-induced DNA SSB damage. Once PARP detects a SSB, it binds to the DNA, and, after a structural change, begins the synthesis of a poly (ADP-ribose) chain (PAR) as a signal for the other DNA-repairing enzymes such as DNA ligase III (LigIII), DNA polymerase beta, and scaffolding proteins such as X-ray cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1). After repairing, the PAR chains are degraded via PAR glycohydrolase (PARG). ADP-ribose binds to and activates the TRPM2 ion channel. Adenosine diphosphate ribose is an intermediate in NAD metabolism. The enzyme NAD(P)+ nucleosidase [EC:3.2.2.6] catalyzes the production of this metabolite from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. This reaction is irreversible and occurs in the cytosol.
Mestranol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the 3-methyl ether of ethinyl estradiol. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL contraceptives. [PubChem]Mestranol is the 3-methyl ether of ethinylestradiol. Ethinylestradiol, is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. Ethinylestradiol is orally bio-active and the estrogen used in almost all modern formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills. It binds to (and activates) the estrogen receptor. Mestranol is a biologically inactive prodrug of ethinylestradiol to which it is demethylated in the liver with a conversion efficiency of 70%.Estrogens diffuse into their target cells and interact with a protein receptor. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. The combination of an estrogen with a progestin suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary system, decreasing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Gambogic acid is found in fruits. Gambogic acid is isolated from Gamboge resin (exudate of Garcinia morella).
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Naringin, also known as naringoside or naringin hydrate, is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside between the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose. Naringin belongs to the flavonoid family. Flavonoids consist of 15 carbon atoms in 3 rings, 2 of which must be benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain.  Naringin contains the basic flavonoid structure along with one rhamnose and one glucose unit attached to its aglycone portion, called naringenin, at the 7-carbon position. The steric hindrance provided by the two sugar units makes naringin less potent than its aglycone counterpart, naringenin. Naringin is a bitter tasting compound. Naringin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as rosemaries, grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and grapefruits and in a lower concentration in grape wines, pummelo, and beers. Naringin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as citrus, limes, herbs and spices, common oregano, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). Both naringin and hesperetin, which are the aglycones of naringin and hesperidin, occur naturally in citrus fruits. Naringin is the major flavonoid glycoside in grapefruit and gives grapefruit juice its bitter taste. Narinigin exerts a variety of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant activity, blood lipid-lowering, anticarcinogenic activity, and inhibition of selected cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in several drug interactions in-vitro.
Pregnanetriol is a metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROTESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143).
Safflomin A is found in fats and oils. Safflomin A is a pigment from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius
Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2). Inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism are autosomal recessive disorders and have been classified into nine distinct complementation classes. Disorders affecting adenosylcobalamin cause methylmalonic acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and uses adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Cbl must be transported into mitochondria, reduced and adenosylated before it can be utilized by MCM. (PMID: 17011224).
repaglinide aromatic amine is a metabolite of repaglinide. Repaglinide is for the treatment of type II diabetes. It is supplied by Novo Nordisk. It is sold in Japan by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. Repaglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs. (Wikipedia)
beta-Elemonic acid is found in herbs and spices. beta-Elemonic acid is a constituent of elemi resin. beta-Elemonic acid is a flavouring agent
Madecassoside is found in green vegetables. Madecassoside is isolated from whole plants of Centella asiatica (Ji Xue Cao).
3b,12a-Dihydroxy-5a-cholanoic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depends only on presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g., membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues.
Ascorbic acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables and is an essential nutrient in human diets. It is necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. The biologically active form of ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. Primates (including humans) and a few other species in all divisions of the animal kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid and must obtain it in their food. Vitamin C functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant (PubChem). Ascorbic acid is an electron donor for enzymes involved in collagen hydroxylation, biosynthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine, tyrosine metabolism, and amidation of peptide hormones. Ascrobic acid (vitamin C) deficiency causes scurvy. The amount of vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy may not be adequate to maintain optimal health. The ability of vitamin C to donate electrons also makes it a potent water-soluble antioxidant that readily scavenges free radicals such as molecular oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. In this setting, several mechanisms could account for a link between vitamin C and heart disease. One is the relation between LDL oxidation and vitamins C and E. Vitamin C in vitro can recycle vitamin E, which can donate electrons to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro. As the lipid-phase vitamin E is oxidized, it can be regenerated by aqueous vitamin C. Other possibilities are that vitamin C could decrease cholesterol by mechanisms not well characterized, or could improve vasodilatation and vascular reactivity, perhaps by decreasing the interactions of nitric oxide with oxidants (PMID: 10799361). Moreover, ascorbic acid is found to be associated with hyperoxalemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Ascorbic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Ketogulonicigenium (PMID: 15785002).
Prostaglandin F2a (PGF2) is one of the earliest discovered and most common prostaglandins. It is actively biosynthesized in various organs of mammals and exhibits a variety of biological activities, including contraction of pulmonary arteries. It is used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient. PGF2a binds to the Prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) which is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family. PGF2-alpha mediates luteolysis. Luteolysis is the structural and functional degradation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual cycles in the absence of pregnancy. PGF2 may also be involved in modulating intraocular pressure and smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and gastrointestinal tract sphincters. PGF2 is mainly synthesized directly from PGH2 by PGH2 9,11-endoperoxide reductase. A small amount of PGF2 is also produced from PGE2 by PGE2 9-ketoreductase. A PGF2 epimer has been reported to exhibit various biological activities, and its levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma, and urine in patients with mastocytosis and bronchial asthma. PGF2 is synthesized from PGD2 by PGD2 11-ketoreductase. (PMID: 16475787). Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
D-Ribose 5-phosphate (CAS: 4300-28-1), also known as R-5-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Ribose 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, D-ribose 5-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribulose 5-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. In addition, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribose; which is catalyzed by the enzyme ribokinase. Outside of the human body, D-ribose 5-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk and rices. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5-phosphate. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is an important intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the purine metabolism pathway. The intracellular ribose 5-phosphate concentration is an important determinant of the rate of de novo purine synthesis (PMID:6699001).
1-(beta-D-Ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide is the reduced form of nicotinamide riboside. Nicotinamide riboside or NR is a natural product found in milk. It can exist in both the oxidized and reduced form. Nicotinamide riboside is a newly discovered precursor to NAD ( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Nicotinamide riboside kinases (Nrks) are essential for this NAD synthesis pathway. Nrks actually constitute a distinct pathway of NAD biosynthesis and it appears that nicotinamide riboside may be the only vitamin precursor that supports neuronal NAD synthesis (PMID: 18429699). NAD homeostasis is related to the free radical-mediated production of reactive oxygen species responsible for irreversible cellular damage in infectious disease, diabetes, inflammatory syndromes, neurodegeneration and cancer. (PMID: 18508649). Baseline requirements for NAD synthesis can be met either with dietary tryptophan or with less than 20 mg of daily niacin, which consists of nicotinic acid and/or nicotinamide. Reduced nicotinamide riboside is also known to be a substrate for ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (EC 1.10.99.2). It is also a substrate for purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) - (PMID: 9030766).
Curcumol is found in turmeric. Curcumol is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
(3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is found in nuts. (3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is a constituent of Pistacia vera (pistachio)
(-)-Aspidospermine is an alkaloid from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho
Phyllocladene is found in fats and oils. Phyllocladene is a constituent of sunflower oil.
Digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside is a metabolite of digoxin. Digoxin is a purified cardiac glycoside and extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata. Its corresponding aglycone is digoxigenin, and its acetyl derivative is acetyldigoxin. Digoxin is widely used in the treatment of various heart conditions, namely atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure that cannot be controlled by other medication. Digoxin preparations are commonly marketed under the trade names Lanoxin, Digitek, and Lanoxicaps. (Wikipedia)
Ginsenoside Rh1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh1 is isolated from Panax species.
Cycloartenol is found in alcoholic beverages. Cycloartenol is a constituent of Artocarpus integrifolia fruits and Solanum tuberosum (potato) Cycloartenol is a sterol precursor in photosynthetic organisms and plants. The biosynthesis of cycloartenol starts from the triterpenoid squalene. Its structure is also related to triterpenoid lanosterol
N-formyl-L-methionine is a L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a proteinogenic amino acid, a N-formyl amino acid and a L-methionine derivative. It is a conjugate acid of a N-formyl-L-methioninate. N-Formyl-L-methionine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methionine and derivatives. Methionine and derivatives are compounds containing methionine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. N-Formyl-L-methionine is effective in the initiation of protein synthesis. The initiating methionine residue enters the ribosome as N-formylmethionyl-tRNA. This process occurs in Escherichia coli and other bacteria as well as in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
Octyl gallate is an antioxidant used in margarin
11b,20-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid or DHOPA is a major metabolite of corticosterone that is typically elevated in the liver. The in vivo conversion of corticosterone to DHOPA is thought to proceed via the aldehyde intermediate 11b-hydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-21-al. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), is known to convert corticosterone to the gem-diol form of the aldehyde. Because CYP3A4 is highly abundant in the liver, the conversion of corticosterone to its aldehyde presumably occurs readily, and the formation of DHOPA by isomerization of the aldehyde. DHOPA has also been identified as a biomarker that is elevated (50 X) in animals that have been treated with PPARalpha agonists. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is a nuclear receptor with manifold effects on intermediary metabolism (PMID: 17550978).
Flunisolide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a corticosteroid often prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis.Flunisolide is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Flunisolide binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
N1-(alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole is an intermediate in riboflavin metabolism. It is converted from N1-(5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole via dephosphorylation by the enzyme phosphohistidine phosphatase 1 (EC 3.1.3.-). Humans do not have all the enzymes needed to synthesize or metabolize riboflavin. However, gut microflora do have the necessary enzymatic machinery to produce and metabolize this vitamin. Riboflavin (or vitamin B2) is an easily absorbed micronutrient with a key role in maintaining health in humans and animals. It is the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, and is therefore required by all flavoproteins. Riboflavin is yellow or yellow-orange in color and in addition to being used as a food coloring it is also used to fortify some foods including baby foods, breakfast cereals, pastas, sauces, processed cheese, fruit drinks, vitamin-enriched milk products, some energy drinks, and vitamin supplements.
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Oleanolic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. Oleanolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is an integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on triterpenoids research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these compounds. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. (PMID:17292619, 15522132, 15994040).
4-Epicurcumenol is a constituent of rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary).
Cinchonine is found in fruits. Cinchonine is an alkaloid from the leaves of Olea europaea Cinchonine is an alkaloidwith molecular formula C19H22N2O used in asymmetric synthesis in organic chemistry. It is a stereoisomer and pseudo-enantiomer of cinchonidine
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, also known as geranylgeranyl-PP or GGPP, is an intermediate in the HMG-CoA reductase pathway used by organisms in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids. This compound belongs to the family of acyclic diterpenes. These are diterpenes (compounds made of four consecutive isoprene units) that do not contain a cycle. Thus, GGPP is considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. GGPP is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral.
Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a hexose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. F6P is a derivative of fructose, which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group. Fructose 6-phosphate is a fundamental metabolite and exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. The great majority of glucose is converted to fructose 6-phosphate as part of the glycolytic metabolic pathway (glycolysis). Specifically, F6P is produce is produced by the isomerisation of glucose 6-phosphate via the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase. F6P is in turn further phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvic acid. The free energy released in this process is used to form ATP and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In addition to its key involvement in glycolysis, fructose 6-phosphate can also be biosynthesized from glucosamine 6-phosphate via the enzyme glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase 1. In addition, fructose 6-phosphate and L-glutamine can be converted into glucosamine 6-phosphate and L-glutamic acid through the action of the enzyme glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase.
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.
Production by a sugar cane isolate of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Syringomycin is a general name given to a class of lipodepsinonapeptide molecules which are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Lipodepsinonapeptides comprise a closed ring of nine nonribosomally-synthesized amino acids bonded to a fatty acid hydrocarbon tail. A commonly-encountered pathovar (pv) of P. syringae is P. syringae pv syringae which secretes a number of closely-related forms of the molecule. Syringomycins are virulence determinants which means that their secretion is required for the manifestation of disease symptoms on a number of stone fruit crop plants.
Temocapril belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acid esters. These are ester derivatives of alpha amino acids.
A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]
2',2'-Difluorodeoxyuridine is a metabolite of gemcitabine. Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog used as chemotherapy. It is marketed as Gemzar by Eli Lilly and Company. (Wikipedia)
Adrenic acid, also known as 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid or adrenate, is a member of the class of compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. Very long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Adrenic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adrenic acid can be found in blood and in human myelin tissue. Within the cell, adrenic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm, in the membrane (predicted from logP), and in the peroxisome. It can also be found in the extracellular space. In humans, adrenic acid is involved in alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism. Docosatetraenoic acid designates any straight chain 22:4 fatty acid. In particular, all-cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name adrenic acid (AdA). This is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid formed through a 2-carbon chain elongation of arachidonic acid. It is one of the most abundant fatty acids in the early human brain. This unsaturated fatty acid is also metabolized by cells into biologically active products, such as dihomoprostaglandins and dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (dihomo-EETs) (Wikipedia). Adrenic acid, which is a prostacyclin inhibitor, appears to be a potential prothrombotic agent (PMID: 1642692).
Desglucocoroloside is found in green vegetables. Desglucocoroloside is from Corchorus olitorius (Jew's mallow).
N-Acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid is a component of glycoprotein- and glycolipid-bound sialic acids present in the human erythrocyte membrane (RBC). (PMID: 12527384).
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Dihydrodigoxin belongs to the family of Terpene Glycosides. These are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically bound to a terpene backbone.
Fragransol D is found in herbs and spices. Fragransol D is a constituent of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg)
Erythrodiol is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Erythrodiol exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. (PMID: 17292619, 15522132).
Kojibiose is a disaccharide. It can be found in honey, koji extract, sweet potato starch, sake and beer, and also in polysaccharides and sugar chains of glycoproteins. There are many methods of preparation including the isolation of a partial acetolyzate of dextran from Leuconostoc mecenteroides. However a more effective method with high efficiency was achieved using kojibiose phosphorylase with D-glucose and beta-D-glucose-1-phosphate as substrates. Kojibiose was also found as one of the components of glucose caramel, following thermal degradation.
Ginkgolide C is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide C is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Emblicanin A is found in fruits. Emblicanin A is a constituent of the fruit of Emblica officinalis (emblic)
Falcarindiol is found in caraway. Falcarindiol is a constituent of roots of several plants including the common carrot (Daucus carota) and Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui).
Curcumol is found in turmeric. Curcumol is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
Flunisolide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a corticosteroid often prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis.Flunisolide is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Flunisolide binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.
Penicilloic acid is a metabolite of penicillin v; penicillin g.
Agnuside is found in fruits. Agnuside is isolated from Vitex agnus-castus (agnus castus).
5,6-Epoxy-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid is an Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), a metabolite of arachidonic acid. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid mediators produced by P450 epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The cytochrome P-450 (P450) monooxygenase pathway includes enzymes of the CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2E, and CYP2J subfamilies that catalyze the formation of four regioisomeric products, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. EETs are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. Both light flashes and direct glial stimulation produce vasodilatation mediated by EETs. EETs may be involved in the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats, but not in excessive collagen deposition or electrophysiological abnormalities. EETs have vasodilator and natriuretic effect. Blockade of EET formation is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113).
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). Its systematic chemical name is all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid. It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. Chemically, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. Because of the presence of double bonds, EPS is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Metabolically it acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups. It is found in fish oils of cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden, and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk (Wikipedia).
Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would not attempt to market ximelagatran after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and to discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved.
Isomelitric acid A is found in herbs and spices. Isomelitric acid A is a constituent of the leaves of Thymus vulgaris (thyme).
Yuccaol C is found in fruits. Yuccaol C is a constituent of the bark of Yucca schidigera (Mojave yucca).
Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2). Inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism are autosomal recessive disorders and have been classified into nine distinct complementation classes. Disorders affecting adenosylcobalamin cause methylmalonic acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and uses adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Cbl must be transported into mitochondria, reduced and adenosylated before it can be utilized by MCM. (PMID: 17011224).
Norbuprenorphine is the primary active metabolite of buprenorphine. Norbuprenorphine acts as a Î¼-opioid, Î´-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, as well as a Îº-opioid receptor partial agonist. Norbuprenorphine crosses the blood-brain-barrier similarly to buprenorphine and likely contributes to its effects. It was observed that Intravenous administration of norbuprenorphine at 1 to 3 mg/kg decreased respiratory rate, whereas buprenorphine had no effect up to 3 mg/kg in rats. (Wikipedia)
Oleuropein is found in fruits. Oleuropein is a bitter principle of olives. Nutriceutical with antioxidant properties.Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree (and leaves of privet) together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. All these compounds are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid that are further hydroxylated and glycosylated. Oleuropein and its metabolite hydroxytyrosol have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro and give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste. Oleuropein preparations have been claimed to strengthen the immune system
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
Ginkgolide C is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide C is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Ginkgolide C is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide C is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Silicristin is found in coffee and coffee products. Silicristin is isolated from fruits of Silybum marianum (milk thistle).
Pandamarilactone 31 is a food flavouring. Pandamarilactone 31 is an alkaloid from leaves of Pandanus amaryllifolius.
Silibinin is found in coffee and coffee products. Silibinin is isolated from Silybum marianum (milk thistle
beta-Elemonic acid is found in herbs and spices. beta-Elemonic acid is a constituent of elemi resin. beta-Elemonic acid is a flavouring agent
beta-Elemonic acid is found in herbs and spices. beta-Elemonic acid is a constituent of elemi resin. beta-Elemonic acid is a flavouring agent
Gambogic acid is found in fruits. Gambogic acid is isolated from Gamboge resin (exudate of Garcinia morella).
Carnosic acid is the major rosemary polyphenol. Carnosic acid appears to enhance the anti-cancer activity of vitamin D(3) and its analogs. Carnosic acid enhances monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells when combined not only with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) but also with the 'classic' granulocytic inducer all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Carnosic acid alone increases the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha, which was greatly enhanced in the presence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid. (PMID: 15265684).
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
Corilagin is a member of the class of compounds known as ellagitannins, a class of hydrolyzable tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins are tannins with a structure characterized by either of the following models: (1) a structure containing galloyl units (in some cases, shikimic acid units) linked to diverse polyol carbohydrate, catechin, or triterpenoid units, or (2) a structure containing at least two galloyl units C-C coupled to each other and not containing a glycosidically linked catechin unit. Corilagin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Corilagin can be found in pomegranate, which makes corilagin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Corilagin was first isolated in 1951 from Dividivi extract and from Caesalpinia coriaria, hence the name of the molecule. It can also be found in Alchornea glandulosa and in the leaves of Punica granatum (pomegranate) (Wikipedia). Corilagin has been shown to exhibit thrombolytic function (PMID: 14750026).
Lucidenic acid K is found in mushrooms. Lucidenic acid K is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Methylgingerol is found in ginger. Methylgingerol is present in ginge
(7E,7'R,8'R)-epsilon-Viniferin is found in alcoholic beverages. (7E,7'R,8'R)-epsilon-Viniferin is isolated from leaves of wine grape (Vitis vinifera) infected with Botrytis cinere
Lucidenic acid K is found in mushrooms. Lucidenic acid K is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of about 30,000 glucose residues. The simplest structure of glycogen is made up of four units of glucose with an approximate molecular weight of 666 daltons. However, large molecules of glycogen can reach molecular weights in the order of 5 million Da. Most of the glucose units are linked together by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, and approximately 1 in 12 glucose residues also form a 1,6 glycosidic bond with a second glucose, resulting in the creation of a branch. Glycogen only has one reducing end and a large number of non-reducing ends with a free hydroxyl group at carbon 4. The glycogen granules contain both glycogen and the enzymes of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and degradation (glycogenolysis). The enzymes are nested between the outer branches of the glycogen molecules and act on the non-reducing ends. Therefore, the many non-reducing end-branches of glycogen facilitate its rapid synthesis and breakdown. In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin, liver glycogen levels are high, but the high insulin level prevents the necessary glycogenolysis to take place to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types. Hepatocytes (liver cells) have the highest concentration of it - up to 8% of the fresh weight in well fed state, or 100 to 120 g in an adult - giving liver a distinctive, 'starchy taste'. In the muscles, glycogen is found in a much lower concentration (1% of the muscle mass), but the total amount exceeds that in liver. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the kidneys, and even smaller amounts in certain glial cells in the brain and white blood cells.
Dinorcapsaicin is found in herbs and spices. Dinorcapsaicin is a constituent of red pepper (Capsicum annuum)
N2-Fructopyranosylarginine is found in tea. N2-Fructopyranosylarginine is a constituent of Korean red ginseng.
Dietary supplement
Betadex has GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) status for use as a flavour carrier or protectant in food
Cryptochrome is found in fruits. Cryptochrome is isolated from Prunus persica (peach) and fruits of Averrhoa carambol
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
Tylosin is used in treatment of cattle, swine and mycoplasmas in poultry Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae
5a-Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one is an intermediate in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, the by-product of the Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase enzyme [EC 1.1.1.70], and the substrate of the 3-keto-steroid reductase enzyme [EC 1.1.1.270]. (BioCyc, ExPASy).
Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide antibiotic that is similar to erythromycin.Troleandomycin acts by penetrating the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binding to the 50 S subunit of bacterial ribosomes or near the "P" or donor site so that binding of tRNA (transfer RNA) to the donor site is blocked. Translocation of peptides from the "A" or acceptor site to the "P" or donor site is prevented, and subsequent protein synthesis is inhibited.
