Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15% of the fat in goat's milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230).
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15% of the fat in goat's milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230).
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15% of the fat in goat's milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230).
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15% of the fat in goat's milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230).
Caproic acid, also known as hexanoic acid or C6:0, is a medium-chain fatty acid. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides. Caproic acid is a colourless oily liquid that smells like cheese with an overlying waxy or barnyard odor like that of goats or other barnyard animals. Its name comes from the Latin word capra, meaning "goat". Two other fatty acids are named after goats: caprylic acid (C8) and capric acid (C10). Along with caproic acid, they account for 15% of the fat in goat's milk. Caproic acid is a fatty acid found naturally in various animal fats and oils. While generally more abundant in animals, caproic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Caproic acid is one of the chemicals that gives the decomposing fleshy seed coat of the ginkgo fruit its characteristic unpleasant odor. It is also one of the components of vanilla and cheese. Industrially, the primary use of caproic acid is in the manufacture of its esters for use as artificial flavors and in the manufacture of hexyl derivatives, such as hexylphenols. Caproic acid has been associated with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. As a relatively volatile organic compound, caproic acid has been identified as a fecal biomarker of Clostridium difficile infection (PMID: 30986230).
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenylsuccinic acid, also known as adenylosuccinate, succinyladenosine or aspartyl adenylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. These are nucleotides consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose to which one monophosphate group is attached. Adenylsuccinic acid is found in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Adenylsuccinic acid is an important intermediate in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway.  Specifically, adenylsuccinic acid is an intermediate in the interconversion of purine nucleotides inosine monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The enzyme adenylosuccinate synthase carries out the reaction by the addition of aspartate to IMP. This reaction requires the input of energy from a phosphoanhydride bond in the form of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Adenylsuccinic acid is a substrate least one other important metabolic reaction in purine biosynthesis. In particular, adenylsuccinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as adenylosuccinate lyase (or adenylosuccinase). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by the appearance of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide riboside (SAICA riboside) and adenylsuccinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and urine (PMID: 8412002). Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency presents with varying degrees of psychomotor retardation, autism, muscle wasting, and epilepsy. The exact cause of the symptoms is unknown, but possibilities include not enough purine nucleotide synthesis for cell replication, malfunctioning of the purine nucleotide cycle, and a buildup of substrates to toxic levels.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide consisting of a purine base (adenine) attached to the first carbon atom of ribose (a pentose sugar). Three phosphate groups are esterified at the fifth carbon atom of the ribose. ATP is incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the processes of DNA replication and transcription. ATP contributes to cellular energy charge and participates in overall energy balance, maintaining cellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule via interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a wide variety of processes as diverse as neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodelling. Extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine have also been shown to exert a variety of effects on nearly every cell type in human skin, and ATP seems to play a direct role in triggering skin inflammatory, regenerative, and fibrotic responses to mechanical injury, an indirect role in melanocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and a complex role in Langerhans cell-directed adaptive immunity. During exercise, intracellular homeostasis depends on the matching of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply and ATP demand. Metabolites play a useful role in communicating the extent of ATP demand to the metabolic supply pathways. Effects as different as proliferation or differentiation, chemotaxis, release of cytokines or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are elicited upon stimulation of blood cells with extracellular ATP. The increased concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in erythrocytes from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) has been observed in many studies but the mechanism leading to these abnormalities still is controversial. (PMID: 15490415, 15129319, 14707763, 14696970, 11157473).
Benzenebutanoic acid (also known as 4-phenylbutyrate, or 4-PBA) is the oral form of butyrate, which is known to be a transcriptional regulator. Sodium-4-PBA has been shown to induce fetal hemoglobin, and it has been used in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and &#946;-thalassemia. Because gene expression profiles became more differentiated, it is in phase I trials in several different malignant disorders. The potential for therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) resides in an additional mechanism, involving protein folding and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) environment (PMID 12458151). 4-PBA is a drug that was developed to treat elevated blood ammonia in urea cycle disorders, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes mutation &#916;F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking (PMID 16798551).
Benzenebutanoic acid (also known as 4-phenylbutyrate, or 4-PBA) is the oral form of butyrate, which is known to be a transcriptional regulator. Sodium-4-PBA has been shown to induce fetal hemoglobin, and it has been used in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and &#946;-thalassemia. Because gene expression profiles became more differentiated, it is in phase I trials in several different malignant disorders. The potential for therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) resides in an additional mechanism, involving protein folding and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) environment (PMID 12458151). 4-PBA is a drug that was developed to treat elevated blood ammonia in urea cycle disorders, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes mutation &#916;F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking (PMID 16798551).
Benzenebutanoic acid (also known as 4-phenylbutyrate, or 4-PBA) is the oral form of butyrate, which is known to be a transcriptional regulator. Sodium-4-PBA has been shown to induce fetal hemoglobin, and it has been used in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and &#946;-thalassemia. Because gene expression profiles became more differentiated, it is in phase I trials in several different malignant disorders. The potential for therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) resides in an additional mechanism, involving protein folding and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) environment (PMID 12458151). 4-PBA is a drug that was developed to treat elevated blood ammonia in urea cycle disorders, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes mutation &#916;F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking (PMID 16798551).
Benzenebutanoic acid (also known as 4-phenylbutyrate, or 4-PBA) is the oral form of butyrate, which is known to be a transcriptional regulator. Sodium-4-PBA has been shown to induce fetal hemoglobin, and it has been used in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and &#946;-thalassemia. Because gene expression profiles became more differentiated, it is in phase I trials in several different malignant disorders. The potential for therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) resides in an additional mechanism, involving protein folding and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) environment (PMID 12458151). 4-PBA is a drug that was developed to treat elevated blood ammonia in urea cycle disorders, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes mutation &#916;F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking (PMID 16798551).
