2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, and also known as 5'-CDP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. CDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, CDP is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, CDP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as carobs, mexican oregano, evergreen huckleberries, green vegetables, and pepper (Capsicum baccatum).
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Beta-D-Fructose 6 phosphate (b-F6P) is the beta-anomer of fructose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of fructose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Specifically, beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. Beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate is a substrate for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Pyruvate kinase (isozymes R/L), Hexokinase (type I), Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (liver) and Transaldolase.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes.
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
Beta-D-Fructose 6 phosphate (b-F6P) is the beta-anomer of fructose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of fructose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Specifically, beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. Beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate is a substrate for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Pyruvate kinase (isozymes R/L), Hexokinase (type I), Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (liver) and Transaldolase.
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate.
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, and also known as 5'-CDP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. CDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, CDP is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, CDP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as carobs, mexican oregano, evergreen huckleberries, green vegetables, and pepper (Capsicum baccatum).
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Malic acid (CAS: 6915-15-7) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness (Wikipedia). In its ionized form, malic acid is called malate. Malate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. Malate's importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats, it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle needed for energy production were found to be unchanged. Because of this, a deficiency of malic acid has been hypothesized to be a major cause of physical exhaustion. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production. Malic acid has been found to be a metabolite in Aspergillus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia).
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Spermidine, also known as SPD, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Spermidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, spermidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine by the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine can be converted into 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine through the action of the enzyme spermine synthase. In humans, spermidine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermidine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk and oats. Spermidine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common chokecherries, watercress, agars, strawberry guava, and bog bilberries. This could make spermidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Spermidine is consideres as an uremic toxine. Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic toxins such as spermidine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3).
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
(2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate, also known as 3-phospho-(R)-glycerate or D-glycerate 3-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar acids and derivatives. Sugar acids and derivatives are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate is a drug (2R)-2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as poppies, small-leaf lindens, lupines, pomegranates, and kombus. These are compounds containing a saccharide unit which bears a carboxylic acid group.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Spermidine, also known as SPD, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Spermidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, spermidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermidine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and putrescine by the enzyme spermidine synthase. In addition, S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine can be converted into 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine through the action of the enzyme spermine synthase. In humans, spermidine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermidine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within cow milk and oats. Spermidine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as common chokecherries, watercress, agars, strawberry guava, and bog bilberries. This could make spermidine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Spermidine is consideres as an uremic toxine. Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. Chronic exposure to uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic toxins such as spermidine are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3).
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Glucose 1-phosphate (also called cori ester) is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1'-carbon. It can exist in either the α- or β-anomeric form. Glucose 1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Glucose 1-phosphate is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
D-Ribose 5-phosphate (CAS: 4300-28-1), also known as R-5-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Ribose 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, D-ribose 5-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribulose 5-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. In addition, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribose; which is catalyzed by the enzyme ribokinase. Outside of the human body, D-ribose 5-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk and rices. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5-phosphate. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is an important intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the purine metabolism pathway. The intracellular ribose 5-phosphate concentration is an important determinant of the rate of de novo purine synthesis (PMID:6699001).
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
6-Phosphogluconic acid, also known as 6-phospho-D-gluconate or gluconic acid-6-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 6-Phosphogluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be biosynthesized from gluconolactone; which is mediated by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase. In addition, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be converted into D-ribulose 5-phosphate through the action of the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating. In humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, 6-Phosphogluconic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cascade huckleberries, common chokecherries, half-highbush blueberries, american cranberries, and okra.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate.
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, and also known as 5'-CDP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. CDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, CDP is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, CDP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as carobs, mexican oregano, evergreen huckleberries, green vegetables, and pepper (Capsicum baccatum).
6-Phosphogluconic acid, also known as 6-phospho-D-gluconate or gluconic acid-6-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 6-Phosphogluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be biosynthesized from gluconolactone; which is mediated by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase. In addition, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be converted into D-ribulose 5-phosphate through the action of the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating. In humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, 6-Phosphogluconic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cascade huckleberries, common chokecherries, half-highbush blueberries, american cranberries, and okra.
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
D-Ribose 5-phosphate (CAS: 4300-28-1), also known as R-5-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Ribose 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, D-ribose 5-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribulose 5-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. In addition, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribose; which is catalyzed by the enzyme ribokinase. Outside of the human body, D-ribose 5-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk and rices. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5-phosphate. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is an important intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the purine metabolism pathway. The intracellular ribose 5-phosphate concentration is an important determinant of the rate of de novo purine synthesis (PMID:6699001).