Torvoside C is found in fruits. Torvoside C is a constituent of Solanum torvum (pea eggplant)
Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) is the first metabolite in the series of reactions leading to the synthesis of all leukotrienes. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the two-step conversion of arachidonic acid to LTA4.The first step consists of the oxidation of arachidonic acid to the unstable intermediate 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), and the second step is the dehydration of 5-HPETE to form LTA4. Leukotriene A4, an unstable epoxide, is hydrolyzed to leukotriene B4 or conjugated with glutathione to yield leukotriene C4 and its metabolites, leukotriene D4 and leukotriene E4. The leukotrienes participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. Recent studies also suggest a neuroendocrine role for leukotriene C4 in luteinizing hormone secretion. (PMID: 10591081, 2820055). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Smilagenone is found in root vegetables. Smilagenone is a constituent of the wild yam Dioscorea deltoidea.
Diosbulbin B is found in root vegetables. Diosbulbin B is a constituent of Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato).
Melilotussaponin O2 is found in green vegetables. Melilotussaponin O2 is a constituent of Melilotus officinalis (sweet clover)
Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects  (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining norma
22-Isopimpifolidine is found in garden tomato. 22-Isopimpifolidine is an alkaloid from roots of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato).
Rothindin is found in herbs and spices. Rothindin is isolated from Trifolium pratense (red clover).
Endrin has been found as a contaminant throughout the environment, including foodstuffs, fish, human milk, etc
Glutamylalanine is a naturally occurring dipeptide, composed of glutamate and alanine. Glutamylalanine is essential in the supply of glutamate to human erythrocytes. Human erythrocytes are essentially impermeable to glutamate and yet there is a continual requirement for the amino acid for glutathione synthesis. In addition, the intracellular glutamate concentration is approximately five times that of plasma. Glutamylalanine enters the human erythrocyte through saturable membrane-transport systems describable by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The cytosolic red cell peptidases have a vast capacity to hydrolyse the dipeptide in a process also describable by simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The transport process is the rate-determining step in the pathway leading to the production of intracellular glutamate from extracellular glutamylalanine. Glutamylalanine is transported by the human oligopeptide transporter, hPepT1, situated in the small intestine, which is involved in the absorption of nutrient oligopeptides and transports numerous di- and tripeptides. This active transport is being tested for use as a strategy to increase the permeability across the intestine for larger biologically active molecules with low intestinal permeability, in a therapeutic attempt to transport dipeptide-coupled active drug substances via hPepT1 (PMID: 2860897, 11557350).
Curcumol is found in turmeric. Curcumol is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
alpha-Solamarine is found in potato. alpha-Solamarine is an alkaloid from Solanum juzepczukii (bitter potato
N-(1-Deoxy-1-fructosyl)tryptophan is classified as a Natural Food Constituent (code WA) in the DFC.
(S)-Byakangelicin is found in herbs and spices. (S)-Byakangelicin is a constituent of common rue (Ruta graveolens).
Isocarlinoside is found in pulses. Isocarlinoside is isolated from Glycine max (soybean
Italidipyrone is found in herbs and spices. Italidipyrone is a constituent of Helichrysum italicum (curry plant).
Zederone is a constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary).
Ubiquinone-2 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP.
Candicidin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic obtained from a streptomyces (Streptomyces griseus) and active against some fungi of the genus Candida (C. albicans). Candicidin is administered intravaginally in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.Ergosterol, the principal sterol in the fungal cytoplasmic membrane, is the target site of action of Candicidin. Candicidin binds irreversibly to ergosterol, resulting in disruption of membrane integrity and ultimately cell death. There is some evidence that the binding site in the cell wall may be to fatty acids or fatty acid esters and that this binding capacity must be satisfied before candicidin can bring about its lethal effect by binding to sterol in the cell membrane.
Anidulafungin or Eraxis is an anti-fungal drug manufactured by Pfizer that gained approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in February 21, 2006; it was previously known as LY303366. There is preliminary evidence that it has a similar safety profile to caspofungin. [Wikipedia]
Endrin has been found as a contaminant throughout the environment, including foodstuffs, fish, human milk, etc
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Ercalcitriol is the active circulating metabolite of vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is modified by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D *-hydroxylase in the kidney to form the active metabolite, ercalcitriol, which is then metabolized by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase, CYP24A1, EC 1.14.13.13). The binding of ercalcitriol or their analogs to Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, activates VDR to interact with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and forms the VDR/RXR/cofactor complex, which binds to Vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes to regulate gene transcription. The kidney is the major site of 25-hydroxyvitamin D*-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, EC 1.14.13.13), which is responsible for the activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Of all the steroid hormones, ercalcitriol represents the most difficult challenge to the analytical biochemist with respect to quantization. Ercalcitriol circulates at pmol concentrations, is highly lipophilic and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, circulates at nmol levels. (PMID: 16242929, 17867378, 17197173).
Gadodiamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a gadolinium based contrast agent used in MR imaging procedures to assist in the visualization of blood vessels. It is commonly marketed under the trade name Omniscan. [Wikipedia]Based on the behavior of protons when placed in a strong magnetic field, which is interpreted and transformed into images by magnetic resonance (MR) instruments. Paramagnetic agents have unpaired electrons that generate a magnetic field about 700 times larger than the proton's field, thus disturbing the proton's local magnetic field. When the local magnetic field around a proton is disturbed, its relaxation process is altered. MR images are based on proton density and proton relaxation dynamics. MR instruments can record 2 different relaxation processes, the T1 (spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation time) and the T2 (spin-spin or transverse relaxation time). In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of normal and pathological brain tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with changes in proton density, alteration of the T1, and variation in the T2. When placed in a magnetic field, gadodiamide shortens both the T1 and the T2 relaxation times in tissues where it accumulates. At clinical doses, gadodiamide primarily affects the T1 relaxation time, thus producing an increase in signal intensity. Gadodiamide does not cross the intact blood-brain barrier; therefore, it does not accumulate in normal brain tissue or in central nervous system (CNS) lesions that have not caused an abnormal blood-brain barrier (e.g., cysts, mature post-operative scars). Abnormal vascularity or disruption of the blood-brain barrier allows accumulation of gadodiamide in lesions such as neoplasms, abscesses, and subacute infarcts.
3-Hydroxyquinine is a major metabolite of quinine. The formation of 3-hydroxyquinine is catalysed by cytochrome P450 3A4.
Irinotecan is an antineoplastic enzyme inhibitor primarily used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is a derivative of camptothecin that inhibits the action of topoisomerase I. Irinotecan prevents religation of the DNA strand by binding to topoisomerase I-DNA complex, and causes double-strand DNA breakage and cell death.
Physalin J is found in fruits. Physalin J is a constituent of the famine food Physalis angulata (cutleaf ground cherry)
Ganoderenic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderenic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Norbuprenorphine is the primary active metabolite of buprenorphine. Norbuprenorphine acts as a Î¼-opioid, Î´-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, as well as a Îº-opioid receptor partial agonist. Norbuprenorphine crosses the blood-brain-barrier similarly to buprenorphine and likely contributes to its effects. It was observed that Intravenous administration of norbuprenorphine at 1 to 3 mg/kg decreased respiratory rate, whereas buprenorphine had no effect up to 3 mg/kg in rats. (Wikipedia)
Physalin H is found in fruits. Physalin H is from the famine food Physalis angulata (cutleaf ground cherry).
24-Hydroxycalcitriol stimulates intestinal calcium transport but not bone calcium mobilization or phosphate transport reactions. (PMID: 163578). Vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) is a cytochrome P-450 enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] to 24-Hydroxycalcitriol (1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3). (PMID: 9165006). The administration of 24-Hydroxycalcitriol at doses of 0.2 and 0.3 microg/kg/day produced strong anabolic effects, especially on vertebral cancellous bone that can prevent estrogen depletion-induced bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. (PMID: 9115161).
Physalin B is found in fruits. Physalin B is a constituent of Physalis alkekengi (winter cherry)
Aldosterone 18-glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of Aldosterone generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Sennoside B is an anthranoid. Anthranoid derivatives are used all over the world as a treatment for constipation. These compounds are present in several drugs of plant origin, especially as O- or C-glycosides. Besides featuring different substituents, the aglycone might consist of an anthraquinone, an anthrone or a dianthrone. So far, detailed information concerning their metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics is available only in a few cases. The best characterized compounds are sennoside, a dianthrone O-glycoside present in senna leaves and senna pods, and its aglycone (rhein anthrone). After oral administration, sennoside is degraded only in the lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract, releasing its active metabolite rhein anthrone. (PMID: 8234447).
Lucidone A is found in mushrooms. Lucidone A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
4alpha-Methylzymosterol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cholesterols and derivatives. Cholesterols and derivatives are compounds containing a 3-hydroxylated cholestane core. Thus, 4alpha-methylzymosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. 4alpha-Methylzymosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Outside of the human body, 4alpha-methylzymosterol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as redcurrants, sunflowers, robusta coffees, white mustards, and sesbania flowers. This could make 4alpha-methylzymosterol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4alpha-Methylzymosterol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroids. It is the seventh to last step in the synthesis of vitamin D2 and is converted from 3-keto-4-methylzymosterol via the enzyme 3-keto steroid reductase (EC 1.1.1.270). It is then converted into zymosterol.
[6]-Gingerdiol 3,5-diacetate is found in ginger. [6]-Gingerdiol 3,5-diacetate is a constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes.
11-Deoxycorticosterone (also called desoxycortone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, DOC, or simply deoxycorticosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is classified as a member of the 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Deoxycorticosterone is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Deoxycorticosterone can be synthesized from progesterone by 21-beta-hydroxylase and is then converted to corticosterone by 11-beta-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase. Deoxycorticosterone stimulates the collecting tubules in the kidney to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does. Deoxycorticosterone has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone and about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone (Wikipedia). Deoxycorticosterone can be found throughout all human tissues and has been detected in amniotic fluid and blood. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycorticosterone can act as a hypertensive agent and a metabotoxin. A hypertensive agent increases blood pressure and causes the production of more urine. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.  Chronically high levels of deoxycorticosterone are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and with adrenal tumors producing deoxycorticosterone (PMID: 20671982). High levels of this mineralocorticoid are associated with resistant hypertension, which can result in polyuria, polydipsia, increased blood volume, edema, and cardiac enlargement. Deoxycorticosterone can be used to treat adrenal insufficiency. In particular, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's disease.
Matesaponin 4 is found in tea. Matesaponin 4 is a constituent of mat leaf (Ilex paraguariensis).
(6beta,25S)-2,3-Secospirostan-3,6-olid-2-oic acid is found in onion-family vegetables. (6beta,25S)-2,3-Secospirostan-3,6-olid-2-oic acid is a constituent of Allium porrum (leek)
Cortexolone, also known as cortodoxone or 11-deoxycortisol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, cortexolone is considered to be a steroid molecule. Cortexolone is an endogenous glucocorticoid steroid hormone, and a metabolic intermediate in the synthesis of cortisol. It was first described by Tadeusz Reichstein in 1938 and named as Substance S. It has also been referred to as Reichstein's Substance S or Compound S. Cortexolone acts as a glucocorticoid, though it is less potent than cortisol. Cortexolone is synthesized from 17Œ±-hydroxyprogesterone by 21-hydroxylase and is converted to cortisol by 11Œ≤-hydroxylase. As a result, the level of cortexolone is often measured in patients to diagnose impaired cortisol synthesis, to identify any enzyme deficiency that may be causing impairment along the pathway to cortisol, and to differentiate adrenal disorders. Cortexolone in mammals has limited biological activity and mainly acts as metabolic intermediate within the glucocorticoid pathway, leading to cortisol. On the other hand, in sea lampreys, cortexolone is the major glucocorticoid, with mineralocorticoid activity. Cortexolone in sea lampreys binds to specific corticosteroid receptors and is involved in intestinal osmoregulation and in sea lamprey at metamorphosis, a process in which they develop seawater tolerance before downstream migration.
Selenodiglutathione, also known as gssesg, is a member of the class of compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. Selenodiglutathione is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Selenodiglutathione can be found in a number of food items such as broad bean, common sage, agave, and babassu palm, which makes selenodiglutathione a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Selenodiglutathione may be a unique E.coli metabolite.
O-Isopentenylhalfordinol is found in fruits. O-Isopentenylhalfordinol is an alkaloid from Aegle marmelos (bael fruit
Acetyldigitoxin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a cardioactive derivative of lanatoside A or of digitoxin used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.Acetyldigitoxin binds to a site on the extracellular aspect of the &alpha;-subunit of the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase pump in the membranes of heart cells (myocytes). This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> pump leads to increased Na<sup>+</sup> levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca<sup>2+</sup> via the Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca<sup>2+</sup> are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential, which is unchanged by acetyldigitoxin. This is a different mechanism from that of catecholamines. Acetyldigitoxin also increases vagal activity via its central action on the central nervous system, thus decreasing the conduction of electrical impulses through the AV node. This is important for its clinical use in different arrhythmias.
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143).
[6]-Gingerdiol 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside is found in herbs and spices. [6]-Gingerdiol 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside is a constituent of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes
Fungicide especies for protection of potatoes and tomatoes. [Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamato)]manganese is found in garden tomato and potato.
Artocarpesin is found in fruits. Artocarpesin is a constituent of the heartwood of Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Yessotoxin is found in mollusks. Toxic constituent of scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis).
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Rebaudioside A belongs to the class of organic compounds known as steviol glycosides. These are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically linked to a steviol (a diterpenoid based on a 13-hydroxykaur-16-en-18-oic acid) moiety. Rebaudioside A is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Rebaudioside A is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two major compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931.
Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931
Soyasapogenol A is found in pulses. Soyasapogenol A is a constituent of soya bean saponin
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Neferine is found in coffee and coffee products. Neferine is an alkaloid from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera (East Indian lotus
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
7-Ketodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
5,6-Epoxy-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid is an Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), a metabolite of arachidonic acid. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid mediators produced by P450 epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The cytochrome P-450 (P450) monooxygenase pathway includes enzymes of the CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2E, and CYP2J subfamilies that catalyze the formation of four regioisomeric products, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. EETs are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. Both light flashes and direct glial stimulation produce vasodilatation mediated by EETs. EETs may be involved in the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats, but not in excessive collagen deposition or electrophysiological abnormalities. EETs have vasodilator and natriuretic effect. Blockade of EET formation is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113).
Ganoderic acid alpha is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid alpha is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).
A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine, and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [PubChem]
repaglinide aromatic amine is a metabolite of repaglinide. Repaglinide is for the treatment of type II diabetes. It is supplied by Novo Nordisk. It is sold in Japan by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. Repaglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs. (Wikipedia)
Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is found in pulses. Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is a constituent of soybean molasses (Glycine max)
(-)-Isoxanthochymol is found in herbs and spices. (-)-Isoxanthochymol is found in the latex of Garcinia indica (kokam) and Garcinia cambogi
Ganoderic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid from cell cultures of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho)
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
Dezocine is a partial opiate drug and is used for pain management. Dezocine is a very effective alternative to fentanyl when administered during outpatient laparoscopy, although is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea.
2-Hydroxy-6-pentadecylbenzoic acid is found in cashew nut. Synthesised by immature seeds of Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).Chemically, anacardic acid is a mixture of several closely related organic compounds. Each consists of a salicylic acid substituted with an alkyl chain that has 15 or 17 carbon atoms; anacardic acid is a mixture of saturated and unsaturated molecules. The exact mixture depends on the species of the plant and the major component is C5:3 all-Z. (Wikipedia
Donepezil metabolite M4 is a metabolite of Donepezil. Donepezil, marketed under the trade name Aricept by its developer Eisai and partner Pfizer, and also marketed under the brand name DONEP by Alkem Pentacare, is a centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Its main therapeutic use is in the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset. It has an oral bioavailability of 100% and easily crosses the blood–brain barrier. Because it has a biological half-life of about 70 hours, it can be taken once a day. (Wikipedia)
cis-4-Decenoic acid, also known as obtusilic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. cis-4-Decenoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 4-Decenoic acid (and other intermediates of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation) has been found in increased amounts in liver, skeletal muscle, and heart obtained post mortem from patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) (PMID: 11486898).
Tussilagone is found in tea. Tussilagone is a constituent of Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot).
Maltododecaose (G12) is a polysaccharide formed from 12 units of glucose joined with an alpha(1-4) bond, fromed from a condensation reaction. The isomer isomaltose has two glucose molecules linked through an alpha(1-6) bond.
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Ginkgolide C is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide C is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is a 20-carbon-chain omega-6 fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) only at position 5. 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid is also known as Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:3(n-6). DGLA is the elongation product of the 18 carbon gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). DGLA can be converted into prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). PGE1 inhibits platelet aggregation and also exerts a vasodilatory effect. DGLA competes with arachadonic acid for COX and lipoxygenase, inhibiting the production of arachadonic acid's eicosanoids.
Jujuboside B1 is found in fruits. Jujuboside B1 is isolated from seeds of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date).
Ganoderenic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderenic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid from cell cultures of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho)
Dulcoside A is present in <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> (stevia) extracts.
Ganoderenic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderenic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Lidocaine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [PubChem]Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of impulses thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Lidocaine alters signal conduction in neurons by blocking the fast voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels in the neuronal cell membrane that are responsible for signal propagation. With sufficient blockage the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron will not depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an action potential. This creates the anaesthetic effect by not merely preventing pain signals from propagating to the brain but by aborting their birth in the first place.
DG(2:0/PGJ2/0:0) belongs to the family of Diacylglycerols. These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. DG(2:0/PGJ2/0:0) is also a substrate of diacylglycerol kinase. It is involved in the phospholipid metabolic pathway.
Vitamin E supplement and antioxidant for foodstuff
Annoglabasin F is found in alcoholic beverages. Annoglabasin F is a constituent of Annona glabra (pond apple)
Rebaudioside D is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Methylprotodioscin is found in herbs and spices. Methylprotodioscin is isolated from seeds of Trigonella caerulea (sweet trefoil) and Asparagus officinalis (asparagus).
Ganoderic acid H is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid H is from Ganoderma lucidum (reishi
Lutein is a common carotenoid xanthophyll found in nature. Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lutein is one of the two carotenoids (the other is zeaxanthin) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli, and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataracts (up to 20%) and age-related macular degeneration (up to 40%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations (PMID: 11023002).
T2 Toxin is isolated from Fusarium species and Trichoderma lignorum. T2 Toxin is an important mycotoxin occurring naturally in various agricultural products.
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
Purothionin AII is found in cereals and cereal products. Purothionin AII is isolated from wheat (Triticum monococcum). Toxic to brewers' yeast.
Glucosylsphingosine is a cytotoxic compound. Accumulation of glucosylsphingosine in brain and other tisues occurs in patients with Gaucher disease, which is an inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase converts glucosylsphingosine to glucose and sphingosine.
alpha-Chaconine is found in potato. alpha-Chaconine is an alkaloid from Solanum chacoense and very many other Solanum species (Solanaceae
Nivalenol is a trichothecene produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition.(PubChem). It has been reported in the urine of patients suffering chronic idiopathic spastic paraparesis. These patients are usually found in hot and humid regions, most of which have heavy rains, and these conditions allow foods to be polluted by fungi some of which become toxigenic (PubMed ID 8855894 ).
Morellic acid is found in fruits. Morellic acid is from Garcinia morella (batuan
15-Acetyl-4-deoxynivalenol is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum and Gibberella zeae.
Estriol-16-glucuronide is a glucuronide derivative of the steroid estriol where the glucuronic acid is attached to the 16-hydroxyl group of Estriol. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys. Estriol (also known as oestriol) is one of the three main estrogens produced by the human body. It is only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy as it is made by the placenta.
11,12-Dimethoxydihydrokawain is found in beverages. 11,12-Dimethoxydihydrokawain is a constituent of Piper methysticum (kava). FDA advises against use of kava in food due to potential risk of severe liver damage (2002)
Feed additive, catabolic agent.
Antidiuretic hormone, also known commonly as vasopressin, is a nine amino acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary. Within hypothalamic neurons, the hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein called neurophysin, and both are released upon hormone secretion.
Chlorpheniramine is a histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than Promethazine. -- Pubchem; Chlorphenamine or chlorpheniramine, commonly marketed as its salt chlorphenamine maleate (Chlor- Trimeton, Piriton, Chlor- Tripolon), is a first generation antihistamine used in the prevention of the symptoms of allergic conditions such as rhinitis and urticaria.- wikipedia.
Pargyline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties. [PubChem]MAOIs act by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase, thus preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters and thereby increasing their availability. There are two isoforms of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A preferentially deaminates serotonin, melatonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine. MAO-B preferentially deaminates phenylethylamine and trace amines. Pargyline functions by inhibiting the metabolism of catecholamines and tyramine within presynaptic nerve terminals. Catecholamines cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for physical activity (fight-or-flight response). Some typical effects are increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and a general reaction of the sympathetic nervous system.
Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, present in traces amounts in human tissues and fluids. Rb-87, a naturally occurring isotope, is (slightly) radioactive. Rubidium is very soft and highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like rapid oxidation in air. Rubidium, particularly 87Rb, in the form of vapor, is one of the most commonly-used atomic species employed for laser cooling and Bose-Einstein condensation. Its desirable features for this application include the ready availability of inexpensive diode laser light at the relevant wavelength, and the moderate temperatures required to obtain substantial vapor pressures. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It has been found slightly increased in neoplastic human breast tissues obtained from patients at the time of mastectomy, compared to normal tissue. (PMID: 6488192, 15820728, 7324778, 9630429, 577330).
Decamethonium is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a short acting depolarizing muscle relaxant or neuromuscular blocking agent, and is used in anesthesia to induce paralysis. It is similar to acetylcholine and acts as a partial agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.Binds to the nicotinic acetycholine receptors (by virtue of its similarity to acetylcholine) in the motor endplate and blocks access to the receptors. In the process of binding, the receptor is actually activated - causing a process known as depolarization. Since it is not degraded in the neuromuscular junction, the depolarized membrance remains depolarized and unresponsive to any other impulse, causing muscle paralysis.
Methyl phenyl disulfide is found in beverages. Methyl phenyl disulfide is found in cocoa. Methyl phenyl disulfide is a flavouring agent for baked goods, beverages and seasonings.
Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.
A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of metformin. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290)
Triterpenoid is a byproduct from squalene 2,3-oxide decomposition. Squalene is a precursor to sterol biosynthesis. Terpenes are derived biosynthetically from units of isoprene, which has the molecular formula C5H8. The basic molecular formulas of terpenes are multiples of that, (C5H8)n where n is the number of linked isoprene units. This is called the isoprene rule or the C5 rule. The isoprene units may be linked together "head to tail" to form linear chains or they may can be arranged to form rings. One can consider the isoprene unit as one of nature's preferred building blocks.
6,11-Dihydroxy-2,2-dimethylpyrano[3,2-c]xanthen-7(2H)-one is found in fruits. 6,11-Dihydroxy-2,2-dimethylpyrano[3,2-c]xanthen-7(2H)-one is a constituent of the root bark of Garcinia livingstonei (imbe).
Calcium nitrate, also known as calcium saltpeter or anhydrous calcium nitric acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as alkaline earth metal nitrates. Alkaline earth metal nitrates are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is nitrate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkaline earth metal. Calcium nitrate can be found in black elderberry, which makes calcium nitrate a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Calcium nitrate is potentially toxic compound. Calcium nitrate, also called Norgessalpeter (Norwegian saltpeter), is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca(NO3)2. This colourless salt absorbs moisture from the air and is commonly found as a tetrahydrate. It is mainly used as a component in fertilizers but has other applications. Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns. A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate . Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state (L1613) (T3DB).
2-hydroxydesipramine is a metabolite of desipramine. Desipramine (also known as desmethylimipramine) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and to a lesser extent serotonin. It is used to treat depression, but not considered a first line treatment since the introduction of SSRI antidepressants. Desipramine is an active metabolite of imipramine. It is sold under the brand names Norpramin and Pertofane. Along with other tricyclics, desipramine has found use in treating neuropathic pain. (Wikipedia)
Glipizide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized. [PubChem]Sulfonylureas likely bind to ATP-sensitive potassium-channel receptors on the pancreatic cell surface, reducing potassium conductance and causing depolarization of the membrane. Depolarization stimulates calcium ion influx through voltage-sensitive calcium channels, raising intracellular concentrations of calcium ions, which induces the secretion, or exocytosis, of insulin.
7-aminoclonazepam belongs to the family of Benzodiazepines. These are organic compounds containing a benzene ring fused to either isomers of diazepine(unsaturated seven-member heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms replacing two carbon atoms).
It is used in foods as a firming agent, acidity regulator, sequestrant, stabiliser and thickener, and nutrient supplement (Ca source). It is used as an acidifier/preservative in bread, and in some gelling mixtures. Calcium acetate is a food additive, mainly in candy products.; Calclacite is a name for calcium acetate chloride pentahydrate, which is treated as mineral species but possess anthropogenic origin.; Patients with advanced renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min) exhibit phosphate retention and some degree of hyperphosphatemia. The retention of phosphate plays a pivotal role in causing secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with osteodystrophy, and soft-tissue calcification. The mechanism by which phosphate retention leads to hyperparathyroidism is not clearly delineated. Therapeutic efforts directed toward the control of hyperphosphatemia include reduction in the dietary intake of phosphate, inhibition of absorption of phosphate in the intestine with phosphate binders, and removal of phosphate from the body by more efficient methods of dialysis. The rate of removal of phosphate by dietary manipulation or by dialysis is insufficient. Dialysis patients absorb 40% to 80% of dietary phosphorus. Therefore, the fraction of dietary phosphate absorbed from the diet needs to be reduced by using phosphate binders in most renal failure patients on maintenance dialysis. Calcium acetate when taken with meals combines with dietary phosphate to form insoluble calcium phosphate which is excreted in the feces. Maintenance of serum phosphorus below 6.0 mg/dl is generally considered as a clinically acceptable outcome of treatment with phosphate binders. Calcium acetate is highly soluble at neutral pH, making the calcium readily available for binding to phosphate in the proximal small intestine.
Dextroamphetamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the dextrorotary stereoisomer of the amphetamine molecule, which can take two different forms. It is a slightly polar, weak base and is lipophilic. The exact mechanism of action is not known. Dextroamphetamine stimulates the release of norepinephrine from central adrenergic receptors. At higher dosages, it causes release of dopamine from the mesocorticolimbic system and the nigrostriatal dopamine systems by reversal of the monoamine transporters. Dextroamphetamine may also act as a direct agonist on central 5-HT receptors and may inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO). In the periphery, amphetamines are believed to cause the release of noradrenaline by acting on the adrenergic nerve terminals and alpha- and beta-receptors. Modulation of serotonergic pathways may contribute to the calming affect.
Doxorubicinol belongs to the family of Anthracyclines. These are polyketides containing a tetracenequinone ring structure with a sugar attached by glycosidic linkage.
Nordiazepam is a metabolite of Diazepam. Diazepam, first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a benzodiazepine drug. Nordazepam, also known as desoxydemoxepam, nordiazepam and desmethyldiazepam, is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties. (Wikipedia)
Ectoine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha-amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Ectoine has been identified in urine (PMID: 22409530).
Ozone is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water. Also used in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuff
A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep. [PubChem]
Dihydroergotamine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ergotamine. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of migraine disorders. [PubChem]Two theories have been proposed to explain the efficacy of 5-HT<sub>1D</sub> receptor agonists in migraine: 1) activation of 5-HT<sub>1D</sub> receptors located on intracranial blood vessels, including those on arterio-venous anastomoses, leads to vasoconstriction, which correlates with the relief of migraine headache and 2) activation of 5-HT<sub>1D</sub> receptors on sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal system results in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release.
Benzoylcarnitine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters. These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid. Benzoylcarnitine is a member of the class of compounds known as acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines are organic compounds containing a fatty acid with the carboxylic acid attached to carnitine through an ester bond. Acylcarnitines are useful in the diagnosis of genetic disorders such as fatty acid oxidation disorders and differentiation between biochemical phenotypes of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency disorders (PMID: 12385891). Benzoylcarnitine is a metabolite of benzoate and has been identified in the urine of hyperammonemia patients treated with sodium benzoate and L-carnitine (PMID: 2609332).
Glycyl-Tryptophan is a dipeptide composed of glycine and tryptophan. It is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. This dipeptide has not yet been identified in human tissues or biofluids and so it is classified as an 'Expected' metabolite.
24-Epibrassinolide is found in broad bean. 24-Epibrassinolide is a constituent of Vicia faba pollen.
Ginsenoside Rg5 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rg5 is isolated from ginsen
Gravacridonediol methyl ether is found in herbs and spices. Gravacridonediol methyl ether is an alkaloid from the root of Ruta graveolens (rue
Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect.
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Cortisone acetate is a steroid hormone that has both glucocoriticoid and mineral corticoid activities. Corticosteroids are used to provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. They lessen swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions. They are often used as part of the treatment for a number of different diseases, such as severe allergies or skin problems, asthma, or arthritis. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein transcortin (also called CBG, corticosteroid-binding protein), whereas all of them bind albumin. Glucocorticoids also bind to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor.
Natamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [PubChem]Like other polyene antibiotics, Natamycin inhibits fungal growth by binding to sterols. Specifically, Natamycin binds to ergosterol in the plasma membrane, preventing ergosterol-dependent fusion of vacuoles, as well as membrane fusion and fission. This differs from the mechanism of most other polyene antibiotics, which tend to work by altering fungal membrane permeability instead.
N-Acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid is a component of glycoprotein- and glycolipid-bound sialic acids present in the human erythrocyte membrane (RBC). (PMID: 12527384). N-Acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid has been detected in basaliomas and normal human skin. (PMID: 11180001). Determination of N-Acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid in human serum has been obtained by fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography. (PMID: 2757191).
repaglinide aromatic amine is a metabolite of repaglinide. Repaglinide is for the treatment of type II diabetes. It is supplied by Novo Nordisk. It is sold in Japan by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. Repaglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs. (Wikipedia)
Melleolide B is found in mushrooms. Melleolide B is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom).
N-Monodesmethyl-rizatriptan is a metabolite of rizatriptan. Rizatriptan (Maxalt) is a 5-HT1 agonist triptan drug developed by Merck & Co. for the treatment of migraine headaches. It is available in strengths of 5 and 10 mg as tablets and orally disintegrating tablets (Maxalt-MLT). Maxalt obtained approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 29, 1998. It is a second-generation triptan. Rizatriptan is available only by prescription in Australia, the United States, Canada and New Zealand. (Wikipedia)
Nebivolol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a highly cardioselective vasodilatory beta1 receptor blocker used in treatment of hypertension. In most countries, this medication is available only by prescription. [Wikipedia]Nebivolol is a selective &beta;1-receptor antagonist. Activation of &beta;1-receptors by epinephrine increases the heart rate and the blood pressure, and the heart consumes more oxygen. Nebivolol blocks these receptors which reverses the effects of epinephrine, lowering the heart rate and blood pressure. In addition, beta blockers prevent the release of renin, which is a hormone produced by the kidneys which leads to constriction of blood vessels. At high enough concentrations, this drug may also bind beta 2 receptors.
Amphotericin B shows a high order of in vitro activity against many species of fungi. Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Candida species, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenckii, Mucor mucedo, and Aspergillus fumigatus are all inhibited by concentrations of amphotericin B ranging from 0.03 to 1.0 mcg/mL in vitro. While Candida albicans is generally quite susceptible to amphotericin B, non-albicans species may be less susceptible. Pseudallescheria boydii and Fusarium sp. are often resistant to amphotericin B. The antibiotic is without effect on bacteria, rickettsiae, and viruses.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
Schidigeragenin B is found in fruits. Genin from Yucca schidigera (Mojave yucca
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Crustecdysone is found in crustaceans. Crustecdysone is isolated from the marine crayfish Jasus lalandei in low yield (2 mg/ton
Granisetron is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic and antinauseant for cancer chemotherapy patients. [PubChem]Granisetron is a potent, selective antagonist of 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptors. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors present both centrally (medullary chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract). This inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center, likely indirectly at the level of the area postrema, as well as through direct inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
Ginsenoside Rh1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh1 is isolated from Panax species.
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
3b,15b,17a-Trihydroxy-pregnenone is a major 15 beta-hydroxylated metabolite unique to the human perinatal period. (PMID 8750436). The chemical synthesis of 15&#946;-hydroxylated steroids is for use in the (a) development of new immunoassay techniques for application to newborn screening programs and fetal well-being; (b) development of new anti-androgenic drugs; and (c) study of androgen/estrogen interaction in late pregnancy.
alpha-Solanine is found in alcoholic beverages. alpha-Solanine is an alkaloid from potato (Solanum tuberosum) and very many other Solanum species (Solanaceae). Responsible for the teratogenicity of sprouting potatoes.
Candicidin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antibiotic obtained from a streptomyces (Streptomyces griseus) and active against some fungi of the genus Candida (C. albicans). Candicidin is administered intravaginally in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.Ergosterol, the principal sterol in the fungal cytoplasmic membrane, is the target site of action of Candicidin. Candicidin binds irreversibly to ergosterol, resulting in disruption of membrane integrity and ultimately cell death. There is some evidence that the binding site in the cell wall may be to fatty acids or fatty acid esters and that this binding capacity must be satisfied before candicidin can bring about its lethal effect by binding to sterol in the cell membrane.
7-Ketodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
Kaempferitrin is found in linden. Kaempferitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the leaves of Hedyotis verticillata.
Generally refers to the 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries and the placenta. It is also produced by the adipose tissue of men and postmenopausal women. The 17-alpha-isomer of estradiol binds weakly to estrogen receptors (receptors, estrogen) and exhibits little estrogenic activity in estrogen-responsive tissues. Various isomers can be synthesized.
22-Isopimpifolidine is found in garden tomato. 22-Isopimpifolidine is an alkaloid from roots of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato).
2-Oxo-5,11(13)-eudesmadien-12,8-olide is found in herbs and spices. 2-Oxo-5,11(13)-eudesmadien-12,8-olide is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane)
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Selective A2 adenosine receptor agonist; potent coronary vasodilator; weak inhibitor of adenosine uptake by rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes; used as a vasodilator agent; is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, acting at its four G protein coupled receptors. Topical treatment of adenosine to foot wounds in diabetes mellitus has been shown in lab animals to drastically increase tissue repair and reconstruction. Topical administration of adenosine for use in wound healing deficiencies and diabetes mellitus in humans is currently under clinical investigation. Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond.
Cabazitaxel is a prescription anti-cancer medicine used with the steroid medicine prednisone. Cabazitaxel is used to treat people with prostate cancer that has progressed after treatment with other anti-cancer medicines, including docetaxel. Cabazitaxel is prepared by semi-synthesis with a precursor extracted from yew needles (10-deacetylbaccatin III). It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 17, 2010.
Eriodictyol, also known as 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone or 2,3-dihydroluteolin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Thus, eriodictyol is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. Outside of the human body, eriodictyol has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common oregano, common thymes, parsley, sweet basils, and tarragons. This could make eriodictyol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Eriodictyol is a compound isolated from Eriodictyon californicum and can be used in medicine as an expectorant. BioTransformer predicts that eriodictiol is a product of luteolin metabolism via a flavonoid-c-ring-reduction reaction catalyzed by an unspecified-gut microbiota enzyme (PMID: 30612223).
N-Acetyl-b-glucosaminylamine is the product of a reaction catalyzed vy the enzyme N(4)-(beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl)-L-asparaginase [EC 3.5.1.26, Aspartylglucosaminidase, AGA]. AGA is a key enzyme in the catabolism of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. It cleaves the asparagine from the residual N-acetylglucosamines as one of the final steps in the lysosomal breakdown of glycoproteins. Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is a lysosomal disease caused by deficiency of N-aspartyl-beta-glucosaminidase. AGU is the only known lysosomal storage disease caused by an amidase deficiency. (OMIM208400).
Asiminacin is found in fruits. Asiminacin is a constituent of Asimina triloba (pawpaw) and Annona squamosa (sugar apple).
(7'S,8'S)-4,7'-Epoxy-3,8'-bilign-7-ene-3',5-dimethoxy-4',9,9'-triol 4'-glucoside is found in fruits. (7'S,8'S)-4,7'-Epoxy-3,8'-bilign-7-ene-3',5-dimethoxy-4',9,9'-triol 4'-glucoside is a constituent of Fortunella japonica (round kumquat).
Ovalicin is found in lettuce seeds.
Flunisolide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a corticosteroid often prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis.Flunisolide is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Flunisolide binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.
Elatoside B is found in green vegetables. Elatoside B is a constituent of Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree).
An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of morphine, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)
Tylosin is used in treatment of cattle, swine and mycoplasmas in poultry Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae
Maltoheptaose is a polysaccharide with 7 units of glucose and can be classified as a maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that is used as a food additive. It is produced from starch by partial hydrolysis and is usually found as a creamy-white hygroscopic spray-dried powder. Maltodextrin is easily digestible, being absorbed as rapidly as glucose, and might be either moderately sweet or almost flavourless. It is commonly used for the production of natural sodas and candy such as SweeTarts. Maltodextrin consists of D-glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. Maltodextrin is typically composed of a mixture of chains that vary from three to nineteen glucose units long. Maltodextrins are classified by DE (dextrose equivalent) and have a DE between 3 to 20. The higher the DE value, the shorter the glucose chains, and the higher the sweetness and solubility. Above DE 20, the European Union's CN code calls it glucose syrup, at DE 10 or lower the customs CN code nomenclature classifies maltodextrins as dextrins (Wikipedia).
Jujuboside C is found in fruits. Jujuboside C is a constituent Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa.
Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is found in pulses. Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is a constituent of soybean molasses (Glycine max)
It is used as a food additive .
Penicilloic acid is a metabolite of penicillin v; penicillin g.
Hetacillin is a penicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually gram-positive, organisms. The name 'penicillin' can either refer to several variants of penicillin available, or to the group of antibiotics derived from the penicillins. Hetacillin has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of Hetacillin results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through Hetacillin binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs).
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Guggulsterone is an ingredient in many nutritional supplements. Guggulsterone is a plant sterol derived from the gum resin (guggulu) of the tree Commiphora mukul. This sterol can inhibit NF-&#954;B activation and downregulate the expression of inflammatory gene products such as COX-2 and MMP-9, which are major players in the development of arthritis. Guggulsterone also can suppress osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL (receptor activator of NF-&#954;B ligand), a bone-resorbing cytokine. The anti-inflammatory activity of C. mukul (guggul) has been compared with that of NSAIDs, namely phenylbutazone and ibuprofen. Guggulsterone is used to treat obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, and has been recently shown to antagonize the farnesoid X receptor and decrease the expression of bile acid-activated genes. It modulates activation of NF-kappaB, which has been closely linked with inflammatory diseases affected by guggulsterone. (PMID: 17475558, 15322087).
Tetrahydrocorticosterone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, tetrahydrocorticosterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is one of the major urinary metabolites from corticosterone. Premenopausal patients with early breast cancer excrete subnormal amounts of tetrahydrocorticosterone as compared with the normal subjects of corresponding ages (PMID: 1133844).
Notoginsenoside K is found in fruits. Notoginsenoside K is a constituent of Panax notoginseng (ginseng) and Cyclanthera pedata (achoccha)
Involved in C21-Steroid hormone metabolism.
Calcipotriol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic derivative of calcitriol or Vitamin D.The precise mechanism of calcipotriol in remitting psoriasis is not well-understood. However, it has been shown to have comparable affinity with calcitriol for the Vitamin D receptor, while being less than 1% as active as the calcitriol in regulating calcium metabolism. The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily, and is found on the cells of many different tissues including the thyroid, bone, kindney, and T cells of the immune system. T cells are known to play a role in psoriasis, and it is thought that the binding of calcipotriol to the VDR modulates the T cells gene transcription of cell differentiation and proliferation related genes.
Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect.
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections.
NMB acts by binding to its high affinity cell surface receptor, neuromedin B receptor (NMBR). This receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane spanning regions, hence the receptor is also denoted as a 7 transmembrane receptor (7-TMR). Upon binding several intracellular signaling pathways are triggered (see Figure 2). Neuromedin B (NMB) is a bombesin-related peptide in mammals. It was originally purified from pig spinal cord, and later shown to be present in human central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
Ginsenoside Rh6 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh6 is a constituent of leaves of Panax ginseng (ginseng).
Icatibant (Firazyr) is a peptidomimetic drug consisting of ten amino acids, which is an effective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. It has been approved in the EU for use in hereditary angioedema, and is under investigation for a number of other conditions in which bradykinin is thought to play a significant role. Icatibant currently has orphan drug status in the United States.
An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Josamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. [PubChem]The mechanism of action of macrolides such as Josamycin is via inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. This action is mainly bacteriostatic, but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations. Macrolides tend to accumulate within leukocytes, and are therefore actually transported into the site of infection.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections.
Aurasperone C is a mycotoxin pigment from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus awamor
Cefditoren is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic for oral use. It is commonly marketed under the trade name Spectracef by Cornerstone BioPharma.The bactericidal activity of cefditoren results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefditoren is stable in the presence of a variety of b-lactamases, including penicillinases and some cephalosporinases.
Estramustine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties. [PubChem]Estramustine is a derivative of estradiol with a nitrogen mustard moiety. This gives it alkylating properties. In vivo, the nitrogen mustard component is active and can alklyate DNA and other cellular components (such as tubulin components) of rapidly dividing cells. This causes DNA strandbreaks or misscoding events. This leads to apoptosis and cell death. Also, due to the drugs estrogen component, it can bind more selectively to active estrogen receptors.
Isepamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Ginsenoside Rh1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh1 is isolated from Panax species.
Ginsenoside Rh1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh1 is isolated from Panax species.
Asiaticoside is found in green vegetables. Asiaticoside is a constituent of Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)
Icatibant (Firazyr) is a peptidomimetic drug consisting of ten amino acids, which is an effective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B2 receptors. It has been approved in the EU for use in hereditary angioedema, and is under investigation for a number of other conditions in which bradykinin is thought to play a significant role. Icatibant currently has orphan drug status in the United States.
Lymecycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution.Lymecycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Lymecycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Cells become resistant to lymecycline by at least two mechanisms: efflux and ribosomal protection. In efflux, a resistance gene encodes a membrane protein that actively pumps lymecycline out of the cell. This is the mechanism of action of the tetracycline resistance gene on the artificial plasmid pBR322. In ribosomal protection, a resistance gene encodes a protein which binds to the ribosome and prevents lymecycline from acting on the ribosome.
Safflomin A is found in fats and oils. Safflomin A is a pigment from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius
Astilbin is found in alcoholic beverages. Astilbin is a constituent of Vitis vinifera (wine grape).Astilbin is a flavanonol, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, Clusiaceae, subfamily Hypericoideae, formerly often considered a full family Hypericaceae), in Dimorphandra mollis (Fava d'anta, Fabaceae), in the the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis (Hypericaceae), in the rhizome of Astilbe thunbergii, in the root of Astilbe odontophylla(Saxifragaceae) and in the rhizone of Smilax glabra (Chinaroot, Smilacaceae).
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Eleutheroside D is found in tea. Eleutheroside D is a constituent of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) senticosus).
Nomilin is found in citrus. Nomilin is a constituent of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
Madecassoside is found in green vegetables. Madecassoside is isolated from whole plants of Centella asiatica (Ji Xue Cao).
Erinacine F is found in mushrooms. Erinacine F is a metabolite of Hericium erinaceum (lions mane
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) is found in herbs and spices. 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) is a constituent of the fruit of allspice (Pimenta dioica)
Plicamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It has been used in the treatment of testicular cancer, Paget's disease of bone, and, rarely, the management of hypercalcemia. The manufacturer discontinued plicamycin in 2000. Plicamycin is presumed to inhibit cellular and enzymic RNA synthesis by forming a complex with DNA. Plicamycin may also lower calcium serum levels by inhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone upon osteoclasts or by blocking the hypercalcemic action of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D.