Benzenebutanoic acid (also known as 4-phenylbutyrate, or 4-PBA) is the oral form of butyrate, which is known to be a transcriptional regulator. Sodium-4-PBA has been shown to induce fetal hemoglobin, and it has been used in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and &#946;-thalassemia. Because gene expression profiles became more differentiated, it is in phase I trials in several different malignant disorders. The potential for therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) resides in an additional mechanism, involving protein folding and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) environment (PMID 12458151). 4-PBA is a drug that was developed to treat elevated blood ammonia in urea cycle disorders, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes mutation &#916;F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking (PMID 16798551).
Benzenebutanoic acid (also known as 4-phenylbutyrate, or 4-PBA) is the oral form of butyrate, which is known to be a transcriptional regulator. Sodium-4-PBA has been shown to induce fetal hemoglobin, and it has been used in clinical trials for sickle cell anemia and &#946;-thalassemia. Because gene expression profiles became more differentiated, it is in phase I trials in several different malignant disorders. The potential for therapeutic benefit in cystic fibrosis (CF) resides in an additional mechanism, involving protein folding and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) environment (PMID 12458151). 4-PBA is a drug that was developed to treat elevated blood ammonia in urea cycle disorders, a histone deacetylase inhibitor that promotes mutation &#916;F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) trafficking (PMID 16798551).
5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity.
5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity.
5-Hydroxymethyl-6-methyl- 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Uracil derivative used in combination with toxic antibiotics to lessen their toxicity; also to stimulate leukopoiesis and immunity.
Epietiocholanolone is an anabolic steroid similar in structure to androstenedione. Used by body-builders to add muscle mass, but with unknown side effects.
Epietiocholanolone is an anabolic steroid similar in structure to androstenedione. Used by body-builders to add muscle mass, but with unknown side effects.
Epietiocholanolone is an anabolic steroid similar in structure to androstenedione. Used by body-builders to add muscle mass, but with unknown side effects.
Epietiocholanolone is an anabolic steroid similar in structure to androstenedione. Used by body-builders to add muscle mass, but with unknown side effects.
Epietiocholanolone is an anabolic steroid similar in structure to androstenedione. Used by body-builders to add muscle mass, but with unknown side effects.
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.  Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood.  Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.  Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.  Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood.  Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.  Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.  Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood.  Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.  Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.  Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood.  Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.  Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.  Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood.  Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.  Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), also known as 1,4-butanolide or 1,4-lactone, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. GBL can also be classified as a tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2. Gamma-butyrolactone is soluble in ethanol and moderately miscible in water. Gamma-butyrolactone is a sweet, caramel, and creamy tasting compound. Gamma-butyrolactone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. It can be endogenously produced from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Outside of the human body, gamma-butyrolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as pepper (c. annuum), yellow bell peppers, orange bell peppers, soy beans, evergreen blackberries and a variety of wines (at a concentration of 5 ug/mL) (PMID: 15939164). This could make gamma-butyrolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.  Gamma-butyrolactone is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyrate by paraoxonase (lactonase) enzymes, found in the blood.  Because it can serve as a prodrug for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Gamma-butyrolactone is commonly used as a recreational CNS depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates.  Industrially gamma-butyrolactone is used as a common solvent for polymers and alcohols, a chemical intermediate, a raw material for pharmaceuticals, and as a paint stripper, superglue remover, and a stain remover.
3-Methyladipic acid is a metabolite of the catabolism of phytanic acid. Patients with adult Refsums disease (ARD) are unable to detoxify phytanic acid by alpha-oxidation, and so the w-oxidation pathway is the only metabolic pathway available for phytanic acid degradation. This pathway produces 3-methyladipic acid as the final metabolite, which is excreted in the urine (Wanders et al. 2001). Activity of the w-oxidation pathway is approximately doubled in ARD patients compared with normal individuals (PMID: 11948235).
3-Methyladipic acid is a metabolite of the catabolism of phytanic acid. Patients with adult Refsums disease (ARD) are unable to detoxify phytanic acid by alpha-oxidation, and so the w-oxidation pathway is the only metabolic pathway available for phytanic acid degradation. This pathway produces 3-methyladipic acid as the final metabolite, which is excreted in the urine (Wanders et al. 2001). Activity of the w-oxidation pathway is approximately doubled in ARD patients compared with normal individuals (PMID: 11948235).
3-Methyladipic acid is a metabolite of the catabolism of phytanic acid. Patients with adult Refsums disease (ARD) are unable to detoxify phytanic acid by alpha-oxidation, and so the w-oxidation pathway is the only metabolic pathway available for phytanic acid degradation. This pathway produces 3-methyladipic acid as the final metabolite, which is excreted in the urine (Wanders et al. 2001). Activity of the w-oxidation pathway is approximately doubled in ARD patients compared with normal individuals (PMID: 11948235).
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
L-alloisoleucine is a branched chain amino acid and is a stereo-isomer of L-isoleucine. It is a common constituent of human plasma (albeit at low levels). L-alloisoleucine is produced as a byproduct of isoleucine transamination. L-Isoleucine is one of the four common amino acids (the 3 others being threonine, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine) that have two asymmetric carbon atoms which produce four structural possibilities for the same chemical composition. L-alloisoleucine differs from L-isoleucine by having having different stereochemistry around its beta carbon. Plasma L-alloisoleucine, which is derived from L-isoleucine in vivo, can be used for the diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), a genetic disorder. Indeed, plasma L-alloisoleucine levels above 5 umol/L is the most specific and most sensitive diagnostic marker for all forms of MSUD (PMID: 10508118). In MSUD the degradation of the essential branched-chain L-amino acids leucine, valine, and isoleucine and their derived 2-oxoacids is impaired because of an inherited deficiency in branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.4) activity. The accumulation of branched-chain compounds in blood and other body fluids can exert neurotoxic effects.
Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis.
Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis.
Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis.
Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis.