(20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is found in tea. (20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is isolated from Panax ginseng (ginseng).
Nomilin is found in citrus. Nomilin is a constituent of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi)
Dalfopristin is a combination of two antibiotics (Dalfopristin and quinupristin) used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. It is not effective against Enterococcus faecalis infections. Dalfopristin inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis in the bacterial ribosome and quinupristin inhibits the late phase of protein synthesis.
1-Methyladenosine, also known as M1A, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Precise m6A mapping by m6A-CLIP/IP (briefly m6A-CLIP) revealed that a majority of m6A locates in the last exon of mRNAs in multiple tissues/cultured cells of mouse and human, and the m6A enrichment around stop codons is a coincidence that many stop codons locate round the start of last exons where m6A is truly enriched. The methylation of adenosine is directed by a large m6A methyltransferase complex containing METTL3 as the SAM-binding sub-unit. Insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 (IGF2BP1-3) are reported as a novel class of m6A readers.
Selective A2 adenosine receptor agonist; potent coronary vasodilator; weak inhibitor of adenosine uptake by rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes; used as a vasodilator agent; is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, acting at its four G protein coupled receptors. Topical treatment of adenosine to foot wounds in diabetes mellitus has been shown in lab animals to drastically increase tissue repair and reconstruction. Topical administration of adenosine for use in wound healing deficiencies and diabetes mellitus in humans is currently under clinical investigation. Adenosine is a nucleoside comprised of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a beta-N9-glycosidic bond.
Isomelitric acid A is found in herbs and spices. Isomelitric acid A is a constituent of the leaves of Thymus vulgaris (thyme).
(S)-Angelicain is found in fats and oils. (S)-Angelicain is a constituent of Angelica archangelica (angelica)
(3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is found in nuts. (3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is a constituent of Pistacia vera (pistachio)
16-Acetylpriverogenin A is found in herbs and spices. Sapogenin from Primula veris (cowslip
Jujuboside B1 is found in fruits. Jujuboside B1 is isolated from seeds of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date).
Eriocitrin is a flavonoid glycoside that can be found in plants like Citrus grandis, Citrus limon, Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita, Thymus vulgaris. It shows important antioxidant activities.
Methylprotodioscin is found in herbs and spices. Methylprotodioscin is isolated from seeds of Trigonella caerulea (sweet trefoil) and Asparagus officinalis (asparagus).
Naringenin-7-O-glucuronide is an orange/orange juice metabolite in urine.
Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931
Rebaudioside D is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Ubiquinone-2 is a member of the chemical class known as Polyprenylbenzoquinones. These are compounds containing a polyisoprene chain attached to a quinone at the second ring position. Ubiquione-2 has just 2 isoprene units. Normally in humans it has 10. Ubiquinone-2 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Ubiquionone 10. Ubiquionone is involved in cellular respiration. It is fat-soluble and is therefore mobile in cellular membranes; it plays a unique role in the electron transport chain (ETC). In the inner bacterial membrane, electrons from NADH and succinate pass through the ETC to the oxygen, which is then reduced to water. The transfer of electrons through ETC results in the pumping of H+ across the membrane creating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used by ATP synthase (located on the membrane) to generate ATP.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a natural steroid hormone produced from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. DHEA is also produced in the gonads, adipose tissue, and the brain. DHEA is structurally similar to and is a precursor of, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and estrogen. It is the most abundant hormone in the human body. Most of DHEA is sulfated (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or DHEA-S) before secretion. DHEA-S is the sulfated version of DHEA; this conversion is reversibly catalyzed by sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) primarily in the adrenals, the liver, and small intestines. In blood, most DHEA is found as DHEA-S with levels that are about 300 times higher than free DHEA. Blood measurements of DHEA-S/DHEA are useful to detect excess adrenal activity as seen in adrenal cancer or hyperplasia, including certain forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have normal or mildly elevated levels of DHEA-S.
Dioscorine is found in root vegetables. Dioscorine is an alkaloid from the tubers of wild yam Dioscorea hispid
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Quercetin 3-galactoside is found in alcoholic beverages. Quercetin 3-galactoside occurs widely in plants, e.g. in apple peel and Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort).Hyperoside is the 3-O-galactoside of quercetin. It is a medicinally active compound that can be isolated from Drosera rotundifolia, from the Stachys plant, from Prunella vulgaris, from Rumex acetosella and from St John's wort. (Wikipedia
5-pentacosenylresorcinol is a member of the class of compounds known as resorcinols. Resorcinols are compounds containing a resorcinol moiety, which is a benzene ring bearing two hydroxyl groups at positions 1 and 3. 5-pentacosenylresorcinol is practically insoluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 5-pentacosenylresorcinol can be found in breakfast cereal and common wheat, which makes 5-pentacosenylresorcinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester is found in alcoholic beverages. Taraxinic acid glucosyl ester is a constituent of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion).
N-Desmethyl tapentadol is a metabolite of tapentadol. Tapentadol (trade name Nucynta, Palexia, In India - ZYNTAP) is a centrally acting analgesic with a dual mode of action as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It is also an agonist of the σ2 receptor, though the function of this orphan receptor remains controversial. While its analgesic actions have been compared to tramadol and oxycodone, its general potency is somewhere between tramadol and morphine in effectiveness. (Wikipedia)
11-Deoxycorticosterone (also called desoxycortone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, DOC, or simply deoxycorticosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is classified as a member of the 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Deoxycorticosterone is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Deoxycorticosterone can be synthesized from progesterone by 21-beta-hydroxylase and is then converted to corticosterone by 11-beta-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase. Deoxycorticosterone stimulates the collecting tubules in the kidney to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does. Deoxycorticosterone has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone and about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone (Wikipedia). Deoxycorticosterone can be found throughout all human tissues and has been detected in amniotic fluid and blood. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycorticosterone can act as a hypertensive agent and a metabotoxin. A hypertensive agent increases blood pressure and causes the production of more urine. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.  Chronically high levels of deoxycorticosterone are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and with adrenal tumors producing deoxycorticosterone (PMID: 20671982). High levels of this mineralocorticoid are associated with resistant hypertension, which can result in polyuria, polydipsia, increased blood volume, edema, and cardiac enlargement. Deoxycorticosterone can be used to treat adrenal insufficiency. In particular, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's disease.
4-Ethylphenol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1-hydroxy-4-alkyl benzenoids. These are phenols that are substituted by an alkyl group at the para-position. 4-Ethylphenol exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 4-Ethylphenol is an alcohol tasting compound. 4-Ethylphenol has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as arabica coffee, beers, corns, milk (cow), and red raspberries. 4-Ethylphenol is a potentially toxic compound, capable of producing respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, shock, ventricular tachycardia, and coma in an adult. Liver, lung, central nervous system and renal injury may also occur. In case of exposure to eyes, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Monitor for respiratory distress in case of inhalation exposure. Systemic manifestations of toxicity may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, tachypnea, pallor, and profuse sweating.
(S)-2,3-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyacetyl)-2-isopropenylbenzofuran is found in fats and oils. (S)-2,3-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxyacetyl)-2-isopropenylbenzofuran is a constituent of Madia sativa (Chile tarweed)
deaminated metabolite of glutamine in csf of patients with hepatic coma; intermediate in the detoxification of ammonia in brain; structure.
4-(2 Amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate is found in the tryptophan metabolic pathway and is an intermediate in tryptophan degradation [Kegg: C05645]. More specifically it is an intermediate in the conversion of 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine to xanthurenate. The conversion is catalyzed by kynurenine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.7).
4'-O-Methylepicatechin 7-O-glucuronide (4ME7G) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides. These are phenolic compounds containing a flavonoid moiety which is O-glycosidically linked to glucuronic acid at the C7-position. 4'-O-Methyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-glucuronide is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). (−)-Epicatechin is taken up by Caco-2 cells (i.e. intestinal epithelial cells) and intracellularly metabolized into many products including 4ME7G (PMID: 24717599). 4ME7G is a cocoa metabolite from gut microflora. It has been found in urine.
MG(0:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
Cefdinir (marketed by Abbott Laboratories under the brand name Omnicef) is a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic in the third generation of the cephalosporin class, proven effective for common bacterial infections of the ear, sinus, throat, and skin. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December of 1997.
6''-O-Caffeoylastragalin is found in green vegetables. 6''-O-Caffeoylastragalin is a constituent of young bracken fronds (Pteridium aquilinium)
Ginsenoside Rh1 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh1 is isolated from Panax species.
Methylprotodioscin is found in herbs and spices. Methylprotodioscin is isolated from seeds of Trigonella caerulea (sweet trefoil) and Asparagus officinalis (asparagus).
Jujuboside B1 is found in fruits. Jujuboside B1 is isolated from seeds of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date).
Phenethyl 6-galloylglucoside is found in green vegetables. Phenethyl 6-galloylglucoside is isolated from Rosa damascena (damask rose
Avenanthramide 2s is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Isopulegone caffeate is found in fats and oils. Isopulegone caffeate is a constituent of Perilla frutescens var. crispa
Midodrine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of hypotension. [PubChem]Midodrine forms an active metabolite, desglymidodrine, that is an alpha<sub>1</sub>-agonist, and exerts its actions via activation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors of the arteriolar and venous vasculature, producing an increase in vascular tone and elevation of blood pressure. Desglymidodrine does not stimulate cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors.
N-(1-Deoxy-1-fructosyl)glycine is classified as a Natural Food Constituent (code WA) in the DFC.
Caffeoylmalic acid is found in common bean. Caffeoylmalic acid is isolated from leaves of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and from Trifolium pratense (red clover
Charine is found in bitter gourd. Charine is an alkaloid from the unripe fruit of Momordica charantia (bitter melon).
DG(8:0/18:0/0:0) belongs to the family of Diacylglycerols. These are glycerolipids lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acyl group is esterified. DG(8:0/18:0/0:0) is also a substrate of diacylglycerol kinase. It is involved in the phospholipid metabolic pathway.
Octadecanedioic acid, also known as 1,18-octadecanedioate or octadecane-1,18-dioate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. In the case of octadecanedioic acid, it has carboxyl groups at both ends of the chain, not just one.  Octadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water).  Octadecanedioic acid is a long-chain dicarboxylic acid normally not found in humans that has been identified in the blood serum in Reye's syndrome patients (PMID:¬†3746531).  There may also be an association with colorectal cancer (PMID: 25037050).
Dimethicone, also known as ((CH3)3Si)2O or HMDSO, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as disiloxanes. These are organosilicon compounds with the general formula H[Si](R)(R')O[Si](H)(R'')R''' (R= organyl, R'-R'''= H or organyl). Dimethicone is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as carobs, lettuces, and common salsifies. Dimethicone has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as black walnuts, sweet bay, asparagus, ceylon cinnamons, and hyssops. This could make dimethicone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. An organosiloxane consisting of two trimethylsilyl groups covalently bound to a central oxygen.
Quercetin 3'-glucuronide is a metabolite of the dietary flavonols found in plasma and urine.
5-Heptadecyl-1,3-benzenediol is found in barley. 5-Heptadecyl-1,3-benzenediol is isolated from cereal grains.
Dinorcapsaicin is found in herbs and spices. Dinorcapsaicin is a constituent of red pepper (Capsicum annuum)
Cefmenoxime is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. [Wikipedia]The bactericidal activity of cefmenoxime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Cefmenoxime is stable in the presence of a variety of b-lactamases, including penicillinases and some cephalosporinases.
5,6-Epoxy-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid is an Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), a metabolite of arachidonic acid. The epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are endogenous lipid mediators produced by P450 epoxygenases and metabolized through multiple pathways including soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). The cytochrome P-450 (P450) monooxygenase pathway includes enzymes of the CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2E, and CYP2J subfamilies that catalyze the formation of four regioisomeric products, 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. EETs are produced in brain and perform important biological functions, including protection from ischemic injury. Both light flashes and direct glial stimulation produce vasodilatation mediated by EETs. EETs may be involved in the development of hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in DOCA-salt rats, but not in excessive collagen deposition or electrophysiological abnormalities. EETs have vasodilator and natriuretic effect. Blockade of EET formation is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. (PMID: 17494091, 17468203, 17434916, 17406062, 17361113).
R-138727 is only found in individuals that have used or taken Prasugrel. R-138727 is a metabolite of Prasugrel. R-138727 belongs to the family of Phenylmethylamines. These are compounds containing a phenylmethtylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted by an methanamine.
gamma-CEHC (gamma-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman) is a metabolite of vitamin E. Smokers have a significantly higher excretion level of urinary gamma-CEHC, and therefore require more vitamin E compared to non-smokers. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased oxidative stress and increased risk of degenerative disease. As the major lipophilic antioxidant, requirements for vitamin E may also be higher in smokers due to increased utilization (PMID: 15493460).
3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin is a member of the class of compounds known as flavonoid c-glycosides. Flavonoid c-glycosides are compounds containing a carbohydrate moiety which is C-glycosidically linked to the 2-phenylchromen-4-one flavonoid backbone. 3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin can be found in corn, which makes 3'-deoxyderhamnosylmaysin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
Pyriminobac-methyl is a herbicide used on rice.
Auranofin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a organogold compound classified by the World Health Organization as an antirheumatic agent. Auranofin appears to induce heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA. Heme oxygenase 1 is an inducible heme-degrading enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties.Exactly how auranofin works is not well understood. It may act as an inhibitor of kappab kinase and thioredoxin reductase which would lead to a decreased immune response and decreased free radical production, respectively. In patients with inflammatory arthritis, such as adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gold salts can decrease the inflammation of the joint lining. This effect can prevent destruction of bone and cartilage.
Cefpodoxime is an oral third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against most Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It is commonly used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug which is absorbed and de-esterified by the intestinal mucosa to Cefpodoxime.
2-O-Caffeoylarbutin is found in fruits. 2-O-Caffeoylarbutin is isolated from leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (mountain cranberry
Edultin is found in green vegetables. Edultin is a constituent of Angelica edulis
Cavipetin A is found in mushrooms. Cavipetin A is a constituent of the edible mushroom Boletinus cavipes
3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol is one of the tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. The 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) is responsible for the interconversion of both the hormonally inactive cortisone and the active cortisol, which has implications in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, as reflected in the ratio of tetrahydrometabolites of cortisol. (PMID: 16310418). The daily excretion of allotetrahydrocortisol is above normal in hyperthyroid patients; In contrast, in hyperthyroidism the excretion is diminished below normal levels to approximately half that of normal subjects. (PMID 13906284). A decreased activity of the enzyme 11beta-HSD produces a pattern of urinary steroid metabolites with an abnormal elevation of tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol compared to tetrahydrocortisone; this pattern of steroid excretion is essential for the diagnosis of the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess type 1. (PMID: 8834992).
Dalfopristin is a combination of two antibiotics (Dalfopristin and quinupristin) used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. It is not effective against Enterococcus faecalis infections. Dalfopristin inhibits the early phase of protein synthesis in the bacterial ribosome and quinupristin inhibits the late phase of protein synthesis.
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice
Quercetin 3-(4''-acetylrhamnoside) 7-rhamnoside is found in fruits. Quercetin 3-(4''-acetylrhamnoside) 7-rhamnoside is isolated from Mespilus germanica (European medlar).
Clionasterol is a triterpenoid isolated from the Indian marine red alga Gracilaria edulis, the sponge Veronica aerophoba and the Kenyan Marine Green. Macroalga Halimeda macroloba. It is a potent inhibitor of complement component C1. (PMID 12624828).
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
Smilagenone is found in root vegetables. Smilagenone is a constituent of the wild yam Dioscorea deltoidea.
Humulinic acid B is found in alcoholic beverages. Humulinic acid B is a constituent of hops
Ganoderenic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderenic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Annoglabasin F is found in alcoholic beverages. Annoglabasin F is a constituent of Annona glabra (pond apple)
2-Oxo-5,11(13)-eudesmadien-12,8-olide is found in herbs and spices. 2-Oxo-5,11(13)-eudesmadien-12,8-olide is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane)
OP-1118 is a metabolite of fidaxomicin. Fidaxomicin (trade name Dificid, and previously OPT-80 and PAR-101) is the first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic drugs. It is a fermentation product obtained from the actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subspecies hamdenesis. (Wikipedia)
Irinotecan is an antineoplastic enzyme inhibitor primarily used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is a derivative of camptothecin that inhibits the action of topoisomerase I. Irinotecan prevents religation of the DNA strand by binding to topoisomerase I-DNA complex, and causes double-strand DNA breakage and cell death.
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
16-Dehydroprogesterone, also known as delta.16-progesterone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 20-oxosteroids. These are steroid derivatives carrying a C=O group at the 20-position of the steroid skeleton. Thus, 16-dehydroprogesterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 16-Dehydroprogesterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral.
Lutein is a common carotenoid xanthophyll found in nature. Carotenoids are among the most common pigments in nature and are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Lutein is one of the two carotenoids (the other is zeaxanthin) that accumulate in the eye lens and macular region of the retina with concentrations in the macula greater than those found in plasma and other tissues. Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but they are not stereoisomers. The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings. This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two. A relationship between macular pigment optical density, a marker of lutein and zeaxanthin concentration in the macula, and lens optical density, an antecedent of cataractous changes, has been suggested. The xanthophylls may act to protect the eye from ultraviolet phototoxicity via quenching reactive oxygen species and/or other mechanisms. Some observational studies have shown that generous intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin, particularly from certain xanthophyll-rich foods like spinach, broccoli, and eggs, are associated with a significant reduction in the risk for cataracts (up to 20%) and age-related macular degeneration (up to 40%). While the pathophysiology of cataract and age-related macular degeneration is complex and contains both environmental and genetic components, research studies suggest dietary factors including antioxidant vitamins and xanthophylls may contribute to a reduction in the risk of these degenerative eye diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these observations (PMID: 11023002).
Ximelagatran (Exanta or Exarta, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively as a replacement for warfarin that would overcome the problematic dietary, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with warfarin therapy. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would not attempt to market ximelagatran after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and to discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved.
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
Artesunate is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may, therefore, be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system (DrugBank).
Ketoprofen glucuronide is a natural human metabolite of ketoprofen generated in the liver by UDP glucuonyltransferase. Glucuronidation is used to assist in the excretion of toxic substances, drugs or other substances that cannot be used as an energy source. Glucuronic acid is attached via a glycosidic bond to the substance, and the resulting glucuronide, which has a much higher water solubility than the original substance, is eventually excreted by the kidneys.
A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]
Josamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces narbonensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens. [PubChem]The mechanism of action of macrolides such as Josamycin is via inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. This action is mainly bacteriostatic, but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations. Macrolides tend to accumulate within leukocytes, and are therefore actually transported into the site of infection.
16-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, also known as 16A OH-Preg or (3beta,16alpha)-3,16-dihydroxypregn-5-en-20-one, is classified as a gluco/mineralocorticoid, a progestogin or aprogestogin derivative. Gluco/mineralocorticoids are steroids with a structure based on a hydroxylated prostane moiety. Thus, 16-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone is a steroid or more correctly a 16alpha-hydroxy steroid. 16-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone is also classified as a hydroxypregnenolone. A hydroxypregnenolone is a pregnenolone substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 16. It is a steroid molecule that is produced by all vertebrates. In humans, 16-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone can be found primarily in blood, urine and in human umbilical cord tissue. 16-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone is a normal urinary metabolite with increased total excretion in newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (PMID 6980322). It is therefore an important urinary marker for the occurrence of an adrenal 21-hydroxylase-deficiency. Its levels are an indication for the effectiveness of medication (cortisol supplement) against this disease. (PMID: 10399855).
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections.
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Gambogic acid is found in fruits. Gambogic acid is isolated from Gamboge resin (exudate of Garcinia morella).
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
(3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is found in nuts. (3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is a constituent of Pistacia vera (pistachio)
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Tylosin is used in treatment of cattle, swine and mycoplasmas in poultry Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae
Edultin is found in green vegetables. Edultin is a constituent of Angelica edulis
Maltotriose is a trisaccharide (three-part sugar) consisting of three glucose molecules linked with α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is most commonly produced by the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (a common enzyme in human saliva) on amylose in starch. The creation of both maltotriose and maltose during this process is due to the random manner in which alpha amylase hydrolyses α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. It is the shortest chain oligosaccharide that can be classified as maltodextrin. Maltotriose belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Maltotriose is a common oligosaccharide metabolite found in human urine after maltose ingestion or infusion (PMID:6645121). Maltotriose is increased in glycogen storage disease II (OMIM: 232300) due to a mutation of the enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) (PMID:4286143).
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
Adrenic acid, also known as 7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid or adrenate, is a member of the class of compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. Very long-chain fatty acids are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains at least 22 carbon atoms. Adrenic acid is practically insoluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Adrenic acid can be found in blood and in human myelin tissue. Within the cell, adrenic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm, in the membrane (predicted from logP), and in the peroxisome. It can also be found in the extracellular space. In humans, adrenic acid is involved in alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism. Docosatetraenoic acid designates any straight chain 22:4 fatty acid. In particular, all-cis-7,10,13,16-docosatetraenoic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid with the trivial name adrenic acid (AdA). This is a naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acid formed through a 2-carbon chain elongation of arachidonic acid. It is one of the most abundant fatty acids in the early human brain. This unsaturated fatty acid is also metabolized by cells into biologically active products, such as dihomoprostaglandins and dihomo-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (dihomo-EETs) (Wikipedia). Adrenic acid, which is a prostacyclin inhibitor, appears to be a potential prothrombotic agent (PMID: 1642692).
Stearidonyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine. Numerous disorders have been described that lead to disturbances in energy production and in intermediary metabolism in the organism which are characterized by the production and excretion of unusual acylcarnitines. A mutation in the gene coding for carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase or the OCTN2 transporter aetiologically causes a carnitine deficiency that results in poor intestinal absorption of dietary L-carnitine, its impaired reabsorption by the kidney and, consequently, in increased urinary loss of L-carnitine. Determination of the qualitative pattern of acylcarnitines can be of diagnostic and therapeutic importance. The betaine structure of carnitine requires special analytical procedures for recording. The ionic nature of L-carnitine causes a high water solubility which decreases with increasing chain length of the ester group in the acylcarnitines. Therefore, the distribution of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in various organs is defined by their function and their physico-chemical properties as well. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) permits screening for free and total carnitine, as well as complete quantitative acylcarnitine determination, including the long-chain acylcarnitine profile. (PMID: 17508264, Monatshefte fuer Chemie (2005), 136(8), 1279-1291., Int J Mass Spectrom. 1999;188:39-52.).
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
Succinyladenosine (SAdo) is one of the dephosphorylated enzyme substrate that accumulates in body fluids of patients with adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiency, the other being 5-amino-4-imidazole-N-succinocarboxamide riboside (SAICAr). ADSL is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by various degrees of psychomotor retardation (PMID 15902552). The severity of the clinical presentation correlates with a low S-Ado/SAICAr ratio in body fluids (PMID: 15571235). Normally Succinyladenosine is not found in blood or CSF but may be detected in trace amounts in urine (OMIM 103050). Succinyladenosine is also found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, another inborn error of metabolism.
5-Androstene-3b,16b,17a-triol is an steroid found in the urine of human pregnancy (PMID 4452739), in the urine of newborns and infants (PMID 5126818), and in the mono- and disulfate fractions of human bile. (PMID 5410667).
Eleutheroside D is found in tea. Eleutheroside D is a constituent of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) senticosus).
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
(7'S,8'S)-4,7'-Epoxy-3,8'-bilign-7-ene-3',5-dimethoxy-4',9,9'-triol 4'-glucoside is found in fruits. (7'S,8'S)-4,7'-Epoxy-3,8'-bilign-7-ene-3',5-dimethoxy-4',9,9'-triol 4'-glucoside is a constituent of Fortunella japonica (round kumquat).
Halobetasol propionate is thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. It is used for the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.
N-Acetyllactosamine, also known as galb1-4glcnacb or lacnac, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acylaminosugars. These are organic compounds containing a sugar linked to a chain through N-acyl group. N-Acetyllactosamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans.
4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is found in fruits. 4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is isolated from acid hydrolysate of peach gum.
Rebaudioside D is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Matesaponin 4 is found in tea. Matesaponin 4 is a constituent of mat leaf (Ilex paraguariensis).
Corilagin is a member of the class of compounds known as ellagitannins, a class of hydrolyzable tannins. Hydrolyzable tannins are tannins with a structure characterized by either of the following models: (1) a structure containing galloyl units (in some cases, shikimic acid units) linked to diverse polyol carbohydrate, catechin, or triterpenoid units, or (2) a structure containing at least two galloyl units C-C coupled to each other and not containing a glycosidically linked catechin unit. Corilagin is slightly soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Corilagin can be found in pomegranate, which makes corilagin a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product. Corilagin was first isolated in 1951 from Dividivi extract and from Caesalpinia coriaria, hence the name of the molecule. It can also be found in Alchornea glandulosa and in the leaves of Punica granatum (pomegranate) (Wikipedia). Corilagin has been shown to exhibit thrombolytic function (PMID: 14750026).
Human metabolite of a-Tocopherol <ht>BDR14-R</ht
Ganoderic acid H is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid H is from Ganoderma lucidum (reishi
Dulcoside A is present in <i>Stevia rebaudiana</i> (stevia) extracts.
Artemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of <i>Plasmodium spp.</i> and may be used to treat infections caused by <i>P. falciparum</i> and unidentified <i>Plasmodium</i> species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.
Gadopentetic acid, also known as gadopentetate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly five carboxyl groups. Gadopentetic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect.
Vinblastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death.
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Octyl gallate is an antioxidant used in margarin
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit. Hesperidin is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of Citrus cultivation and is the major flavonoid in sweet orange and lemon. In young immature oranges it can account for up to 14% of the fresh weight of the fruit due to vitamin C deficiency such as bruising due to capillary fragility were found in early studies to be relieved by crude vitamin C extract but not by purified vitamin C. The bioflavonoids, formerly called "vitamin P", were found to be the essential components in correcting this bruising tendency and improving the permeability and integrity of the capillary lining. These bioflavonoids include hesperidin, citrin, rutin, flavones, flavonols, catechin and quercetin. Of historical importance is the observation that "citrin", a mixture of two flavonoids, eriodictyol and hesperidin, was considered to possess a vitamin-like activity, as early as in 1949. Hesperidin deficiency has since been linked with abnormal capillary leakiness as well as pain in the extremities causing aches, weakness and night leg cramps. Supplemental hesperidin also helps in reducing oedema or excess swelling in the legs due to fluid accumulation. As with other bioflavonoids, hesperidin works best when administered concomitantly with vitamin C. No signs of toxicity have been observed with normal intake of hesperidin. Hesperidin was first discovered in 1827, by Lebreton, but not in a pure state and has been under continuous investigation since then (PMID:11746857).
Artesunate is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may, therefore, be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system (DrugBank).
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. It may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Naringin, also known as naringoside or naringin hydrate, is a flavanone-7-O-glycoside between the flavanone naringenin and the disaccharide neohesperidose. Naringin belongs to the flavonoid family. Flavonoids consist of 15 carbon atoms in 3 rings, 2 of which must be benzene rings connected by a 3 carbon chain.  Naringin contains the basic flavonoid structure along with one rhamnose and one glucose unit attached to its aglycone portion, called naringenin, at the 7-carbon position. The steric hindrance provided by the two sugar units makes naringin less potent than its aglycone counterpart, naringenin. Naringin is a bitter tasting compound. Naringin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as rosemaries, grapefruit/pummelo hybrids, and grapefruits and in a lower concentration in grape wines, pummelo, and beers. Naringin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as citrus, limes, herbs and spices, common oregano, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). Both naringin and hesperetin, which are the aglycones of naringin and hesperidin, occur naturally in citrus fruits. Naringin is the major flavonoid glycoside in grapefruit and gives grapefruit juice its bitter taste. Narinigin exerts a variety of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant activity, blood lipid-lowering, anticarcinogenic activity, and inhibition of selected cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, which may result in several drug interactions in-vitro.
A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [PubChem]
Natamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically. [PubChem]Like other polyene antibiotics, Natamycin inhibits fungal growth by binding to sterols. Specifically, Natamycin binds to ergosterol in the plasma membrane, preventing ergosterol-dependent fusion of vacuoles, as well as membrane fusion and fission. This differs from the mechanism of most other polyene antibiotics, which tend to work by altering fungal membrane permeability instead.
Artesunate is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may, therefore, be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system (DrugBank).
Flunisolide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a corticosteroid often prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis.Flunisolide is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Flunisolide binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.
Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931
Mestranol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the 3-methyl ether of ethinyl estradiol. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL contraceptives. [PubChem]Mestranol is the 3-methyl ether of ethinylestradiol. Ethinylestradiol, is a synthetic derivative of estradiol. Ethinylestradiol is orally bio-active and the estrogen used in almost all modern formulations of combined oral contraceptive pills. It binds to (and activates) the estrogen receptor. Mestranol is a biologically inactive prodrug of ethinylestradiol to which it is demethylated in the liver with a conversion efficiency of 70%.Estrogens diffuse into their target cells and interact with a protein receptor. Target cells include the female reproductive tract, the mammary gland, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary. Estrogens increase the hepatic synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), and other serum proteins and suppress follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. The combination of an estrogen with a progestin suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary system, decreasing the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
alpha-Spinasterol is found in alfalfa. alpha-Spinasterol is a constituent of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), alfalfa meal, pumpkin seeds and senega root.
Tetrahydrocorticosterone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, tetrahydrocorticosterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is one of the major urinary metabolites from corticosterone. Premenopausal patients with early breast cancer excrete subnormal amounts of tetrahydrocorticosterone as compared with the normal subjects of corresponding ages (PMID: 1133844).
Oleuropein is found in fruits. Oleuropein is a bitter principle of olives. Nutriceutical with antioxidant properties.Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree (and leaves of privet) together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. All these compounds are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid that are further hydroxylated and glycosylated. Oleuropein and its metabolite hydroxytyrosol have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro and give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste. Oleuropein preparations have been claimed to strengthen the immune system
(3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is found in nuts. (3beta,11alpha,13beta)-3,11,13-Oleananetriol is a constituent of Pistacia vera (pistachio)
cis-4-Decenoic acid, also known as obtusilic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. cis-4-Decenoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. 4-Decenoic acid (and other intermediates of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation) has been found in increased amounts in liver, skeletal muscle, and heart obtained post mortem from patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), and very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCADD) (PMID: 11486898).
beta-Elemonic acid is found in herbs and spices. beta-Elemonic acid is a constituent of elemi resin. beta-Elemonic acid is a flavouring agent
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
Crustecdysone is found in crustaceans. Crustecdysone is isolated from the marine crayfish Jasus lalandei in low yield (2 mg/ton
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is found in herbs and spices. beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside is a constituent of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) leaves.
(20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is found in tea. (20R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is isolated from Panax ginseng (ginseng).
1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Cabazitaxel is a prescription anti-cancer medicine used with the steroid medicine prednisone. Cabazitaxel is used to treat people with prostate cancer that has progressed after treatment with other anti-cancer medicines, including docetaxel. Cabazitaxel is prepared by semi-synthesis with a precursor extracted from yew needles (10-deacetylbaccatin III). It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 17, 2010.
Nootkatol (cis or trans) is known to produce during synthetic (+)-nootkatone production from (+)-valencene by oxidation. Nootkatol is also reported as a precursor in several enzymatic oxidation of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. Nootkatone is an important oxidised sesquiterpene used in flavour and fragrance industry. Natural (+)-nootkatone can be extracted from grapefruit.
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
Dolichin A is found in cowpea. Dolichin A is isolated from bacteria-inoculated leaves of Dolichos biflorus (papadi
5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine is only found in individuals that have used or taken tolterodine. 5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine is a metabolite of tolterodine. 5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine belongs to the family of Diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
Agnuside is found in fruits. Agnuside is isolated from Vitex agnus-castus (agnus castus).
Diosbulbin B is found in root vegetables. Diosbulbin B is a constituent of Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato).
Lubiprostone is a medication used in the management of idiopathic chronic constipation. It is a bicyclic fatty acid (prostaglandin E1 derivative) which acts by specifically activating ClC-2 chloride channels on the apical aspect of gastrointestinal epithelial cells, producing a chloride-rich fluid secretion. These secretions soften the stool, increase motility, and promote spontaneous bowel movements (SBM).
Halobetasol propionate is thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. It is used for the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.
Halobetasol propionate is thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. It is used for the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.
Ginkgolide A is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide A is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Torvoside C is found in fruits. Torvoside C is a constituent of Solanum torvum (pea eggplant)
Ginkgolide C is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide C is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid AQC2 is an alkaloid from cell cultures of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho)
Dehydropipernonaline is found in herbs and spices. Dehydropipernonaline is isolated from fruits of Piper longum (long pepper).
2,6-toluenediamine belongs to the family of Toluenes. These are compounds containing a benzene ring which bears a methane group.
Pinene (is a bicyclic monoterpene chemical compound. There are two structural isomers of pinene found in nature: alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. As the name suggests, both forms are important constituents of pine resin; they are also found in the resins of many other conifers, as well as in non-coniferous plants. Both isomers are used by many insects in their chemical communication system.
alpha-Carene is found in allspice. alpha-Carene is a flavouring ingredient.Carene, or delta-3-carene, is a bicyclic monoterpene which occurs naturally as a constituent of turpentine, with a content as high as 42% depending on the source. Carene has a sweet and pungent odor. It is not soluble in water, but miscible with fats and oils
N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, also known as (GlcNAc)2, is classified as a member of the Acylaminosugars. Acylaminosugars are organic compounds containing a sugar linked to a chain through N-acyl group. N,N'-diacetylchitobiose is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic.  N,N'-diacetylchitobiose may be a unique E.coli metabolite
N-Acetylarylamine is an odourless solid chemical of leaf or flake-like appearance. It is also known as acetanilide, N-phenylacetamide, acetanil, or acetanilid, and was formerly known by the trade name Antifebrin. N-Acetylarylamine has analgesic and fever-reducing properties; it is in the same class of drugs as acetaminophen (paracetamol). Under the name acetanilid it formerly figured in the formula of a number of patent medicines and over the counter drugs. In 1948, Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie discovered that acetanilide is much more toxic in these applications than other drugs, causing methemoglobinemia and ultimately doing damage to the liver and kidneys. As such, acetanilide has largely been replaced by less toxic drugs, in particular acetaminophen, which is a metabolite of acetanilide and whose use Axelrod and Brodie suggested in the same study.
3-Methoxymorphinan is only found in individuals that have used or taken Dextromethorphan. 3-Methoxymorphinan is a metabolite of Dextromethorphan. 3-methoxymorphinan belongs to the family of Morphinans. These are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic.
Piperazine is an organic compound that consists of a six-membered ring containing two opposing nitrogen atoms. Piperazine exists as small alkaline deliquescent crystals with a saline taste. Piperazine was introduced to medicine as a solvent for uric acid. When taken into the body the drug is partly oxidized and partly eliminated unchanged. Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved equally successful. Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953. A large number of piperazine compounds have anthelmintic action. Their mode of action is generally by paralysing parasites, which allows the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism.
p-Anisic acid, also known as 4-anisate or draconic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives. These are benzoic acids in which the hydrogen atom at position 4 of the benzene ring is replaced by a methoxy group. p-Anisic acid is a drug. p-Anisic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. p-Anisic acid is a faint, sweet, and cadaverous tasting compound. Outside of the human body, p-anisic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as anises, cocoa beans, fennels, and german camomiles. This could make p-anisic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is a white crystalline solid which is insoluble in water, highly soluble in alcohols and soluble in ether, and ethyl acetate. p-Anisic acid has antiseptic properties. It is also used as an intermediate in the preparation of more complex organic compounds. It is generally obtained by the oxidation of anethole or p-methoxyacetophenone. The term "anisic acid" often refers to this form specifically. p-Anisic acid is found naturally in anise.
Negletein 6-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-fucoside] is found in herbs and spices. Negletein 6-[rhamnosyl-(1->2)-fucoside] is a constituent of oregano (Origanum vulgare)
Angiotensin III (AngIII) is one of the N-terminal angiotensin degradation products of angiotensin II. AngIII shares some of its properties with Ang II, including chemotaxis and production of growth factors and chemokines. AngIII generated within the brain acts within neural circuits of the central nervous system to regulate body fluid balance. The stimulation of vasopressin release by AngIII is thought to be one of the mechanisms by which AngIII controls volume homeostasis under conditions of hypovolemia, by reducing renal water loss and increasing blood pressure. Brain aminopeptidase A, the enzyme forming central AngIII, could constitute a putative central therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension. (PMID: 17210474, 11751722, 11295571).
Bifonazole is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an azole antifungal drug. [Wikipedia]Bifonazole works by inhibiting the production of a substance called ergosterol, which is an essential component of fungal cell membranes.It acts to destabilize the fungal cyctochrome p450 51 enzyme (also known as Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase). This is vital in the cell membrance structure of the fungus. Its inhibition leads to cell lysis. The disruption in production of ergosterol disrupts the cell membrane and causes holes to appear. The cell membranes of fungi are vital for their survival. They keep unwanted substances from entering the cells and stop the contents of the cells from leaking out. As bifonazole causes holes to appear in the cell membranes, essential constituents of the fungal cells can leak out. This kills the fungi.
Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely marketed under various trademarks including Act-3, Advil, Brufen, Motrin, Nuprin, and Nurofen. It is used for relief of symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhoea, and fever; Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There are at least 2 variations of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity are achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen inhibits platelet aggregation, but is not used therapeutically for this action since it is a minor and reversible effect. -- Wikipedia.
Mefenamic acid is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. [PubChem]Mefenamic acid binds the prostaglandin synthetase receptors COX-1 and COX-2, inhibiting the action of prostaglandin synthetase. As these receptors have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity, the symptoms of pain are temporarily reduced.
Lercanidipine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine class. It is sold under various commercial names including Zanidip.By deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Lercanidipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes The decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, causing dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, increased oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue, decreased total peripheral resistance, decreased systemic blood pressure, and decreased afterload.
2-Aminoquinoline is found in mushrooms. 2-Aminoquinoline is an alkaloid from the mushroom Leucopaxillus aebissimus var. paradoxus form albiformis (of unknown palatability).
Cortisone acetate is a steroid hormone that has both glucocoriticoid and mineral corticoid activities. Corticosteroids are used to provide relief for inflamed areas of the body. They lessen swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions. They are often used as part of the treatment for a number of different diseases, such as severe allergies or skin problems, asthma, or arthritis. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein transcortin (also called CBG, corticosteroid-binding protein), whereas all of them bind albumin. Glucocorticoids also bind to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor.
Valaciclovir (INN) or valacyclovir (USAN) is an antiviral drug used in the management of herpes simplex and herpes zoster (shingles). It is a prodrug, being converted in vivo to aciclovir. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Valtrex or Zelitrex. [Wikipedia]
Stearidonyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine. Numerous disorders have been described that lead to disturbances in energy production and in intermediary metabolism in the organism which are characterized by the production and excretion of unusual acylcarnitines. A mutation in the gene coding for carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase or the OCTN2 transporter aetiologically causes a carnitine deficiency that results in poor intestinal absorption of dietary L-carnitine, its impaired reabsorption by the kidney and, consequently, in increased urinary loss of L-carnitine. Determination of the qualitative pattern of acylcarnitines can be of diagnostic and therapeutic importance. The betaine structure of carnitine requires special analytical procedures for recording. The ionic nature of L-carnitine causes a high water solubility which decreases with increasing chain length of the ester group in the acylcarnitines. Therefore, the distribution of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in various organs is defined by their function and their physico-chemical properties as well. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) permits screening for free and total carnitine, as well as complete quantitative acylcarnitine determination, including the long-chain acylcarnitine profile. (PMID: 17508264, Monatshefte fuer Chemie (2005), 136(8), 1279-1291., Int J Mass Spectrom. 1999;188:39-52.).
Noroxycodone belongs to the family of Morphinans. These are polycyclic compounds with a four-ring skeleton with three condensed six-member rings forming a partially hydrogenated phenanthrene moiety, one of which is aromatic while the two others are alicyclic.
An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of morphine, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)
N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is an intermediate in Urea cycle and metabolism of amino groups. N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde is the. second to last step in the synthesis of L-Ornithine and is converted. from N-Acetyl-L-glutamate 5-phosphate via the enzyme N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase (EC 1.2.1.38). It is then converted to N-Acetylornithine via the enzyme acetylornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.11).
Estrone is a major mammalian estrogen. The conversion of the natural C19 steroids, testosterone and androstenedione into estrone is dependent on a complex key reaction catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 aromatase (EC 1.14.14.1, unspecific monooxygenase), which is expressed in many tissues of the adult human (e.g. ovary, fat tissue), but not in the liver. The ovaries after menopause continue to produce androstenedione and testosterone in significant amounts and these androgens are converted in fat, muscle, and skin into estrone. When women between the ages of 45 and 64 years have prophylactic oophorectomy (when hysterectomy is performed for benign disease to prevent the development of ovarian cancer), evidence suggests that oophorectomy increases the subsequent risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and osteoporosis. Whereas 14,000 women die of ovarian cancer every year nearly 490,000 women die of heart disease and 48,000 women die within 1 year after hip fracture. Therefore, the decision to perform prophylactic oophorectomy should be approached with great caution for the majority of women who are at low risk of developing ovarian cancer. Steroid sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2, STS) hydrolyzes steroid sulfates, such as estrone sulfate to estrone which can be converted to steroids with potent estrogenic properties, that is, estradiol; STS activity is much higher in breast tumors and high levels of STS mRNA expression in tumors are associated with a poor prognosis. The biological roles of estrogens in tumorigenesis are certainly different between the endometrium and breast, although both are considered "estrogen-dependent tissues". 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.62, 17-HSDs) are enzymes involved in the formation of active sex steroids. estrone is interconverted by two enzymes 17-HSD types. Type 1 converts estrone to estradiol and Type 2 catalyzes the reverse reaction. (PMID: 17653961, 17513923, 17470679, 17464097).
Cortexolone, also known as cortodoxone or 11-deoxycortisol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, cortexolone is considered to be a steroid molecule. Cortexolone is an endogenous glucocorticoid steroid hormone, and a metabolic intermediate in the synthesis of cortisol. It was first described by Tadeusz Reichstein in 1938 and named as Substance S. It has also been referred to as Reichstein's Substance S or Compound S. Cortexolone acts as a glucocorticoid, though it is less potent than cortisol. Cortexolone is synthesized from 17Œ±-hydroxyprogesterone by 21-hydroxylase and is converted to cortisol by 11Œ≤-hydroxylase. As a result, the level of cortexolone is often measured in patients to diagnose impaired cortisol synthesis, to identify any enzyme deficiency that may be causing impairment along the pathway to cortisol, and to differentiate adrenal disorders. Cortexolone in mammals has limited biological activity and mainly acts as metabolic intermediate within the glucocorticoid pathway, leading to cortisol. On the other hand, in sea lampreys, cortexolone is the major glucocorticoid, with mineralocorticoid activity. Cortexolone in sea lampreys binds to specific corticosteroid receptors and is involved in intestinal osmoregulation and in sea lamprey at metamorphosis, a process in which they develop seawater tolerance before downstream migration.
Gadopentetic acid, also known as gadopentetate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly five carboxyl groups. Gadopentetic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
3-Methylcyclopentene is found in herbs and spices. 3-Methylcyclopentene is a constituent of the flowers of Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine)
Fomepizole is used as an antidote in confirmed or suspected methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the initial steps in the metabolism of ethylene glycol and methanol to their toxic metabolites.
Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin. It is also classified as a stilbenoid, a derivate of stilbene, and is produced in plants with the help of the enzyme stilbene synthase. The levels of resveratrol found in food vary greatly. Red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L depending on the grape variety, while white wine has much less. The reason for this difference is that red wine is fermented with grape skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol, whereas white wine is fermented after the skin has been removed. Resveratrol is also sold as a nutritional supplement. A number of beneficial health effects, such as anti-cancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and life-prolonging effects have been reported for resveratrol. The fact that resveratrol is found in the skin of red grapes and as a constituent of red wine may explain the "French paradox". This paradox is based on the observation that the incidence of coronary heart disease is relatively low in southern France despite high dietary intake of saturated fats. Resveratrol is thought to achieve these cardioprotective effects by a number of different routes: (1) inhibition of vascular cell adhesion molecule expression; (2) inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; (3) stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity; (4) inhibition of platelet aggregation; and (5) inhibition of LDL peroxidation (PMID: 17875315, 14676260, 9678525). Resveratrol is a biomarker for the consumption of grapes and raisins.
N-Methyl-a-aminoisobutyric acid, also known as 2-(methylamino)isobutyrate or AMAIB, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). N-Methyl-a-aminoisobutyric acid is a drug. N-Methyl-a-aminoisobutyric acid is a metabolite that is actively incorporated into the cell by the actions of Interleukin 1-beta and Interleukin 6 via sodium dependent transport systems (PMID 16202926).
Avocadyne is found in avocado. Avocadyne is a constituent of avocado (Persea americana)
Tetrahydroisoquinoline is a secondary amine with the chemical formula C9H11N.Like other secondary amines, tetrahydroisoquinoline can be oxidized to the corresponding nitrone using hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by selenium dioxide.The tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton is commonly encountered in pharmaceutical drugs, notably quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants. Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives may be formed in the body as metabolites of some drugs, and this was once thought to be involved in the development of alcoholism.This theory has now been discredited and is no longer generally accepted by the scientific community, but endogenous production of neurotoxic tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives such as norsalsolinol continue to be investigated as possible causes for some conditions such as Parkinson's disease.{from wiki).
Salsolinol belongs to the family of Isoquinolines. These are aromatic polycyclic compounds containing an isoquinoline moiety, which consists of a benzene ring fused to a pyridine ring and forming benzo[c]pyridine. Salsolinol is a biomarker for the consumption of bananas.
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formation. Also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746).
Preservative and sequestrant in foods. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, widely abbreviated as EDTA, is a polyamino carboxylic acid and a colourless, water-soluble solid. Its conjugate base is named ethylenediaminetetraacetate. It is widely used to dissolve limescale. Its usefulness arises because of its role as a hexadentate (six-toothed") ligand and chelating agent
Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt). Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled with a pyrophosphate linkage to 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. NADP serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage (Dorland, 27th ed). This extra phosphate is added by the enzyme NAD+ kinase and removed via NADP+ phosphatase. NADP is also known as TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide) and it is an important cofactor used in anabolic reactions in all forms of cellular life. Examples include the Calvin cycle, cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid elongation, and nucleic acid synthesis (Wikipedia).
Sanshodiol is found in herbs and spices. Sanshodiol is isolated from bark of Zanthoxylum piperitum (Japanese pepper tree
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Ercalcitriol is the active circulating metabolite of vitamin D2. Vitamin D2 is modified by 25-hydroxylase in the liver and 25-hydroxyvitamin D *-hydroxylase in the kidney to form the active metabolite, ercalcitriol, which is then metabolized by 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase, CYP24A1, EC 1.14.13.13). The binding of ercalcitriol or their analogs to Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor, activates VDR to interact with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and forms the VDR/RXR/cofactor complex, which binds to Vitamin D response elements in the promoter region of target genes to regulate gene transcription. The kidney is the major site of 25-hydroxyvitamin D*-hydroxylase (CYP27B1, EC 1.14.13.13), which is responsible for the activation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Of all the steroid hormones, ercalcitriol represents the most difficult challenge to the analytical biochemist with respect to quantization. Ercalcitriol circulates at pmol concentrations, is highly lipophilic and its precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, circulates at nmol levels. (PMID: 16242929, 17867378, 17197173).
Clindamycin is a semisynthetic lincosamide antibiotic that has largely replaced lincomycin due to an improved side effect profile. Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits. It may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and drug concentration.
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Sweetener
Coprosterol or coprostanol is a cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter. Coprosterol is the odorous principle of feces. It is formed from the biohydrogenation of cholesterol (cholest-5en-3&#946;-ol) in the gut of most higher animals and birds. This compound has frequently been used as a biomarker for the presence of human faecal matter in the environment. American physician Austin Flint named it stercorin (Wikipedia). The transformation of cholesterol into coprosterol in its passage through the body involves a reduction of the C5:C6 double bond, and a transition from the allocholanic- to the cholanic-ring system. Although it is established that the bacterial flora of the intestine is concerned in the reduction process, the mechanism by which the stereochemical change is brought about is unknown. Current data suggests that cholestenone and coprostanone, and not cholesterol itself, are the immediate precursors of coprosterol which is formed from them in the intestine by bacterial reduction. Coprosterol is also a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Lactobacillus (PMID: 20338415).
Ginkgolide C is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide C is a bitter principle from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Diacetoxyscirpenol is a constituent of Fusarium species Mycotoxin
Caspofungin (brand name Cancidas worldwide) is an antifungal drug, the first of a new class termed the echinocandins from Merck & Co., Inc. It shows activity against infections with Aspergillus and Candida, and works by inhibiting (1,3)-D-Glucan of the fungal cell wall. Caspofungin is administered intravenously.
Gadobenic acid, also known as gadobenate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly five carboxyl groups. Gadobenic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Methyl helianthenoate F glucoside is found in root vegetables. Methyl helianthenoate F glucoside is a constituent of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke).
18-Oxocortisol shares structural characteristics with cortisol and aldosterone and is secreted from the adrenal cortex. The plasma levels of 18-Oxocortisol are significantly higher in patients with adrenocortical disorders than in control subjects. (PMID 8013138).
Ixabepilone is an epothilone B analog developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb as a cancer drug. On October 16, 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ixabepilone for the treatment of aggressive metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer no longer responding to currently available chemotherapies. Ixabepilone is administered through injection, and will be marketed under the trade name Ixempra. [Wikipedia] Ixabepilone is a semisynthetic analogue of epothilone B. It has a lactone lactam modification that
(-)-Pyrifolidine is an alkaloid from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (quebracho).
The major repeating unit in the mannose chains of plant mannans, galacto and glucomannans. It is isolated from partial acid hydrolysates of ivory nut (Phytelephas macrocarpa) mannan, guaran (Cyamopsis sp.), palmyra palm nut mannan (Borassus flabellifer), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), lucerne (Medicago sativa) galactomannans, western hemlock wood cellulose (Tsuga heterophylla), white spruce (Picea glauca), Larix decidua, Pinus strobus and red maple (Acer rubrum) glucomannans and Pinus taeda hemicellulose. Also from the mucilage in the bulbs of Narcissus tazetta, the exocellular yeast mannan of Rhodotorula glutinis and from Sesbania aegyptiaca seed
Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice
Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects  (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining norma
ax-4''-Hydroxymaysin is found in cereals and cereal products. ax-4''-Hydroxymaysin is isolated from corn silk (Zea mays
Potentially one of the biologically important forms of Vitamin B12; formed rapidly from aquacobalamin;.
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Taraxasterol is found in alcoholic beverages. Taraxasterol is a constituent of dandelion roots (Taraxacum officinale), Roman chamomile flowers (Anthemis nobilis) and many other plants
alpha-Chaconine is found in potato. alpha-Chaconine is an alkaloid from Solanum chacoense and very many other Solanum species (Solanaceae
Asiaticoside is found in green vegetables. Asiaticoside is a constituent of Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
Physalin B is found in fruits. Physalin B is a constituent of Physalis alkekengi (winter cherry)
Phomopsin A is a mycotoxin produced by Phomopsis leptostromiformi
N-Acetyllactosamine, also known as galb1-4glcnacb or lacnac, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as acylaminosugars. These are organic compounds containing a sugar linked to a chain through N-acyl group. N-Acetyllactosamine exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans.
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (24R,25(OH)2D3) circulates in blood at concentrations about 1000 times higher than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. 24-Hydroxylase is present in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney and in virtual all target cells of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Interestingly, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is a very strong inducer of 24-hydroxylase activity and 24R,25(OH)2D3 formation. Also parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates 24-hydroxylase activity but in a tissue specific manner, i.e. inhibitory in the kidney while a synergistic effect together with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is observed in osteoblasts. Generally, 24-hydroxylation has been considered the first step in the degradation pathway of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25-(OH)D3. However, through the past decades data have accumulated that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is not merely a degradation product but has effects on its own. Classic studies have demonstrated the significance of 24R,25(OH)2D3 for normal chicken egg hatchability and calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. More recently it became apparent that 24R,25(OH)2D3 also has distinct effects on cartilage in particular the resting zone cells. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulates osteocalcin synthesis in human osteoblasts. 24R,25(OH)2D3 plays a role in bone metabolism but that it acts in concert with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to obtain an optimal effect. (PMID: 11179746).
Liquiritin is found in herbs and spices. Liquiritin is isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice
Tetrahymanol is involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Tetrahymanol is produced from squalene.
Ascorbic acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables and is an essential nutrient in human diets. It is necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. The biologically active form of ascorbic acid is vitamin C. Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin. Primates (including humans) and a few other species in all divisions of the animal kingdom, notably the guinea pig, have lost the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid and must obtain it in their food. Vitamin C functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant (PubChem). Ascorbic acid is an electron donor for enzymes involved in collagen hydroxylation, biosynthesis of carnitine and norepinephrine, tyrosine metabolism, and amidation of peptide hormones. Ascrobic acid (vitamin C) deficiency causes scurvy. The amount of vitamin C necessary to prevent scurvy may not be adequate to maintain optimal health. The ability of vitamin C to donate electrons also makes it a potent water-soluble antioxidant that readily scavenges free radicals such as molecular oxygen, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. In this setting, several mechanisms could account for a link between vitamin C and heart disease. One is the relation between LDL oxidation and vitamins C and E. Vitamin C in vitro can recycle vitamin E, which can donate electrons to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro. As the lipid-phase vitamin E is oxidized, it can be regenerated by aqueous vitamin C. Other possibilities are that vitamin C could decrease cholesterol by mechanisms not well characterized, or could improve vasodilatation and vascular reactivity, perhaps by decreasing the interactions of nitric oxide with oxidants (PMID: 10799361). Moreover, ascorbic acid is found to be associated with hyperoxalemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Ascorbic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Ketogulonicigenium (PMID: 15785002).
3-Hydroxydecanedioic acid appears in the urine of children affected with peroxisomal disorders. Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are characterized by generalized peroxisomal dysfunction due to defective assembly of the organelle and include the Zellweger, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum phenotypes (PMID 10896310).
18-Oxocortisol shares structural characteristics with cortisol and aldosterone and is secreted from the adrenal cortex. The plasma levels of 18-Oxocortisol are significantly higher in patients with adrenocortical disorders than in control subjects. (PMID 8013138).
Momordicilin is found in fruits. Momordicilin is a constituent of Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
Poncirin is found in citrus. Poncirin is isolated from Citrus specie
ax-4''-Hydroxymaysin is found in cereals and cereal products. ax-4''-Hydroxymaysin is isolated from corn silk (Zea mays
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene is a colorless liquid with chemical formula C9H12. It is a flammable aromatic hydrocarbon with a strong odor. It occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum (about 3%). It is nearly insoluble in water, but well-soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, and benzene.
Aesculin is found in barley. Vitamin C2 is generally considered a bioflavanoid, related to vitamin P Aesculin is a glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), California Buckeye (Aesculus californica) and in daphnin (the dark green resin of Daphne mezereum)
N2-Fructopyranosylarginine is found in tea. N2-Fructopyranosylarginine is a constituent of Korean red ginseng.
11-Deoxycorticosterone (also called desoxycortone, 21-hydroxyprogesterone, DOC, or simply deoxycorticosterone) is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland that possesses mineralocorticoid activity and acts as a precursor to aldosterone. It is classified as a member of the 21-hydroxysteroids. 21-hydroxysteroids are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Deoxycorticosterone is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Deoxycorticosterone can be synthesized from progesterone by 21-beta-hydroxylase and is then converted to corticosterone by 11-beta-hydroxylase. Corticosterone is then converted to aldosterone by aldosterone synthase. Deoxycorticosterone stimulates the collecting tubules in the kidney to continue to excrete potassium in much the same way that aldosterone does. Deoxycorticosterone has about 1/20 of the sodium retaining power of aldosterone and about 1/5 the potassium excreting power of aldosterone (Wikipedia). Deoxycorticosterone can be found throughout all human tissues and has been detected in amniotic fluid and blood. When present in sufficiently high levels, deoxycorticosterone can act as a hypertensive agent and a metabotoxin. A hypertensive agent increases blood pressure and causes the production of more urine. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels.  Chronically high levels of deoxycorticosterone are associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and with adrenal tumors producing deoxycorticosterone (PMID: 20671982). High levels of this mineralocorticoid are associated with resistant hypertension, which can result in polyuria, polydipsia, increased blood volume, edema, and cardiac enlargement. Deoxycorticosterone can be used to treat adrenal insufficiency. In particular, desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) is used as replacement therapy in Addison's disease.
Orotidine is a nucleoside formed by attaching orotic acid to a ribose ring via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. It is a water-soluble solid.  Orotidine is found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.  In humans, orotidine occurs as its 5'-phosphate (orotidylic acid), which is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleosides (cytidine and uridine) that are found in nucleic acids (as the nucleotides containing the bases cytosine and uracil). Orotidine itself is not a component of nucleic acid.  Orotidine monophosphate (OMP) is converted to uridine monophosphate by OMP decarboxylase, which is inhibited by mononucleotide precursors.  Large amounts of orotidine are excreted in the urine of cancer patients treated with 6-azauridine, which is one such inhibitor, indicating that the subject has increased DNA synthesis due to cancer.  Orotidine was first isolated from a mutant strain of the fungus Neurospora by A. Michael Michelson, William Drell, and Herschel K. Mitchell (PMID: 14853953).
Urolithin B is a secondary metabolite of ellagic acid which may be glucuronidated by liver enzymes during phase II metabolism.
A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders. [PubChem]
4a-Formyl-5a-cholesta-8,24-dien-3b-ol is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme methylsterol monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.72, 4,4-dimethyl-5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating)). (MetaCyc).
A compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)
12S-hydroxy-5E,8Z,10Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid, also known as 12-S-HETE or Acid, 12-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic, is classified as a member of the Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids are eicosanoic acids with an attached hydroxyl group and four CC double bonds. 12S-hydroxy-5E,8Z,10Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic.  12S-hydroxy-5E,8Z,10Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid is an eicosanoid lipid molecule
Rifaximin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, rifamycin-based non-systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. It is used to treat diarrhea caused by E. coli.Rifaximin acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase enzyme. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process.
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [PubChem]
Rebaudioside A belongs to the class of organic compounds known as steviol glycosides. These are prenol lipids containing a carbohydrate moiety glycosidically linked to a steviol (a diterpenoid based on a 13-hydroxykaur-16-en-18-oic acid) moiety. Rebaudioside A is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Rebaudioside A is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two major compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931.
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Cefdinir (marketed by Abbott Laboratories under the brand name Omnicef) is a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic in the third generation of the cephalosporin class, proven effective for common bacterial infections of the ear, sinus, throat, and skin. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December of 1997.
Silymonin is found in coffee and coffee products. Silymonin is a constituent of Silybum marianum (milk thistle)
The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. B12 cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B12 are bacteria and archaea. The total synthesis of B12 was reported in 1973 by Robert Burns Woodward, and remains one of the classic feats of total synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short).
Cholesteryl linoleic acid is a cholesteryl ester. A cholesteryl ester is an ester of cholesterol. Fatty acid esters of cholesterol constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima (the innermost layer of an artery, in direct contact with the flowing blood) is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease affecting arterial blood vessels. It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part to the deposition of lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides). Cholesteryl linoleate is contained in low density lipoprotein and atherosclerotic lesions. The oxidation products of cholesteryl linoleate may cause chronic inflammatory processes. (PMID 9684755, 11950694).
Madecassoside is found in green vegetables. Madecassoside is isolated from whole plants of Centella asiatica (Ji Xue Cao).
Phaseoloside E is found in pulses. Phaseoloside E is isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean).
gamma-CEHC (gamma-carboxyethyl hydroxychroman) is a metabolite of vitamin E. Smokers have a significantly higher excretion level of urinary gamma-CEHC, and therefore require more vitamin E compared to non-smokers. Cigarette smoking is associated with increased oxidative stress and increased risk of degenerative disease. As the major lipophilic antioxidant, requirements for vitamin E may also be higher in smokers due to increased utilization (PMID: 15493460).
Cryptochrome is found in fruits. Cryptochrome is isolated from Prunus persica (peach) and fruits of Averrhoa carambol
Prehumulinic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. Prehumulinic acid is a constituent of hops
Diosbulbin B is found in root vegetables. Diosbulbin B is a constituent of Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato).
Mycophenolic acid glucuronide is a metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (brand names CellCept, Myfortic) is an immunosuppressant and prodrug of mycophenolic acid, used extensively in transplant medicine. It is a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) in purine biosynthesis which is necessary for the growth of T cells and B cells. Other cells are able to recover purines via a separate, scavenger, pathway and are, thus, able to escape the effect. MMF is a less toxic alternative to azathioprine. (Wikipedia)
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
Asiaticoside is found in green vegetables. Asiaticoside is a constituent of Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)
Hydroxysafflor yellow A is found in fats and oils. Hydroxysafflor yellow A is a constituent of the flower petals of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower).
Licoricesaponin H2 is found in herbs and spices. Licoricesaponin H2 is a constituent of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice).
Oleuropein is found in fruits. Oleuropein is a bitter principle of olives. Nutriceutical with antioxidant properties.Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree (and leaves of privet) together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. All these compounds are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid that are further hydroxylated and glycosylated. Oleuropein and its metabolite hydroxytyrosol have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro and give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste. Oleuropein preparations have been claimed to strengthen the immune system
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), also known as CMP-N-acetyl-β-neuraminic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine nucleotide sugars. These are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. CMP-Neu5Ac is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). CMP-Neu5Ac donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
Hygromycin B is a fda approved antibiotic food additive for swine and poultry Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
The name vitamin B12 is used in two different ways. In a broad sense it refers to a group of cobalt-containing compounds known as cobalamins - cyanocobalamin (an artifact formed as a result of the use of cyanide in the purification procedures), hydroxocobalamin and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (MeB12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin - AdoB12). In a more specific way, the term B12 is used to refer to only one of these forms, cyanocobalamin, which is the principal B12 form used for foods and in nutritional supplements. B12 cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of B12 are bacteria and archaea. The total synthesis of B12 was reported in 1973 by Robert Burns Woodward, and remains one of the classic feats of total synthesis. Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin commonly known as vitamin B12 (or B12 for short).
Elatoside B is found in green vegetables. Elatoside B is a constituent of Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree).
6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin is found in citrus. 6',7'-Dihydroxybergamottin is isolated from Citrus macroptera whole fruits, a non-commercial sp. of the South Pacific.
(7'S,8'S)-4,7'-Epoxy-3,8'-bilign-7-ene-3',5-dimethoxy-4',9,9'-triol 4'-glucoside is found in fruits. (7'S,8'S)-4,7'-Epoxy-3,8'-bilign-7-ene-3',5-dimethoxy-4',9,9'-triol 4'-glucoside is a constituent of Fortunella japonica (round kumquat).
Asiaticoside is found in green vegetables. Asiaticoside is a constituent of Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)
5-hydroxy saxagliptin is a metabolite of saxagliptin. Saxagliptin, previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. Early development was solely by Bristol-Myers Squibb; in 2007 AstraZeneca joined with Bristol-Myers Squibb to co-develop the final compound and collaborate on the marketing of the drug. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. (Wikipedia)
Fucosterol is found in coconut. Characteristic sterol of seaweeds; isolated from bladderwrack Fucus vesiculosu
nLc6Cer, also known as Carbohydrate antigen I, is classified as a member of the Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety. nLc6Cer is considered to be slightly soluble (in water) and acidic
MG(24:6(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z,18Z,21Z)/0:0/0:0) is a monoacylglyceride. A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage. Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols (or 3-monoacylglycerols) and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety. Normally the 1-/3-isomers are not distinguished from each other and are termed 'alpha-monoacylglycerols', while the 2-isomers are beta-monoacylglycerols. Monoacylglycerols are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase. They tend to be minor components only of most plant and animal tissues, and indeed would not be expected to accumulate because their strong detergent properties would have a disruptive effect on membranes. 2-Monoacylglycerols are a major end product of the intestinal digestion of dietary fats in animals via the enzyme pancreatic lipase. They are taken up directly by the intestinal cells and converted to triacylglycerols via the monoacylglycerol pathway before being transported in lymph to the liver. Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
Rebaudioside D is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia)
Adenosylcobalamin is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A cobalamin (cbl) derivative in which the substituent is deoxyadenosyl. It is one of two metabolically active forms synthesized upon ingestion of vitamin B12 and is the predominant form in the liver; it acts as a coenzyme in the reaction catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM; E.C. 5.4.99.2). Inborn errors of vitamin B12 metabolism are autosomal recessive disorders and have been classified into nine distinct complementation classes. Disorders affecting adenosylcobalamin cause methylmalonic acidemia and metabolic acidosis. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and uses adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor. Cbl must be transported into mitochondria, reduced and adenosylated before it can be utilized by MCM. (PMID: 17011224).
Falcarindiol is found in caraway. Falcarindiol is a constituent of roots of several plants including the common carrot (Daucus carota) and Angelica acutiloba (Dong Dang Gui).
Sanshodiol is found in herbs and spices. Sanshodiol is isolated from bark of Zanthoxylum piperitum (Japanese pepper tree
Diosbulbin B is found in root vegetables. Diosbulbin B is a constituent of Dioscorea bulbifera (air potato).
Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is found in pulses. Soyasapogenol B 3-O-[a-L-rhamnosyl-(1->2)-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->3)]-b-D-galactosyl-(1->2)-b-D-glucuronide] 22-O-[b-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-a-L-arabinoside] is a constituent of soybean molasses (Glycine max)
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
Curdione is found in turmeric. Curdione is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
Cucurbitacin D is found in calabash. Cucurbitacin D is isolated from plants of the Cucurbitacea
(S)-Angelicain is found in fats and oils. (S)-Angelicain is a constituent of Angelica archangelica (angelica)
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
(Z)-Resveratrol 4'-glucoside is found in alcoholic beverages. (Z)-Resveratrol 4'-glucoside is a constituent of the wine grape (Vitis vinifera)
Ginsenoside Ib is found in tea. Ginsenoside Ib is a constituent of Panax ginseng (ginseng).
Zederone is a constituent of the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary).
Matesaponin 4 is found in tea. Matesaponin 4 is a constituent of mat leaf (Ilex paraguariensis).
Isosilybin is found in coffee and coffee products. Isosilybin is a constituent of Silybum marianum (milk thistle)
Ergosterol, also known as provitamin D2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ergosterols and derivatives. These are steroids containing ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3beta-ol or a derivative thereof, which is based on the 3beta-hydroxylated ergostane skeleton. Thus, ergosterol is considered to be a sterol lipid molecule. Ergosterol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Ergosterol is the biological precursor to vitamin D2. It is turned into viosterol by ultraviolet light, and is then converted into ergocalciferol, which is a form of vitamin D. Ergosterol is a component of fungal cell membranes, serving the same function that cholesterol serves in animal cells. Ergosterol is not found in mammalian cell membranes.
Pitheduloside K is found in fruits. Pitheduloside K is a constituent of Pithecellobium dulce (manila tamarind)
Cucurbitacin D is found in calabash. Cucurbitacin D is isolated from plants of the Cucurbitacea
10-hydroxy-11S,12S-epoxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid, also known as Hepoxilin b3 or EPHETA, is classified as a member of the Hepoxilins. Hepoxilins are eicosanoids containing an oxirane group attached to the fatty acyl chain. 10-hydroxy-11S,12S-epoxy-5Z,8Z,14Z-eicosatrienoic acid is considered to be practically insoluble (in water) and acidic
4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is found in fruits. 4-O-beta-D-Xylopyranosyl-L-arabinose is isolated from acid hydrolysate of peach gum.
Curcumol is found in turmeric. Curcumol is a constituent of Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)
Ganoderenic acid A is found in mushrooms. Ganoderenic acid A is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Ganodermatriol is found in mushrooms. Ganodermatriol is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).
5,4'-Dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-6:7-methylenedioxyflavone is a polyphenol compound found in foods of plant origin  (PMID: 20428313)
Epi-diplosporin is a metabolite of Diplodia macrospora isolated from infected maize.
Carnosol is a naturally occurring phenolic diterpene found in rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis, Labiatae). It has been known that an extract of rosemary leaves contains high antioxidative activity. Ninety percent of this antioxidative activity can be attributed to carnosol and carnosic acid. Carnosic acid is easily converted to carnosol by oxidation. Carnosol has multiple beneficial medicinal effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities in various disease models. Carnosol may possess important neuroprotective effects against rotenone-induced DA neuronal damage. Naturally occurring antioxidants reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, carnosol and carnosic acid promoted the synthesis of nerve growth factor in glial cells. Carnosol-mediated neuroprotection in DA neurons is involved in the attenuation of caspase-3 activity, which was induced by rotenone. Furthermore, carnosol-mediated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) increase, which is dependent on the Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway, is responsible for the neuroprotection in SN4741 DA cells. (PMID: 17047462). Carnosol, a phenolic diterpene compound of the labiate herbs rosemary and sage, is an activator of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a ligand activated transcription factor, belonging to the metazoan family of nuclear hormone receptors. Activation of PPARgamma increases the transcription of enzymes involved in primary metabolism, leading to lower blood levels of fatty acids and glucose. Hence, PPARgamma represents the major target for the glitazone type of drugs currently being used clinically for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (PMID: 16858665).
Terniflorin is found in herbs and spices. Terniflorin is isolated from Pogostemon cablin (patchouli).
Tussilagone is found in tea. Tussilagone is a constituent of Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot).
8-Epixanthatin is found in fats and oils. 8-Epixanthatin is a constituent of Helianthus annuus (sunflower).
Isoobtusilactone A is found in herbs and spices. Isoobtusilactone A is isolated from Persea borbonia (red bay) and other Persea species.
Smilagenone is found in root vegetables. Smilagenone is a constituent of the wild yam Dioscorea deltoidea.
A complex of three different closely related aminoglycoside sulfates, Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA), obtained from Micromonospora purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit protein synthesis (genetic translation). [PubChem]
Hoduloside VI is a constituent of Hovenia dulcis (raisin tree).
NMB acts by binding to its high affinity cell surface receptor, neuromedin B receptor (NMBR). This receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane spanning regions, hence the receptor is also denoted as a 7 transmembrane receptor (7-TMR). Upon binding several intracellular signaling pathways are triggered (see Figure 2). Neuromedin B (NMB) is a bombesin-related peptide in mammals. It was originally purified from pig spinal cord, and later shown to be present in human central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
Temsirolimus is an intravenous drug for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and approved by the FDA in late May 2007, and was also approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) on November 2007. It is a derivative of sirolimus and is sold as Torisel.
Notoginsenoside R1 is found in tea. Notoginsenoside R1 is a constituent of roots of Panax notoginseng (ginseng)
Artemether is an antimalarial agent used to treat acute uncomplicated malaria. It is administered in combination with lumefantrine for improved efficacy. This combination therapy exerts its effects against the erythrocytic stages of <i>Plasmodium spp.</i> and may be used to treat infections caused by <i>P. falciparum</i> and unidentified <i>Plasmodium</i> species, including infections acquired in chloroquine-resistant areas.
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Dirithromycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic. It is used to treat many different types of bacterial infections, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and even skin infections.Dirithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Dirithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Dirithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, dirithromycin binds simultaneously in to two domains of 23S RNA of the ribosomal subunit 50S, where older macrolides bind only in one. Dirithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.
Jujuboside B1 is found in fruits. Jujuboside B1 is isolated from seeds of Zizyphus jujuba (Chinese date).
Misoprostol is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [PubChem]Misoprostol seems to inhibit gastric acid secretion by a direct action on the parietal cells through binding to the prostaglandin receptor. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which normally activate adenylate cyclase. The indirect inhibition of adenylate cyclase by Misoprostol may be dependent on guanosine-5&rsquo;-triphosphate (GTP). The significant cytoprotective actions of misoprostol are related to several mechanisms. These include: 1. Increased secretion of bicarbonate, 2. Considerable decrease in the volume and pepsin content of the gastric secretions, 3. It prevents harmful agents from disrupting the tight junctions between the epithelial cells which stops the subsequent back diffusion of H<sup>+</sup> ions into the gastric mucosa, 4. Increased thickness of mucus layer, 5. Enhanced mucosal blood flow as a result of direct vasodilatation, 6. Stabilization of tissue lysozymes/vascular endothelium, 7. Improvement of mucosal regeneration capacity, and 8. Replacement of prostaglandins that have been depleted as a result of various insults to the area. Misoprostol has also been shown to increase the amplitude and frequency of uterine contractions during pregnancy via selective binding to the EP-2/EP-3 prostanoid receptors.
Cholesteryl acetate is a normal human cholesteryl ester present in diverse fluids and organs. Cholesteryl acetate is also present in foods. Food oxidation affects the quality and safety of the human diet by generating compounds with biological activities that can adversely affect health. In particular the susceptibility of cholesterol to oxidation is well known; certain products of cholesterol oxidation have been reported to produce cytotoxic, angiotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Cholesteryl ester (CE) is the major transport and storage form of cholesterol in lipoprotein particles and most cell types. Molecular composition of CE species is of high interest for arteriosclerosis research, i.e., as components of lipoprotein subclasses or in studies investigating the mechanisms involved in the generation of lipid laden foam cells. Thus, it has been shown that CE species in circulating plasma are strongly correlated with development of coronary heart disease. This may be related to specific CE species profiles generated by enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism like lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43, LCAT), acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (EC 2.3.1.26, ACAT2) or cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). The cholesteryl ester transfer protein has a key role in the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), mediating the exchange of lipids between lipoproteins, resulting in the net transfer of cholesteryl ester from HDL to other lipoproteins and in the subsequent uptake of cholesterol by hepatocytes. By increasing the cholesteryl ester content of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins, CETP promotes the atherogenicity of these lipoproteins. In addition, high plasma concentrations of CETP are associated with reduced concentrations of HDL cholesterol. (PMID: 10918380, 16458590, 9420339, 3343104, 6721900, 7278520).
Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in mollusks. Dinophysistoxin 1 is a metabolite of Dinophysis fortii. Dinophysistoxin 1 is found in scallops and mussels. Component toxin in diarrhetic shellfish poisonin
Eleutheroside D is found in tea. Eleutheroside D is a constituent of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus (Acanthopanax) senticosus).
OP-1118 is a metabolite of fidaxomicin. Fidaxomicin (trade name Dificid, and previously OPT-80 and PAR-101) is the first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic drugs. It is a fermentation product obtained from the actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subspecies hamdenesis. (Wikipedia)
Vinblastine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antitumor alkaloid isolated from Vinca rosea. (Merck, 11th ed.)The antitumor activity of vinblastine is thought to be due primarily to inhibition of mitosis at metaphase through its interaction with tubulin. Vinblastine binds to the microtubular proteins of the mitotic spindle, leading to crystallization of the microtubule and mitotic arrest or cell death.
Stabiliser, emulsifier, thickener, formulation aid [DFC]. The chemical compound sodium alginate is the sodium salt of alginic acid. Sodium alginate is a gum, extracted from the cell walls of brown algae. As a flavorless gum, it is used by the foods industry to increase viscosity and as an emulsifier. As a food additive, sodium alginate is used especially in the production of gel-like foods. For example, bakers' Chellies are often gelled alginate jam. [Wikipedia]
Tylosin is used in treatment of cattle, swine and mycoplasmas in poultry Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae
Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics.
Budesonide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [PubChem]The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect.
Isomammein is found in fruits. Isomammein is a constituent of Mammea americana (mamey) seeds
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Tetrahydrocorticosterone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, tetrahydrocorticosterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is one of the major urinary metabolites from corticosterone. Premenopausal patients with early breast cancer excrete subnormal amounts of tetrahydrocorticosterone as compared with the normal subjects of corresponding ages (PMID: 1133844).
Tetrahydrocorticosterone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone. Thus, tetrahydrocorticosterone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Tetrahydrocorticosterone is one of the major urinary metabolites from corticosterone. Premenopausal patients with early breast cancer excrete subnormal amounts of tetrahydrocorticosterone as compared with the normal subjects of corresponding ages (PMID: 1133844).
Prostaglandin F1a is derived mainly from Prostaglandin E1, and is metabolized to 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1a. Prostaglandin F1a is excreted directly into the urine. Prostaglandin F1a contracts the circular muscle of the gut in opposition to the Prostaglandins of the E series. Prostaglandin F1a is a cytoprotector, protecting mucosal tissue from damage produced by ulcerogenic stimuli.Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Acutoside A is found in fruits. Acutoside A is a constituent of Luffa acutangula (Chinese okra)
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was first obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavouring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties (PMID:32106571). In glycyrrhetinic acid the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper functional group a very effective glycyrrhetinic artificial sweetener can be obtained. When R is an anionic NHCO(CH2)CO2K side chain, the sweetening effect is found to 1200 times that of sugar (human sensory panel data). A shorter or longer spacer reduces the sweetening effect. One explanation is that the taste bud cell receptor has 1.3 nanometers (13 angstroms) available for docking with the sweetener molecule. In addition the sweetener molecule requires three proton donor positions of which two reside at the extremities to be able to interact efficiently with the receptor cavity.
13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGA2 is produced via non-enzymatic dehydration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2. PGE2 is the most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It has important effects in labour and also stimulates osteoblasts to release factors which stimulate bone resorption by osteoclasts (a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bone's mineralized matrix). (PMID: 16978535, 7384561, 7384560)Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signalling pathways.
Ginsenoside Rh6 is found in tea. Ginsenoside Rh6 is a constituent of leaves of Panax ginseng (ginseng).
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS brevifolia. It stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death. [PubChem] ABI-007 (Abraxane) is the latest attempt to improve upon paclitaxel, one of the leading chemotherapy treatments. Both drugs contain the same active agent, but Abraxane is delivered by a nanoparticle technology that binds to albumin, a natural protein, rather than the toxic solvent known as Cremophor. It is thought that delivering paclitaxel with this technology will cause fewer hypersensitivity reactions and possibly lead to greater drug uptake in tumors.
Desmopressin is a chemical that is similar to Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) which is found naturally in the body. It increases urine concentration and decreases urine production. Desmopressin is used to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions, allowing you to sleep through the night without awakening to urinate. It is also used to treat specific types of diabetes insipidus and conditions after head injury or pituitary surgery.
Isofumonisin B1 is from Fusarium moniliforme.
Ceftazidime is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from cephaloridine and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. [PubChem]The bactericidal activity of ceftazidime results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs).
Prehumulinic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. Prehumulinic acid is a constituent of hops
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
Melibiose (CAS: 585-99-9) is a disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. This sugar is produced and metabolized only by enteric and lactic acid bacteria and other microbes, such as Dickeya dadantii, Escherichia, Leuconostoc, and Saccharomyces (PMID: 19734309, 28453942). It is not an endogenous metabolite but may be obtained from the consumption of partially fermented molasses, brown sugar, or honey. Antibodies to melibiose will appear in individuals affected by Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Melibiose is not metabolized by humans but can be broken down by gut microflora, such as E. coli. In fact, E. coli is able to utilize melibiose as a sole source of carbon. Melibiose is first imported by the melibiose permease, MelB and then converted into β-D-glucose and β-D-galactose by the α-galactosidase encoded by melA. Because of its poor digestibility, melibiose (along with rhamnose) can be used together for noninvasive intestinal mucosa barrier testing. This test can be used to assess malabsorption or impairment of intestinal permeability. Recent studies with dietary melibiose have shown that it can strongly affect the Th cell responses to an ingested antigen. It has been suggested that melibiose could be used to enhance the induction of oral tolerance (PMID: 17986780).
Cyclomammein is found in fruits. Cyclomammein is found in seeds of Mammea americana (mamey) Beta-D-Glucose 6 phosphate (b-G6P) is the beta-anomer of glucose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of glucose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Specifically, beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate is glucose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. It is a very common metabolite in cells as the vast majority of glucose entering a cell will become phosphorylated in this way. The primary reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent diffusion out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged phosphate group so the glucose 6-phosphate cannot easily cross the cell membrane. b-G6P is involved in the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate, and glycogen and sucrose metabolic pathways [Kegg ID: C01172]. Beta-D-Glucose 6 phosphate can be generated through beta-D-fructose phosphate or alpha-D-glucose 6 phosphate (via glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) or beta-D glucose (via hexokinase). It can then be sent off to the pentose phosphate pathway which generates the useful cofactor NADPH as well as ribulose 5-phosphate, a carbon source for the synthesis of other molecules. Alternately if the cell needs energy or carbon skeletons for synthesis then glucose 6-phosphate is targeted for glycolysis. A third route is to have glucose 6 phosphate stored or converted to glycogen, especially if blood glucose levels are high
Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a macrolide antibiotic that is similar to erythromycin.Troleandomycin acts by penetrating the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binding to the 50 S subunit of bacterial ribosomes or near the "P" or donor site so that binding of tRNA (transfer RNA) to the donor site is blocked. Translocation of peptides from the "A" or acceptor site to the "P" or donor site is prevented, and subsequent protein synthesis is inhibited.
Fulvestrant is a drug treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in post-menopausal women with disease progression following anti-estrogen therapy. It is an estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, which works both by down-regulating and by degrading the estrogen receptor.
alpha-Rhamnorobin is found in alcoholic beverages. alpha-Rhamnorobin is isolated from bean Phaseolus atropurpureum, leaves of sloe (Prunus spinosa) and other
Nystatin is a polyene antifungal drug to which many molds and yeasts are sensitive, including Candida spp. Nystatin has some toxicity associated with it when given intravenously, but it is not absorbed across intact skin or mucous membranes. It is considered a relatively safe drug for treating oral or gastrointestinal fungal infections.
Prehumulinic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. Prehumulinic acid is a constituent of hops
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals. The distinction between different bile acids is minute, depending only on the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups on positions 3, 7, and 12. Bile acids are physiological detergents that facilitate excretion, absorption, and transport of fats and sterols in the intestine and liver. Bile acids are also steroidal amphipathic molecules derived from the catabolism of cholesterol. They modulate bile flow and lipid secretion, are essential for the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins, and have been implicated in the regulation of all the key enzymes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Bile acids recirculate through the liver, bile ducts, small intestine and portal vein to form an enterohepatic circuit. They exist as anions at physiological pH and, consequently, require a carrier for transport across the membranes of the enterohepatic tissues. The unique detergent properties of bile acids are essential for the digestion and intestinal absorption of hydrophobic nutrients. Bile acids have potent toxic properties (e.g. membrane disruption) and there are a plethora of mechanisms to limit their accumulation in blood and tissues (PMID: 11316487, 16037564, 12576301, 11907135).
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections.
2-Hydroxyestradiol-3-methylether is a methoxylated derivative of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-hydroxy estrogen metabolites can be converted to anticarcinogenic methoxylated metabolites (2-methoxyestrone and 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether) by catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 11172156). 2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether has been found in the urine of pregnant women (along with other 2-hydroxyestrogen ethers) although the amounts are generally small (less than 5 ug/24 hours). (PMID: 966757).
Tomatine is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane (steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton) found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg). Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine. A toxic dose of tomatine for an adult human would appear to require the consumption of at least 500 g of tomato leaves in one sitting (“Toxic Plants of North America” (Iowa State University Press, 2001)). Tomatine is known to have fungicidal and antimicrobial properties and is likely produced by tomato plants as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects  (PMID: 19514731). Some microbes produce an enzyme called tomatinase which can degrade tomatine, rendering it ineffective as an antimicrobial (PMID: 18835993).Tomatine has historically been used as a reagent in analytical chemistry for precipitating cholesterol from solution (PMID: 4362143). When lab animals ingest tomatine, essentially all of it passes through the animal unabsorbed. Tomatine apparently binds to cholesterol in the digestive tract, and the largely insoluble combination is excreted — ridding the body of both the alkaloid and cholesterol. Experiments with hamsters have shown that both tomatine-rich green tomatoes and purified tomatine can substantially lower the levels of undesirable LDL cholesterol while maintaining norma
Vapreotide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a synthetic octapeptide somatostatin analog. It was being studied for the treatment of cancer.The exact mechanism of action is unknown, although one study has provided in vitro and in vivo evidence for a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist effect in the analgesic effects of vapreotide (PMID: 7556407).
Antidiuretic hormone, also known commonly as vasopressin, is a nine amino acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary. Within hypothalamic neurons, the hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein called neurophysin, and both are released upon hormone secretion.
Halobetasol propionate is thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. It is used for the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses.
1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is found in herbs and spices. 1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is a constituent of Inula helenium (elecampane)
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. They are known to favour the development of masculine characteristics. They also show profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Thus, 3alpha,16beta-dihydroxyandrostenone is considered to be a steroid lipid molecule. 3alpha,16beta-Dihydroxyandrostenone is an unusual steroid found in the urinary excretion of a subject having a virilizing malignant adrenocortical tumor; apparent 21-steroid hydroxylase deficiency is discussed in the light of these results as well as the hormonogenesis enzymatic induction of the tumour biopsy (PMID: 198067).
Phomopsin A is a mycotoxin produced by Phomopsis leptostromiformi
Dulxanthone E is found in fruits. Dulxanthone E is a constituent of Garcinia dulcis (mundu).
Costunolide is found in herbs and spices. Costunolide is a constituent of costus root (Saussurea lappa)
Lymecycline is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a tetracycline with a 7-chloro substitution.Lymecycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Lymecycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane. Cells become resistant to lymecycline by at least two mechanisms: efflux and ribosomal protection. In efflux, a resistance gene encodes a membrane protein that actively pumps lymecycline out of the cell. This is the mechanism of action of the tetracycline resistance gene on the artificial plasmid pBR322. In ribosomal protection, a resistance gene encodes a protein which binds to the ribosome and prevents lymecycline from acting on the ribosome.
Secoisolariciresinol is a lignan, a type of phenylpropanoids.
5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine is only found in individuals that have used or taken tolterodine. 5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine is a metabolite of tolterodine. 5-Hydroxymethyl tolterodine belongs to the family of Diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
Asiaticoside is found in green vegetables. Asiaticoside is a constituent of Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)
Ginkgolide J is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide J is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo
A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine, and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [PubChem]
1-Methyladenosine, also known as M1A, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Precise m6A mapping by m6A-CLIP/IP (briefly m6A-CLIP) revealed that a majority of m6A locates in the last exon of mRNAs in multiple tissues/cultured cells of mouse and human, and the m6A enrichment around stop codons is a coincidence that many stop codons locate round the start of last exons where m6A is truly enriched. The methylation of adenosine is directed by a large m6A methyltransferase complex containing METTL3 as the SAM-binding sub-unit. Insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 (IGF2BP1-3) are reported as a novel class of m6A readers.