Beta-Carotene belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of polyunsaturated hydrocarbon molecules containing eight consecutive isoprene units. Carotenes are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Beta-carotene is therefore considered to be an isoprenoid lipid molecule. Beta-carotene is a strongly coloured red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is synthesized biochemically from eight isoprene units and therefore has 40 carbons. Among the carotenes, beta-carotene is distinguished by having beta-rings at both ends of the molecule. Beta-Carotene is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. It is the most common form of carotene in plants. In nature, Beta-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A. Vitamin A is produed via the action of beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase on carotenes. In mammals, carotenoid absorption is restricted to the duodenum of the small intestine and dependent on a class B scavenger receptor (SR-B1) membrane protein, which is also responsible for the absorption of vitamin E. One molecule of beta-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme Beta-Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase into two molecules of vitamin A. Beta-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables. Vietnamese gac and crude palm oil are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as cantaloupe, mangoes, pumpkin, and papayas, and orange root vegetables such as carrots and sweet potatoes. Excess beta-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive beta-carotene consumption is carotenodermia, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous orange skin tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the epidermis.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Creatinine, or creatine anhydride, is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle. The loss of a water molecule from creatine results in the formation of creatinine. Creatinine is transferred to the kidneys by blood plasma, whereupon it is eliminated from the body by glomerular filtration and partial tubular excretion. Creatinine is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. Measuring serum creatinine is a simple test and it is the most commonly used indicator of renal function. A rise in blood creatinine levels is observed only with marked damage to functioning nephrons. Therefore, this test is not suitable for detecting early kidney disease. The typical reference range for women is considered about 45-90 µmol/L; for men 60-110 µmol/L. Creatine and creatinine are metabolized in the kidneys, muscle, liver, and pancreas.
Phenyllactic acid is a product of phenylalanine catabolism. An elevated level of phenyllactic acid is found in body fluids of patients with or phenylketonuria.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
PC(16:0/16:0) is a phosphatidylcholine (PC or GPCho). It is a glycerophospholipid in which a phosphorylcholine moiety occupies a glycerol substitution site. As is the case with diacylglycerols, glycerophosphocholines can have many different combinations of fatty acids of varying lengths and saturation attached at the C-1 and C-2 positions. Fatty acids containing 16, 18 and 20 carbons are the most common. PC(16:0/16:0), in particular, consists of two chains of palmitic acid at the C-1 and C-2 positions. The palmitic acid moieties are derived from fish oils, milk fats, vegetable oils and animal fats. Phospholipids, are ubiquitous in nature and are key components of the lipid bilayer of cells, as well as being involved in metabolism and signaling. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is the major constituent of pulmonary surfactant. It is also used for research purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers, and model biological membranes. While most phospholipids have a saturated fatty acid on C-1 and an unsaturated fatty acid on C-2 of the glycerol backbone, the fatty acid distribution at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol within phospholipids is continually in flux, owing to phospholipid degradation and the continuous phospholipid remodeling that occurs while these molecules are in membranes. PCs can be synthesized via three different routes. In one route, choline is activated first by phosphorylation and then by coupling to CDP prior to attachment to phosphatidic acid. PCs can also synthesized by the addition of choline to CDP-activated 1,2-diacylglycerol. A third route to PC synthesis involves the conversion of either PS or PE to PC.
Cinnamic acid, also known as (Z)-cinnamate or 3-phenyl-acrylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cinnamic acids. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene and a carboxylic acid group forming 3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid. Cinnamic acid can be obtained from oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax. Cinnamic acid is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Cinnamic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Outside of the human body, cinnamic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, chinese cinnamons. In plants, cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of myriad natural products include lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids.
Cinnamic acid, also known as (Z)-cinnamate or 3-phenyl-acrylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cinnamic acids. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene and a carboxylic acid group forming 3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid. Cinnamic acid can be obtained from oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax. Cinnamic acid is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Cinnamic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Outside of the human body, cinnamic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, chinese cinnamons. In plants, cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of myriad natural products include lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids.
Cinnamic acid, also known as (Z)-cinnamate or 3-phenyl-acrylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cinnamic acids. These are organic aromatic compounds containing a benzene and a carboxylic acid group forming 3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid. Cinnamic acid can be obtained from oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax. Cinnamic acid is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Cinnamic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Outside of the human body, cinnamic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, chinese cinnamons. In plants, cinnamic acid is a central intermediate in the biosynthesis of myriad natural products include lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and phenylpropanoids.
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
D-Arabitol is a polyol. Polyols are sugar alcohols linked to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). They are classified on the basis of the number of carbon atoms. Polyols occur in body fluids. A patient with leukoencephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy has been identified as suffering from ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency, a defect in the PPP. In this disorder, highly elevated concentrations of the C5 polyols such as D-arabitol are found in body fluids. In addition, transaldolase deficiency, another defect in the PPP, has been diagnosed in a patient with mainly liver problems among others. This patient had increased concentrations of polyols, mainly D-arabitol. So far, the pathophysiological role of polyols is relatively unknown. It is thought that D-arabitol is a metabolic end-product in humans. The strong brain-CSF-plasma gradient of polyols in the patient with RPI deficiency suggested a primary metabolic disorder. The mechanisms of brain and neuronal damage in RPI deficiency remain to be elucidated. A neurotoxic effect due to the accumulation of the polyols may play a role. D-Arabitol is a product of the enzyme D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.11) in the pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathway (PMID: 16435225, J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(6):1181-3). D-Arabitol has also been found to be a fungal metabolite, urinary D-Arabinitol is a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species (PMID: 15183861; PMID: 10647119). It can also a metabolite in Debaryomyces, Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces (PMID: 25809659).
Elaidic acid, also known as (9E)-octadecenoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Elaidic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and occurs in small amounts in caprine and bovine milk (very roughly 0.1 % of the fatty acids) and some meats. It is the trans isomer of oleic acid. The name of the elaidinization reaction comes from elaidic acid. Elaidic acid increases CETP activity, which in turn raises VLDL and lowers HDL cholesterol (Wikipedia).
Elaidic acid, also known as (9E)-octadecenoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Elaidic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and occurs in small amounts in caprine and bovine milk (very roughly 0.1 % of the fatty acids) and some meats. It is the trans isomer of oleic acid. The name of the elaidinization reaction comes from elaidic acid. Elaidic acid increases CETP activity, which in turn raises VLDL and lowers HDL cholesterol (Wikipedia).
Elaidic acid, also known as (9E)-octadecenoic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Elaidic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Elaidic acid is the major trans fat found in hydrogenated vegetable oils and occurs in small amounts in caprine and bovine milk (very roughly 0.1 % of the fatty acids) and some meats. It is the trans isomer of oleic acid. The name of the elaidinization reaction comes from elaidic acid. Elaidic acid increases CETP activity, which in turn raises VLDL and lowers HDL cholesterol (Wikipedia).
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Homocystine is the oxidized form of homocysteine.  Homocystine is a dipeptide consisting of two homocysteine molecules joined by a disulfide bond. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that arises during methionine metabolism. Homocystine occurs only transiently before being reduced to homocysteine and converted to the harmless cystathionine via a vitamin B6-dependent enzyme. Homocystine and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulfides account for >98% of total homocysteine in plasma from healthy individuals (PMID 11592966).  Homocystine has been shown to stereospecifically induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent lipid peroxidation in endothelial cells, thereby inducing a vascular cell type-specific oxidative stress. This vascular stress is associated with atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (PMID: 14980706).  High levels of homocysteine (and homocysteine) can be found in individuals suffering from homocystinura due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (PMID: 4685596)
Monoethyl malonic acid is an organic acid identified in the urine in a healthy pediatric population. (PMID 14708889).
Coprosterol or coprostanol is a cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter. Coprosterol is the odorous principle of feces. It is formed from the biohydrogenation of cholesterol (cholest-5en-3&#946;-ol) in the gut of most higher animals and birds. This compound has frequently been used as a biomarker for the presence of human faecal matter in the environment. American physician Austin Flint named it stercorin (Wikipedia). The transformation of cholesterol into coprosterol in its passage through the body involves a reduction of the C5:C6 double bond, and a transition from the allocholanic- to the cholanic-ring system. Although it is established that the bacterial flora of the intestine is concerned in the reduction process, the mechanism by which the stereochemical change is brought about is unknown. Current data suggests that cholestenone and coprostanone, and not cholesterol itself, are the immediate precursors of coprosterol which is formed from them in the intestine by bacterial reduction. Coprosterol is also a microbial metabolite, it can be produced by Lactobacillus (PMID: 20338415).
3,5-Diiodothyronine, also known as 3,5-T2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanines and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. It is also a member of the class of compounds known as iodothyronines. Iodothyronines are phenolic amino acids with iodine substituents. 3,5-Diiodothyronine is a metabolite of the two main thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodo-L-thyronine). It is a biologically active iodothyronine with mitochondria and bioenergetic mechanisms being the major targets of 3,5-T2. Nanomolar concentrations of 3,5-T2 significantly increases cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity (PMID: 30090086). It increases COX activity by preventing the interaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an allosteric inhibitor. At 1 pM concentration, 3,5-T2 stimulates oxygen consumption more rapidly than thyroxine (T3). A case report involving two human participants revealed that administration of 3,5-T2 to humans (1‚Äì5 ug/kg BW) rapidly (after 4‚Äì6 h) increased resting metabolic rate. Chronic 3,5-T2 administration (28 days, approximately 5 ug/kg BW) increased resting metabolic rate by approximately 15% and decreased body weight by approximately 4 kg in both participants (PMID: 22217997). 3,5-T2 stimulates the thyroid receptor (TR)-beta receptor for thyroid hormones and thus increases energy expenditure. It has agonistic (thyromimetic) effects on myocardial tissue and on the pituitary, which results in 3,5-T2 suppressing thyroid stimulating hormone release.
3,5-Diiodothyronine, also known as 3,5-T2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanines and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. It is also a member of the class of compounds known as iodothyronines. Iodothyronines are phenolic amino acids with iodine substituents. 3,5-Diiodothyronine is a metabolite of the two main thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodo-L-thyronine). It is a biologically active iodothyronine with mitochondria and bioenergetic mechanisms being the major targets of 3,5-T2. Nanomolar concentrations of 3,5-T2 significantly increases cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity (PMID: 30090086). It increases COX activity by preventing the interaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an allosteric inhibitor. At 1 pM concentration, 3,5-T2 stimulates oxygen consumption more rapidly than thyroxine (T3). A case report involving two human participants revealed that administration of 3,5-T2 to humans (1‚Äì5 ug/kg BW) rapidly (after 4‚Äì6 h) increased resting metabolic rate. Chronic 3,5-T2 administration (28 days, approximately 5 ug/kg BW) increased resting metabolic rate by approximately 15% and decreased body weight by approximately 4 kg in both participants (PMID: 22217997). 3,5-T2 stimulates the thyroid receptor (TR)-beta receptor for thyroid hormones and thus increases energy expenditure. It has agonistic (thyromimetic) effects on myocardial tissue and on the pituitary, which results in 3,5-T2 suppressing thyroid stimulating hormone release.
3,5-Diiodothyronine, also known as 3,5-T2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanines and derivatives. Phenylalanine and derivatives are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. It is also a member of the class of compounds known as iodothyronines. Iodothyronines are phenolic amino acids with iodine substituents. 3,5-Diiodothyronine is a metabolite of the two main thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine and triiodo-L-thyronine). It is a biologically active iodothyronine with mitochondria and bioenergetic mechanisms being the major targets of 3,5-T2. Nanomolar concentrations of 3,5-T2 significantly increases cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity (PMID: 30090086). It increases COX activity by preventing the interaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an allosteric inhibitor. At 1 pM concentration, 3,5-T2 stimulates oxygen consumption more rapidly than thyroxine (T3). A case report involving two human participants revealed that administration of 3,5-T2 to humans (1‚Äì5 ug/kg BW) rapidly (after 4‚Äì6 h) increased resting metabolic rate. Chronic 3,5-T2 administration (28 days, approximately 5 ug/kg BW) increased resting metabolic rate by approximately 15% and decreased body weight by approximately 4 kg in both participants (PMID: 22217997). 3,5-T2 stimulates the thyroid receptor (TR)-beta receptor for thyroid hormones and thus increases energy expenditure. It has agonistic (thyromimetic) effects on myocardial tissue and on the pituitary, which results in 3,5-T2 suppressing thyroid stimulating hormone release.
Glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine is a Glycoside of hydroxylysine. Hydroxylation of lysine is an important post-translational modification of collagen, (PMID 10928217) a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Lysyl hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.4) forming hydroxylysine in collagens and other proteins with collagen-like amino acid sequences, by the hydroxylation of lysine residues in X-lys-gly sequences. The hydroxylysine residues formed in the lysyl hydroxylase reaction have 2 important functions: first, their hydroxy groups serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units, either the monosaccharide galactose or the disaccharide glucosylgalactose; and second, they are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen crosslinks. (OMIM 153454). Hydroxylysine-deficient skin collagen is manifested in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type VIA, A heritable disorder of connective tissue (PMID 5016372).
Glutarylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:. acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Glutarylglycine is involved in lysine metabolism. An elevated level of glutarylglycine occurs in patients with glutaric acidemia type II, which is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism due to a mitochondrial respiratory electron chain transport defect. (http://www.pediatricneuro.com/alfonso/pg75.htm).
Glutarylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:. acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Glutarylglycine is involved in lysine metabolism. An elevated level of glutarylglycine occurs in patients with glutaric acidemia type II, which is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism due to a mitochondrial respiratory electron chain transport defect. (http://www.pediatricneuro.com/alfonso/pg75.htm).
Glutarylglycine is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.13) which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:. acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. Glutarylglycine is involved in lysine metabolism. An elevated level of glutarylglycine occurs in patients with glutaric acidemia type II, which is an autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism due to a mitochondrial respiratory electron chain transport defect. (http://www.pediatricneuro.com/alfonso/pg75.htm).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
Glucosamine 6-sulfate is a naturally occurring compound present in many of the body's tissues, and belongs to a class of compounds known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Glucosamine 6-sulfate is being used in the treatment of arthritis. Glucosamine for arthritis products is usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt or glucosamine sulfate and often combined with chondroitin sulphate. It is notable that while both the hydrochloride salt and glucosamine sulfate are used in pharmaceutical preparations, glucosamine sulfate is thought to have a higher biological activity due to the presence of the sulfate. It should also be noted that there is a large cost difference between the two salts, with the hydrochloride salt being significantly less expensive. (PMID: 15925239).
gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and phenylalanine, and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It is probably formed by transpeptidation between glutathione and the corresponding amino acid, catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (PMID: 237763). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine belongs to the family of N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at its terminal nitrogen atom. gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is an incomplete breakdown product of protein digestion or protein catabolism. Some dipeptides are known to have physiological or cell-signaling effects although most are simply short-lived intermediates on their way to specific amino acid degradation pathways following further proteolysis. It can be detected in the urine of patients with phenylketonuria, which is a human genetic disorder due to the lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine (Wikipedia). gamma-Glutamylphenylalanine is found in adzuki bean, onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and soybean.
Galactosylhydroxylysine is released during bone resorption and elevated in subjects with metabolic bone loss. Galactosylhydroxylysine is a sensitive and specific marker of bone resorption. (PMID 10222355).
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
DL-DOPA, also known as (+-)-DOPA or (R,S)-DOPA or DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an alpha amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). DL-DOPA also belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tyrosines and derivatives. Tyrosines and derivatives are compounds containing tyrosine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. DL-DOPA is a racemic mixture of both D-DOPA and L-DOPA. D-DOPA is similar to L-DOPA (levodopa), but with opposite chirality. Levo- and dextro- rotation refer to a molecule's ability to rotate planes of polarized light in one or the other direction. Whereas L-DOPA is moderately effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) by stimulating the production of dopamine in the brain, D-DOPA was at one time thought to be biologically inactive. However, it has recently been found that D-DOPA can be converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine via the human enzyme known as D-amino acid oxidase and that racemic mixtures of DL-DOPA can be effective in treating Parkinsonism (PMID: 17924443; PMID: 3129126; PMID: 17042912).  The biological production or biosynthesis of D-DOPA is thought to occur through bacterial conversion of tyrosine.  L-DOPA is found naturally in both animals and plants. It is made via biosynthesis from the amino acid L-tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines.
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Furoic acid is a metabolite that appears in the urine of workers occupationally exposed to furfural and is a marker of exposure to this compound. Furfural is a heterocyclic aldehyde that is commonly used as a solvent in industry. It is readily absorbed into the body via the lungs and has significant skin absorption. Furfural is an irritant of the eyes, mucous membranes, and skin and is a central nervous system depressant. Furfural as a confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (It has been suggested that is a substance that produces hepatic cirrhosis). Once in the body, furfural is metabolized rapidly via oxidation to the metabolite furoic acid, which is then conjugated with glycine and excreted in the urine in both free and conjugated forms. (PMID: 3751566, 4630229, 12587683). 2-Furoic acid is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
D-Ribulose 5-phosphate is a metabolite in the following pathways: pentose phosphate pathway, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and riboflavin metabolism (KEGG).
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
Dodecanedioic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid containing 12 carbon atoms. More formally it is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid with both the first and last carbons of the aliphatic chain having carboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic acid is water soluble. It can be produced in yeast and fungi through the oxidation of dodecane via fungal peroxygenases (PMID: 27573441). High levels of dodecanedioic acid is an indicator of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT IA) deficiency (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by hypoketotic dicarboxylic aciduria with high urinary levels of dodecanedioic acid. It is thought that carnitine palmitoyltransferase I may play a role in the uptake of long-chain dicarboxylic acids by mitochondria after their initial shortening by beta-oxidation in peroxisomes (PMID: 16146704). CPT IA deficiency is characterized by acute encephalopathy with hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly.
D-Leucic acid is an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid present in patients affected with Short-bowel syndrome (an Inborn errors of metabolism, OMIM 175200) (PMID 9766851), and in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acid) (PMID 9766851).
D-Leucic acid is an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid present in patients affected with Short-bowel syndrome (an Inborn errors of metabolism, OMIM 175200) (PMID 9766851), and in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acid) (PMID 9766851).
D-Leucic acid is an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid present in patients affected with Short-bowel syndrome (an Inborn errors of metabolism, OMIM 175200) (PMID 9766851), and in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acid) (PMID 9766851).