Plicamycin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It has been used in the treatment of testicular cancer, Paget's disease of bone, and, rarely, the management of hypercalcemia. The manufacturer discontinued plicamycin in 2000. Plicamycin is presumed to inhibit cellular and enzymic RNA synthesis by forming a complex with DNA. Plicamycin may also lower calcium serum levels by inhibiting the effect of parathyroid hormone upon osteoclasts or by blocking the hypercalcemic action of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D.
Gibberellin A60 (GA60) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. These are C19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin A60 is a constituent of Triticum aestivum (wheat).
11'-carboxy-r-tocotrienol is a dehydrogenation carboxylate product of 11'-hydroxy-r-tocotrienol by an unidentified microsomal enzyme(s) probably via an aldehyde intermediate. Gamma-tocotrienol targets cancer cells by inhibiting Id1, a key cancer-promoting protein. Gamma-tocotrienol was shown to trigger cell apoptosis and well as anti-proliferation of cancer cells. This mechanism was also observed in separate prostate cancer and melanoma cell line studies.
(S)-Pterosin A is found in green vegetables. (S)-Pterosin A is a constituent of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern)
13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is found in mushrooms. 13-Hydroxy-5'-O-methylmelledonal is a metabolite of Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom
alpha-Chaconine is found in potato. alpha-Chaconine is an alkaloid from Solanum chacoense and very many other Solanum species (Solanaceae
Cucurbitacin D is found in calabash. Cucurbitacin D is isolated from plants of the Cucurbitacea
Isocarlinoside is found in pulses. Isocarlinoside is isolated from Glycine max (soybean
24,25-Diacetylvulgaroside is found in fruits. 24,25-Diacetylvulgaroside is a constituent of Cydonia vulgaris (quince).
Isoobtusilactone A is found in herbs and spices. Isoobtusilactone A is isolated from Persea borbonia (red bay) and other Persea species.
Ganoderic acid I is found in mushrooms. Ganoderic acid I is a constituent of Ganoderma lucidum (reishi).
Licoricidin is found in herbs and spices. Licoricidin is a constituent of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice).
Sweetener
Melilotoside, also known as trans-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamic acid or beta-D-glucosyl-2-coumarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenolic glycosides. These are organic compounds containing a phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl moiety. Some examples of phenolic structures include lignans and flavonoids. Melilotoside is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Melilotoside is found in herbs and spices. Melilotoside has been isolated from Melilotus alba (white melilot), Melilotus altissimus (tall yellow sweet clover), and other plants.
Stevioside is a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana (stevia). Sweetening agent which is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Stevia rebaudiana is extensively cultivated in Japan, and Stevioside is a permitted sweetener in that country Rebaudioside B, D, and E may also be present in minute quantities; however, it is suspected that rebaudioside B is a byproduct of the isolation technique. The two majority compounds stevioside and rebaudioside, primarily responsible for the sweet taste of stevia leaves, were first isolated by two French chemists in 1931
Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is currently available as a topical cream, once marketed by Novartis, (however Galderma will be promoting the molecule in Canada in early 2007) under the trade name Elidel. [Wikipedia]
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) is found in herbs and spices. 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 2-O-(galloyl-glucoside) is a constituent of the fruit of allspice (Pimenta dioica)
Acemannan is a constituent of leaf juice of Aloe barbadensis. Acemannan is used in flavouring As noted from its structure, Acemannan is a mucopolysaccharide with mannoacetate as the monomer linked by -1,4- glycosidic linkages (3,6). This polymer is hydrophilic: 50 hydrogen bond acceptors, 19 hydrogen bond donors and logP of -3.27. Therefore, it s permeability (and hence bioavailability) has been scored to be 1 according to Lipinsky s rule of five (4)
Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene, found in the non-glyceride fraction of olive pomace oil (Olive pomace oil, also known as "orujo" olive oil, is a blend of refined-pomace oil and virgin olive oil, fit for human consumption). Pentacyclic triterpenes are natural compounds which are widely distributed in plants. These natural products have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Triterpenoids have been reported to possess antioxidant properties, since they prevent lipid peroxidation and suppress superoxide anion generation. The triterpenes have a history of medicinal use in many Asian countries. Oleanolic acid exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties depending on chemical structure and dose and may be useful in modulating the immune response; further studies are required to confirm the immunomodulatory behaviour of this triterpenoid, and characterise the mechanisms underlying the biphasic nature of some aspects of the inflammatory response. Oleanolic acid is a ubiquitous triterpenoid in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and is an integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on triterpenoids research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these compounds. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. (PMID:17292619, 15522132, 15994040).
Gambogic acid is found in fruits. Gambogic acid is isolated from Gamboge resin (exudate of Garcinia morella).
Maltitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a sugar substitute. It has 90% the sweetness of sugar and nearly identical properties, except for browning. It is used to very easily replace sugar and has less food energy, does not promote tooth decay and has a somewhat lower blood sugar response. Unfortunately, maltitol is well known to cause gastric distress, particularly if consumed in great quantities. Chemically, maltitol is also known as 4-O-alpha-Glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol. Commercially, it is known under trade names such as Maltisorb and Maltisweet. Due to its slow absorption, excessive consumption of Maltitol can have laxative effect and often can cause gas and/or bloating. Maltitol is particularly demonized regarding gastric side effects because it is so easy for food producers to use it in vast quantities (due to its amazingly sugar-like properties) so consumers often end up consuming far more than they could most other sugar alcohols. While this is a major problem with maltitol, many sugar alcohols are far more likely to cause gastric distress than maltitol when compared gram-for-gram.
8-Hydroxy-4'-methoxypinoresinol is found in fats and oils. 8-Hydroxy-4'-methoxypinoresinol is a constituent of Olea europaea (olive).
Aquacobalamin is one of the major forms of vitamin B(12) isolated from mammalian cells. Aquacobalamin and the thiolate forms of glutathione are the precursors of glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl, a precursor to the formation of the two coenzyme forms of vitamin B(12), adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin) in mammalian cells. Under biological conditions the formation of GSCbl from aquacobalamin and glutathione is essentially irreversible; upon entering cells, any free (protein-unbound) aquacobalamin could be rapidly and irreversibly converted to GSCbl. (PMID: 15476387). Aquacobalamin is reduced to cob(II)alamin by Methionine synthase reductse (MSR) in the presence of NADPH, and this reduction leads to stimulation of the conversion of apomethionine synthase and aquacobalamin to methionine synthase holoenzyme. MSR serves as a special chaperone for human methionine synthase and as an aquacobalamin reductase, rather than acting solely in the reductive activation of methionine synthase. (PMID: 16769880).
Amylopectin is a highly branched polymer of glucose found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose. It is insoluble in water. Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α(1→4) bonds. Branching takes place with α(1→6) bonds occurring every 24 to 30 glucose units. Its counterpart in animals is glycogen which has the same composition and structure, but with more extensive branching that occurs every 8 to 12 glucose units. Starch is made of about 80% amylopectin. Amylopectin is highly branched, being formed of 2 000 to 200 000 glucose units. Its inner chains are formed of 20-24 glucose subunits. The glucose residues are linked through alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages (Wikipedia).
Tetronasin is isolated from Streptomyces longisporoflavus. Investigated as ruminant feed additive.
Nootkatol (cis or trans) is known to produce during synthetic (+)-nootkatone production from (+)-valencene by oxidation. Nootkatol is also reported as a precursor in several enzymatic oxidation of (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone. Nootkatone is an important oxidised sesquiterpene used in flavour and fragrance industry. Natural (+)-nootkatone can be extracted from grapefruit.
Gonadorelin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. Gonadorelin is another name for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is a synthetic decapeptide prepared using solid phase peptide synthesis. GnRH is responsible for the release of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone from the anterior pitutitary. Like naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), gonadorelin primarily stimulates the synthesis and release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production and release is also increased by gonadorelin, but to a lesser degree. In prepubertal females and some gonadal function disorders, the FSH response may be greater than the LH response. For the treatment of amenorrhea, delayed puberty, and infertility the administration of gonadorelin is used to simulate the physiologic release of GnRH from the hypothalamus in treatment of delayed puberty, treatment of infertility caused by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and induction of ovulation in those women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. This results in increased levels of pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH, which subsequently stimulate the gonads to produce reproductive steroids.
Gadopentetic acid, also known as gadopentetate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly five carboxyl groups. Gadopentetic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. In women, it is released mainly after distention of the cervix and vagina during labor, and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth and breastfeeding, respectively. Oxytocin is released during orgasm in both sexes. In the brain, oxytocin is involved in social recognition and bonding, and might be involved in the formation of trust between people. -- Wikipedia; In the pituitary gland, oxytocin is packaged in large, dense-core vesicles, where it is bound to neurophysin as shown in the inset of the figure; neurophysin is a large peptide fragment of the giant precursor protein molecule from which oxytocin is derived by enzymatic cleavage. -- Wikipedia; Oxytocin is a peptide of nine amino acids (a nonapeptide). The sequence is cysteine - tyrosine - isoleucine - glutamine - asparagine - cysteine - proline - leucine - glycine (CYIQNCPLG). The cysteine residues form a sulfur bridge. Oxytocin has a molecular mass of 1007 daltons. One international unit (IU) of oxytocin is the equivalent of about 2 micrograms of pure peptide. -- Wikipedia; Oxytocin has peripheral (hormonal) actions, and also has actions in the brain. The actions of oxytocin are mediated by specific, high affinity oxytocin receptors. The oxytocin receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor which requires Mg2+ and cholesterol. It belongs to the rhodopsin-type (class I) group of G-protein-coupled receptors. -- Wikipedia.
Okadaic acid is found in mollusks. Okadaic acid is found in the marine sponges Halichondria okadai and Halichondria melanodocia and shellfish. It is a metabolite of Prorocentrum lima. It is a diarrhetic shellfish toxin. Okadaic acid is a toxin that accumulates in bivalves and causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The molecular formula of okadaic acid, which is a derivative of a C38 fatty acid, is C44H68O13. The IUPAC name of okadaic acid is (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-{(2S,5R,6R,8S)-5-hydroxy-[(1R,2E)-3-((2R,5R,6'S,8'R,8a'S)-8'-hydroxy-6'-{(1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-[(3R,6S)-3-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]butyl}-7'-methyleneoctahydro-3H,3'H-spiro[furan-2,2'-pyrano[3,2-b]pyran]-5-yl)-1-methylprop-2-en-1-yl]-10-methyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-10-en-2-yl}-2-methylpropanoic acid. Okadaic acid was named from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, from which okadaic acid was isolated for the first time. It has also been isolated from another marine sponge, H. malanodocia, as a cytotoxin. The real producer of okadaic acid is a marine dinoflagellate
Endrin has been found as a contaminant throughout the environment, including foodstuffs, fish, human milk, etc
Neuroprotectin D1 is an autacoid protectin. Autacoids are chemical mediators including the families of resolvins and protectins, defined by their potent bioactions and novel chemical structures. They require enzymatic generation from docosanoids, oxygenated products from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which specifically possess a conjugated triene double-bond system in their structures, are denoted protectins. The protectins demonstrate anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vivo. Resolvins and protectins have specific stereoselective actions which evoke biological actions in the nanogram range in vivo and are natural exudate products. Resolvins and protectins as distinct chemical families join the lipoxins as potent agonists of endogenous anti-inflammation and are proresolving chemical mediators of interest in human disease as potential new approaches to treatment. The terms protectin and neuroprotectin [the term applied to protectin that is generated in the neural tissues] were introduced given the anti-inflammatory and protective actions of the 10,17-docosatriene in neural systems, stroke, and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. The prefix in neuroprotectin (NPD1) provides a local pathway address for the biosynthesis and action of this molecule. In recent years, investigators have recognized inflammation as playing a key role in many prevalent diseases not previously considered to be of inflammatory etiology. These include Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, which now join those well-appreciated inflammatory disorders such as arthritis and periodontal disease. Identifying the molecular mechanism(s) that underlie the many reports of the benefits of dietary omega-3 PUFAs remains an important challenge for nutrition and medicine. Thus, that these new mediator families, resolvins and protectins, are biosynthesized from EPA and DHA, act locally, and possess potent, novel bioactions is of interest to researchers. (PMID: 17090225).
Oleuropein is found in fruits. Oleuropein is a bitter principle of olives. Nutriceutical with antioxidant properties.Oleuropein is a chemical compound found in olive leaf from the olive tree (and leaves of privet) together with other closely related compounds such as 10-hydroxyoleuropein, ligstroside, and 10-hydroxyligstroside. All these compounds are tyrosol esters of elenolic acid that are further hydroxylated and glycosylated. Oleuropein and its metabolite hydroxytyrosol have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro and give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste. Oleuropein preparations have been claimed to strengthen the immune system
Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone, has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone circulating levels do not overcome the effects of eplerenone. Eplerenone selectively binds to recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptors relative to its binding to recombinant human glucocorticoid, progesterone and androgen receptors.
Octreotide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is the acetate salt of a cyclic octapeptide. It is a long-acting octapeptide with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin.Octreotide binds to somatostatin receptors. These receptors are coupled via pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins which lead to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Octreotide binding to these receptors also stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase and activation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger via pertussis toxin insensitive G proteins.
Gadobenic acid, also known as gadobenate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly five carboxyl groups. Gadobenic acid is considered to be a practically insoluble (in water) and relatively neutral molecule.
Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive drug whose main use is after organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organ rejection. It is also used in a topical preparation in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis, severe refractory uveitis after bone marrow transplants, and the skin condition vitiligo. It was discovered in 1984 from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus is chemically known as a macrolide. It reduces peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by binding to the immunophilin FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) creating a new complex. This FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription.
AICA-riboside, also known as acadesine or AICAR, is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes. AICA-riboside is an adenosine regulating agent developed by PeriCor Therapeutics and licensed to Schering-Plough in 2007 for phase III studies. The drug is a potential first-in-class agent for prevention of reperfusion injury in CABG surgery. Schering began patient enrollment in phase III studies in May, 2009. The trial was terminated in late 2010 based on an interim futility analysis (Wikipedia). AICA-riboside is a minor constituent found in human milk (PMID: 7702711).
5-Methoxynoracronycine is found in citrus. 5-Methoxynoracronycine is an alkaloid from the bark of Citrus junos (yuzu
24-Hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) is almost exclusively formed in the brain. The enzymatic conversion of CNS cholesterol to 24OHC, which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, is the major pathway for brain cholesterol elimination and brain cholesterol homeostasis maintenance. The enzyme mediating this conversion has been characterized at the molecular level as cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.98, CYP46) and is mainly located in neurons. Like other oxysterols, 24OHC is efficiently converted into normal bile acids or excreted in bile in its sulfated and glucuronidated form. Levels of 24OHC in the circulation decrease with age in infants and children. In adults, however, the levels appear to be stable. There is accumulating evidence pointing toward a potentially important link between cholesterol, beta-amyloid, and Alzheimer's disease. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had increased levels of 24OHC in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with Alzheimer's disease have slightly increased levels of 24OHC in CSF. Patients with multiple sclerosis have a tendency to have higher levels of 24OHC during active periods. (PMID: 15061359, 14574622). 24-Hydroxycholesterol has been found to accumulate in hereditary hypercholesterolemia, an inborn error of metabolism.
Antidiuretic hormone, also known commonly as vasopressin, is a nine amino acid peptide secreted from the posterior pituitary. Within hypothalamic neurons, the hormone is packaged in secretory vesicles with a carrier protein called neurophysin, and both are released upon hormone secretion.
Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. It is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted infectious diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once-daily dosing, and shorter administration durations is a property distinct from other macrolides. Azithromycin is derived from erythromycin; however, it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is sold under the brand names Zithromax ("Zmax") and Sumamed, and is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics.
An inhibitor of alpha glucosidase that retards the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine and hence reduces the increase in blood-glucose concentrations after a carbohydrate load. It is given orally to non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients where diet modification or oral hypoglycemic agents do not control their condition. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Allopregnanolone is a neuroactive metabolite of progesterone and a barbiturate-like modulator of central gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors that modify a range of behaviors, including the stress response. is a steroid created in the body when progesterone, the female sex hormone, is metabolized. Typically, THP (allopregnanolone) is released in the brain in response to stress, and quiets the neural system within 30 minutes of escalation. This steroid hormone has recently been found to be responsible for the extreme mood swings found in teenagers. In adults and pre-pubescent chlidren THP normally helps soothe the activity of brain cells by binding to GABA receptors that inhibit accelerating electrical activity. However, in pubescent teenagers THP actually becomes a GABA receptor antagonist. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain with most sedatives (tranquilizers, anesthetics and alcohol) acting on the GABA receptor.
Ginkgolide B is found in fats and oils. Ginkgolide B is isolated from Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo).
Pyriminobac-methyl is a herbicide used on rice.
Glycyrrhetinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was first obtained from the herb liquorice. It is used in flavouring and it masks the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It is effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer and also has expectorant (antitussive) properties (PMID:32106571). In glycyrrhetinic acid the functional group (R) is a hydroxyl group. Research in 2005 demonstrated that with a proper functional group a very effective glycyrrhetinic artificial sweetener can be obtained. When R is an anionic NHCO(CH2)CO2K side chain, the sweetening effect is found to 1200 times that of sugar (human sensory panel data). A shorter or longer spacer reduces the sweetening effect. One explanation is that the taste bud cell receptor has 1.3 nanometers (13 angstroms) available for docking with the sweetener molecule. In addition the sweetener molecule requires three proton donor positions of which two reside at the extremities to be able to interact efficiently with the receptor cavity.
alpha-Solanine is found in alcoholic beverages. alpha-Solanine is an alkaloid from potato (Solanum tuberosum) and very many other Solanum species (Solanaceae). Responsible for the teratogenicity of sprouting potatoes.
Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a cysteinyl leukotriene. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. LTE4 activates contractile and inflammatory processes via specific interaction with putative seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that couple to G proteins and subsequent intracellular signaling pathways. LTE4 is metabolized from leukotriene C4 in a reaction catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and a particulate dipeptidase from kidney (PMID: 12607939, 12432945, 6311078). Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes), and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent and are able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways.
Gadodiamide is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a gadolinium based contrast agent used in MR imaging procedures to assist in the visualization of blood vessels. It is commonly marketed under the trade name Omniscan. [Wikipedia]Based on the behavior of protons when placed in a strong magnetic field, which is interpreted and transformed into images by magnetic resonance (MR) instruments. Paramagnetic agents have unpaired electrons that generate a magnetic field about 700 times larger than the proton's field, thus disturbing the proton's local magnetic field. When the local magnetic field around a proton is disturbed, its relaxation process is altered. MR images are based on proton density and proton relaxation dynamics. MR instruments can record 2 different relaxation processes, the T1 (spin-lattice or longitudinal relaxation time) and the T2 (spin-spin or transverse relaxation time). In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), visualization of normal and pathological brain tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with changes in proton density, alteration of the T1, and variation in the T2. When placed in a magnetic field, gadodiamide shortens both the T1 and the T2 relaxation times in tissues where it accumulates. At clinical doses, gadodiamide primarily affects the T1 relaxation time, thus producing an increase in signal intensity. Gadodiamide does not cross the intact blood-brain barrier; therefore, it does not accumulate in normal brain tissue or in central nervous system (CNS) lesions that have not caused an abnormal blood-brain barrier (e.g., cysts, mature post-operative scars). Abnormal vascularity or disruption of the blood-brain barrier allows accumulation of gadodiamide in lesions such as neoplasms, abscesses, and subacute infarcts.
Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S bacterial ribosome and blocks further peptide elongation. Binding occurs simultaneously at to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, domain II and V, where older macrolides bind only to one. It is used to treat mild to moderate respiratory infections.
Saxagliptin (rINN), previously identified as BMS-477118, is a new oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs. It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb. A New Drug Application for saxagliptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was submitted to the FDA in June 2008. It was based on a drug development program with 8 randomized trials: 1 phase 2 dose-ranging (2.5 - 100 mg/d) study; 6 phase 3, 24-week controlled trials with additional controlled follow-up from 12 to 42 months, double-blinded throughout; and one 12-week mechanism-of-action trial with a 2-year follow-up period. In June 2008, it was announced that Onglyza would be the trade name under which saxagliptin will be marketed.
Gadoteridol provides contrast enhancement of the brain, spine and surrounding tissues resulting in improved visualization (compared with unenhanced MRI) of lesions with abnormal vascularity or those thought to cause a disruption of the normal blood brain barrier. Gadoteridol can also be used for whole body contrast enhanced MRI including the head, neck, liver, breast, musculoskeletal system and soft tissue pathologies. n MRI, visualization of normal and pathological brain tissue depends in part on variations in the radiofrequency signal intensity that occur with changes in proton density, alteration of the T1, and variation in T2. When placed in a magnetic field, gadoteridol shortens the T1 relaxation time in tissues where it accumulates. Abnormal vascularity or disruption of the blood-brain barrier allows accumulation of gadoteridol in lesions such as neoplasms, abscesses, and subacute infarcts.
T2 Toxin is isolated from Fusarium species and Trichoderma lignorum. T2 Toxin is an important mycotoxin occurring naturally in various agricultural products.
Terlipressin is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is an analogue of vasopressin used as a vasoactive drug in the management of hypotension. It has been found to be effective when norepinephrine does not help. [Wikipedia]Terlipressin acts on three different receptors, vasopressin receptor V1a (which initiates vasoconstriction, liver gluconeogenesis, platelet aggregation and release of factor VIII), vasopressin receptor V1b (which mediates corticotrophin secretion from the pituitary) and vasopressin receptor V2 which controls free water reabsorption in the renal medullar. The binding of terlipressin to the V2 receptor activates adenylate cyclase which causes the release of aquaporin 2 channels into the cells lining the renal medullar duct. This allows water to be reabsorbed down an osmotic gradient so the urine is more concentrated.