D-Leucic acid is an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid present in patients affected with Short-bowel syndrome (an Inborn errors of metabolism, OMIM 175200) (PMID 9766851), and in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acid) (PMID 9766851).
D-Leucic acid is an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid present in patients affected with Short-bowel syndrome (an Inborn errors of metabolism, OMIM 175200) (PMID 9766851), and in Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD, an autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder of branched-chain amino acid) (PMID 9766851).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Epitestosterone, or isotestosterone, also known as 17alpha-testosterone or as androst-4-en-17alpha-ol-3-one belongs to the class of organic compounds known as androgens and derivatives. These are 3-hydroxylated C19 steroid hormones. Epitestosterone is an endogenous steroid and a C-17 epimer of the androgen sex hormone testosterone. It is a weak competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) and a potent 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structurally, epitestosterone differs from testosterone only in the configuration at the hydroxy-bearing carbon, C17. Epitestosterone is believed to form in a similar way to testosterone with 50% of epitestosterone production in human males taking place in the testis. Epitestosterone levels are typically highest in young males; however, by adulthood, most healthy males exhibit a testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E ratio) of about 1:1 (PMID: 11901061). A study of Australian athletes found that the mean T/E ratio in the study was 1.15:1. Another study found that the max T/E ratio for the 95th percentile of athletes was 3.71:1, and the max T/E ratio for the 99th percentile was 5.25:1. Epitestosterone has not been shown to enhance athletic performance, although administration of epistestosterone can be used to mask a high level of testosterone if the standard T/E ratio test is used. As such, epitestosterone is banned by many sporting authorities as a masking agent for testosterone. Interestingly, small amounts of ethanol can elevate T/E values, with women being more susceptible (PMID: 28671321).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Citraconic acid, also known as 2-methylmaleate or methylmaleic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methyl-branched fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an acyl chain that has a methyl branch. Usually, they are saturated and contain only one or more methyl group. However, branches other than methyl may be present. Citraconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position. Citraconic acid exists as a white solid. It is the cis-isomer of mesaconic acid and is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid.  Citraconic acid has been detected in the urine of both normal and fasting individuals (PMID: 6778884). Citraconic acid is also elevated in the urine of individuals with methylmalonic acidaemia who have suffered ketotic attacks (PMID: 116077).  Altered serum levels of citraconic acid have been detected in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PMID: 28400566).
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct therefore exist in a glycine conjugated form (PMID: 16949895). This compound usually exists as the sodium salt and acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Dodecanoic acid, also known as dodecanoate or lauric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 4 and 12 carbon atoms. Dodecanoic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Dodecanoic acid is the main fatty acid in coconut oil and in palm kernel oil, and is believed to have antimicrobial properties. It is a white, powdery solid with a faint odour of bay oil. Dodecanoic acid, although slightly irritating to mucous membranes, has a very low toxicity and so is used in many soaps and shampoos.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Galactaric acid, also known as mucic acid or galactarate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Technically, galactaric acid is an aldaric acid obtained by oxidation of galactose. Galactaric acid exists as a white crystalline powder, which melts at 210 - 230 oC. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water (1 g/300 mL) but more soluble in hot water (1 g/60 mL).. Galactaric acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. In plants, galactaric acid is commonly produced or utilized as an osmorgulator (PMID: 31505987). Galactaric acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, vegetables and bovine milk. A recent large-scale dietary study found that galactaric acid can serve as a biomarker for long-term dairy intake and for the consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables (PMID: 33566801). In food production, galactaric acid can be used to replace tartaric acid in self-rising flour or fizzies.
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Levoglucosan is an anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter. Levoglucosan in urine has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires and as a biomarker for wood smoke exposure (PMID: 19165390). This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan. The hydrolysis of levoglucosan generates the fermentable sugar glucose, and therefore lignocellulosic material exhibits great potential as a renewable feedstock for the production of bioethanol. Levoglucosan can also be utilized in the synthesis of chiral polymers such as unhydrolysable glucose polymers. Levoglucosan is also produced via caramelization of sugar. Consumption of caramel or caramel-containing sweets can lead to a short-term 5X increase in urinary levels of levoglucosan (from 20 uM/mM creatinine to 100 uM/mM creatinine) (PMID: 19707249). Urinary levoglucosan levels increase within 2 h of caramel consumption and return to pre-exposure levels within 24 h. These data suggest that diet is a major factor in determining urinary levoglucosan levels and that recent dietary history needs to be taken into account to use levoglucosan as a marker for wood smoke exposure. Excretory levels of levoglucosan vary widely from zero up to 5.3 mmol/L (PMID: 3757263, 16448658, 16317539).
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
Galactose 1-phosphate, also known as D-Galactose-1-phosphate or alpha-D-gal-1-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphate group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and uridine diphosphate galactose. Galactose 1-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within humans, galactose 1-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, uridine diphosphate glucose and galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from uridine diphosphategalactose and glucose 1-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT). In addition, galactose 1-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-galactose through the action of the enzyme galactokinase. The improper metabolism of galactose-1-phosphate is a characteristic of a condition known as galactosemia (PMID: 7671964). Type I galactosemia is a genetic disorder that is caused by the impairment of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.12). Evidence suggests that misfolding of the galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme is the underlying cause of type I galactosemia (PMID: 23583749). Outside of the human body, galactose 1-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gooseberries, anises, turmerics, caraway, and cumins.
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
Cholesterol sulfate, or cholest-5-en-3beta-ol sulfate, is an endogenous steroid and the C3beta sulfate ester of cholesterol. It is formed from cholesterol by steroid sulfotransferases (SSTs) such as SULT2B1b (also known as cholesterol sulfotransferase) and is converted back into cholesterol by steroid sulfatase (STS). Accumulation of cholesterol sulfate in the skin is implicated in the pathophysiology of X-linked ichthyosis, a congenital disorder in which STS is non-functional and the body cannot convert cholesterol sulfate back into cholesterol. Cholesterol sulfate is quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma, where it is present in a concentration that overlaps that of the other abundant circulating steroid sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate has a stabilizing function on the membrane, supports platelet adhesion and is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). It plays a role in protecting erythrocytes from osmotic lysis and regulating sperm capacitation. Cholesterol sulfate can regulate the activity of serine proteases, e.g., those involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and epidermal cell adhesion (PMID 12730293). As a result of its ability to regulate the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulate the specificity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cholesterol sulfate is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate functions in keratinocyte differentiation, inducing genes that encode for key components involved in development of the barrier (PMID 12730293).
Cholesterol sulfate, or cholest-5-en-3beta-ol sulfate, is an endogenous steroid and the C3beta sulfate ester of cholesterol. It is formed from cholesterol by steroid sulfotransferases (SSTs) such as SULT2B1b (also known as cholesterol sulfotransferase) and is converted back into cholesterol by steroid sulfatase (STS). Accumulation of cholesterol sulfate in the skin is implicated in the pathophysiology of X-linked ichthyosis, a congenital disorder in which STS is non-functional and the body cannot convert cholesterol sulfate back into cholesterol. Cholesterol sulfate is quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma, where it is present in a concentration that overlaps that of the other abundant circulating steroid sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate has a stabilizing function on the membrane, supports platelet adhesion and is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). It plays a role in protecting erythrocytes from osmotic lysis and regulating sperm capacitation. Cholesterol sulfate can regulate the activity of serine proteases, e.g., those involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and epidermal cell adhesion (PMID 12730293). As a result of its ability to regulate the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulate the specificity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cholesterol sulfate is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate functions in keratinocyte differentiation, inducing genes that encode for key components involved in development of the barrier (PMID 12730293).
Cholesterol sulfate, or cholest-5-en-3beta-ol sulfate, is an endogenous steroid and the C3beta sulfate ester of cholesterol. It is formed from cholesterol by steroid sulfotransferases (SSTs) such as SULT2B1b (also known as cholesterol sulfotransferase) and is converted back into cholesterol by steroid sulfatase (STS). Accumulation of cholesterol sulfate in the skin is implicated in the pathophysiology of X-linked ichthyosis, a congenital disorder in which STS is non-functional and the body cannot convert cholesterol sulfate back into cholesterol. Cholesterol sulfate is quantitatively the most important known sterol sulfate in human plasma, where it is present in a concentration that overlaps that of the other abundant circulating steroid sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate has a stabilizing function on the membrane, supports platelet adhesion and is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). It plays a role in protecting erythrocytes from osmotic lysis and regulating sperm capacitation. Cholesterol sulfate can regulate the activity of serine proteases, e.g., those involved in blood clotting, fibrinolysis, and epidermal cell adhesion (PMID 12730293). As a result of its ability to regulate the activity of selective protein kinase C isoforms and modulate the specificity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cholesterol sulfate is involved in signal transduction (PMID 12730293). Cholesterol sulfate functions in keratinocyte differentiation, inducing genes that encode for key components involved in development of the barrier (PMID 12730293).
Cysteineglutathione disulfide is a molecule that is formed upon oxidative stress of glutathione, that will form mixed disulfides with protein thiol groups, causing reversible S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation is an important post-translational modification responsible for transducing oxidant signals. S-glutathionylation of thiols confers protection against their irreversible oxidation, like for instance the formation of sulphonic acid moieties. If the targeted cysteine is a functionally critical amino acid, S-glutathionylation will however also modify protein function. (PMID 16515838). S-sulfonation and S-thiolation of transthyretin Phe33Cys has been detected in a patient with familial transthyretin amyloidosis. (PMID 12876326). In Cystinotic human skin fibroblasts in tissue culture there is an accumulation of cystine. Stored cystine in cystinotic tissues may derive in part from glutathione-cysteine mixed disulfide via transpeptidation. (PMID 6130452). Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes. (PMID 15042893).
Cysteineglutathione disulfide is a molecule that is formed upon oxidative stress of glutathione, that will form mixed disulfides with protein thiol groups, causing reversible S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation is an important post-translational modification responsible for transducing oxidant signals. S-glutathionylation of thiols confers protection against their irreversible oxidation, like for instance the formation of sulphonic acid moieties. If the targeted cysteine is a functionally critical amino acid, S-glutathionylation will however also modify protein function. (PMID 16515838). S-sulfonation and S-thiolation of transthyretin Phe33Cys has been detected in a patient with familial transthyretin amyloidosis. (PMID 12876326). In Cystinotic human skin fibroblasts in tissue culture there is an accumulation of cystine. Stored cystine in cystinotic tissues may derive in part from glutathione-cysteine mixed disulfide via transpeptidation. (PMID 6130452). Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes. (PMID 15042893).
Cysteineglutathione disulfide is a molecule that is formed upon oxidative stress of glutathione, that will form mixed disulfides with protein thiol groups, causing reversible S-glutathionylation. S-glutathionylation is an important post-translational modification responsible for transducing oxidant signals. S-glutathionylation of thiols confers protection against their irreversible oxidation, like for instance the formation of sulphonic acid moieties. If the targeted cysteine is a functionally critical amino acid, S-glutathionylation will however also modify protein function. (PMID 16515838). S-sulfonation and S-thiolation of transthyretin Phe33Cys has been detected in a patient with familial transthyretin amyloidosis. (PMID 12876326). In Cystinotic human skin fibroblasts in tissue culture there is an accumulation of cystine. Stored cystine in cystinotic tissues may derive in part from glutathione-cysteine mixed disulfide via transpeptidation. (PMID 6130452). Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by an impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes. (PMID 15042893).
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Glucaric acid, also known as glucarate or D-saccharic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glucuronic acid derivatives. Glucuronic acid derivatives are compounds containing a glucuronic acid moiety (or a derivative), which consists of a glucose moiety with the C6 carbon oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Glucaric acid is a sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups. D-glucaric acid is found in fruits, vegetables, and mammals. The highest concentrations of glucaric acid are found in grapefruits, apples, oranges, and cruciferous vegetables (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric acid is produced through the oxidation of glucose. Cytochrome P450 is thought to be responsible for the production of D-glucaric acid in vivo (PMID: 3779687). In mammals, D-glucaric acid and D-glucaro-l,4-lactone are also known end-products of the D-glucuronic acid pathway (PMID: 18772850). Glucaric is available as a dietary supplement in the form of calcium D-glucarate and has been studied for therapeutic purposes including cholesterol reduction and cancer chemotherapy (PMID: 9101079). D-Glucaric acid has a potential use as a building block for a number of polymers, including new nylons and hyperbranched polyesters. D-glucaric acid produced from D-glucose has been successfully utilized to produce a hydroxylated nylon.
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Leucinic acid, also known as leucic acid, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid or 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hydroxy fatty acids. These are fatty acids in which the chain bears a hydroxyl group. Leucinic acid is a valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position. It is an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine and a metabolite of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Leucinic acid is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Leucinic acid has been found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency (PMID: 6688766). DLD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DLD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A common feature of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency is a potentially life-threatening buildup of lactic acid in tissues (lactic acidosis), which can cause nausea, vomiting, severe breathing problems, and an abnormal heartbeat. Neurological problems are also common in this condition; the first symptoms in affected infants are often decreased muscle tone (hypotonia) and extreme tiredness (lethargy). As the problems worsen, affected infants can have difficulty feeding, decreased alertness, and seizures. Liver problems can also occur in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, ranging from an enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) to life-threatening liver failure. In some affected people, liver disease, which can begin anytime from infancy to adulthood, is the primary symptom. Leucinic acid is also present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome (PMID: 4018104)
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Heptanoic acid, or C7:0 also known as enanthic acid or heptylic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain fatty acids. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons, which can form medium-chain triglycerides Heptanoic acid is an oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor. It contributes to the odor of some rancid oils. It is slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in ethanol and ether. Its name derives from the Latin oenanthe which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek oinos "wine" and anthos "blossom." Heptanoic acid is used in the preparation of esters, such as ethyl enanthate, which are used in fragrances and as artificial flavors.  The triglyceride ester of heptanoic acid is the triheptanoin, which is used in certain medical conditions as a nutritional supplement.
Thyronine (T0) is a de-iodinated form of thyroxine. Thyronine are a group of metabolites derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms. Thyronine (T0) has been identified in human urine. In 22 normal individuals urinary thyronine concentrations were found to range between 8-25 nmol‚ÅÑ24h (PMID: 479355). Thyronine is thought to be a byproduct of thyroxine metabolism and arises through the action of thyroxine deiodinases.
Thyronine (T0) is a de-iodinated form of thyroxine. Thyronine are a group of metabolites derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms. Thyronine (T0) has been identified in human urine. In 22 normal individuals urinary thyronine concentrations were found to range between 8-25 nmol‚ÅÑ24h (PMID: 479355). Thyronine is thought to be a byproduct of thyroxine metabolism and arises through the action of thyroxine deiodinases.
Thyronine (T0) is a de-iodinated form of thyroxine. Thyronine are a group of metabolites derived from thyroxine and triiodothyronine via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms. Thyronine (T0) has been identified in human urine. In 22 normal individuals urinary thyronine concentrations were found to range between 8-25 nmol‚ÅÑ24h (PMID: 479355). Thyronine is thought to be a byproduct of thyroxine metabolism and arises through the action of thyroxine deiodinases.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, also known as (o-hydroxyphenyl)acetate or 2-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, is a member of the class of compounds known as 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids. 2(Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids are phenylacetic acids that carry a hydroxyl group at the 2-position. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine. Moreover, ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid is found to be associated with phenylketonuria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a substrate of the enzyme oxidoreductases (EC 1.14.13.-) in the pathway styrene degradation (KEGG). ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is also a microbial metabolite.
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
L-homoarginine, also known as N6-(aminoiminomethyl)-L-lysine or N6-amidino-L-lysine, is a member of the class of compounds known as L-alpha-amino acids. L-alpha-amino acids are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. More specifically, L-homoarginine is a naturally occurring, non-proteinogenic, cationic amino acid. It is formed in the liver in a reaction catalyzed by L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) when transferring the amidino group from arginine to lysine. It is an alternative substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase. L-homoarginine increases the availability of NO and thereby affects endothelial function. High homoarginine levels may exert positive actions that are relevant to cardiovascular health, including enhanced endothelial function, inhibition of platelet aggregation and stimulation of insulin secretion (PMID: 30866658). Recent studies have demonstrated that low serum homoarginine levels are a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality (PMID: 24583919). L-homoarginine is a substrate of the human cationic amino acid CAT1 [solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1)], CAT2A (SLC7A2A) or CAT2B (SLC7A2B) (PMID: 28684763). According to published human metabolomic data, L-homoarginine can be found primarily in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine, as well as in human intestinal and testes tissues. Moreover, L-homoarginine has been found to be associated with liver cirrhosis and the genetic disorder, hyperargininemia. Homoarginine is an organ-specific uncompetitive inhibitor of human liver and bone alkaline phosphohydrolase (PMID: 5063678).
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Indolelactic acid (CAS: 1821-52-9) is a tryptophan metabolite found in human plasma, serum, and urine. Tryptophan is metabolized by two major pathways in humans, either through kynurenine or via a series of indoles, and some of its metabolites are known to be biologically active. Indolelactic acid is present in various amounts, significantly higher in umbilical fetal plasma than in maternal plasma in the protein-bound form (PMID 2361979, 1400722, 3597614, 11060358, 1400722). Indolelactic acid is also a microbial metabolite; urinary indole-3-lactate is produced by Clostridium sporogenes (PMID: 29168502).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Hexadecanedioic acid, also known as thapsic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids. These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms. Hexadecanedioic acid is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Hexadecanedioic acid is activated by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions in the liver (PMID: 4372285). It has antitumor activity (PMID: 14987827).
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.
Linoleic acid is a doubly unsaturated fatty acid, also known as an omega-6 fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. In this particular polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), the first double bond is located between the sixth and seventh carbon atom from the methyl end of the fatty acid (n-6). Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid in human nutrition because it cannot be synthesized by humans. It is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (via arachidonic acid) and cell membranes (From Stedman, 26th ed). Linoleic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.