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Adenosine is a nucleoside that is composed of adenine and D-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. For instance, adenosine plays an important role in energy transfer as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). It also plays a role in signal transduction as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Adenosine itself is both a neurotransmitter and potent vasodilator. When administered intravenously adenosine causes transient heart block in the AV node. Due to the effects of adenosine on AV node-dependent supraventricular tachycardia, adenosine is considered a class V antiarrhythmic agent. Overdoses of adenosine intake (as a drug) can lead to several side effects including chest pain, feeling faint, shortness of breath, and tingling of the senses. Serious side effects include a worsening dysrhythmia and low blood pressure. When present in sufficiently high levels, adenosine can act as an immunotoxin and a metabotoxin. An immunotoxin disrupts, limits the function, or destroys immune cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenous metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of adenosine are associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Adenosine is a precursor to deoxyadenosine, which is a precursor to dATP. A buildup of dATP in cells inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and prevents DNA synthesis, so cells are unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells are some of the most mitotically active cells, they are unable to divide and propagate to respond to immune challenges. High levels of deoxyadenosine also lead to an increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine, which is toxic to immature lymphocytes.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, and also known as 5'-CDP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. CDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, CDP is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, CDP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as carobs, mexican oregano, evergreen huckleberries, green vegetables, and pepper (Capsicum baccatum).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Beta-D-Fructose 6 phosphate (b-F6P) is the beta-anomer of fructose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of fructose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Specifically, beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. Beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate is a substrate for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Pyruvate kinase (isozymes R/L), Hexokinase (type I), Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (liver) and Transaldolase.
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
D-Ribose 5-phosphate (CAS: 4300-28-1), also known as R-5-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Ribose 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, D-ribose 5-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribulose 5-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. In addition, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribose; which is catalyzed by the enzyme ribokinase. Outside of the human body, D-ribose 5-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk and rices. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5-phosphate. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is an important intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the purine metabolism pathway. The intracellular ribose 5-phosphate concentration is an important determinant of the rate of de novo purine synthesis (PMID:6699001).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Beta-D-Fructose 6 phosphate (b-F6P) is the beta-anomer of fructose-6-phosphate. There are two anomers of fructose 6 phosphate, the alpha anomer and the beta anomer. Specifically, beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate is fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. Beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate is a substrate for Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Pyruvate kinase (isozymes R/L), Hexokinase (type I), Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (liver) and Transaldolase.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
6-Phosphogluconic acid, also known as 6-phospho-D-gluconate or gluconic acid-6-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 6-Phosphogluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be biosynthesized from gluconolactone; which is mediated by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase. In addition, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be converted into D-ribulose 5-phosphate through the action of the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating. In humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, 6-Phosphogluconic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cascade huckleberries, common chokecherries, half-highbush blueberries, american cranberries, and okra.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
Glucose 1-phosphate (also called cori ester) is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1'-carbon. It can exist in either the α- or β-anomeric form. Glucose 1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Glucose 1-phosphate is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase.
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose. The diphosphate group of ADP is attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar backbone, while the adenine attaches to the 1’ carbon. ADP belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are purine ribobucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleotide adenine. Adenosine diphosphate is a nucleotide. ADP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, ADP is involved in d4-gdi signaling pathway. ADP is the product of ATP dephosphorylation by ATPases. ADP is converted back to ATP by ATP synthases. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine.
D-Ribose 5-phosphate (CAS: 4300-28-1), also known as R-5-P, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pentose phosphates. These are carbohydrate derivatives containing a pentose substituted by one or more phosphate groups. D-Ribose 5-phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, D-ribose 5-phosphate participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribulose 5-phosphate; which is mediated by the enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase. In addition, D-ribose 5-phosphate can be biosynthesized from D-ribose; which is catalyzed by the enzyme ribokinase. Outside of the human body, D-ribose 5-phosphate has been detected, but not quantified in cow milk and rices. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is both a product and an intermediate of the pentose phosphate pathway. The last step of the oxidative reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway is the production of ribulose 5-phosphate. D-Ribose 5-phosphate is an important intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway and in the purine metabolism pathway. The intracellular ribose 5-phosphate concentration is an important determinant of the rate of de novo purine synthesis (PMID:6699001).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
The main function of coenzyme A is to carry acyl groups (such as the acetyl group) or thioesters. Acetyl-CoA is an important molecule itself. It is the precursor to HMG CoA, which is a vital component in cholesterol and ketone synthesis. (wikipedia). acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
Glycerol 3-phosphate is a chemical intermediate in the glycolysis metabolic pathway. It is commonly confused with the similarly named glycerate 3-phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Glycerol 3-phosphate is produced from glycerol, the triose sugar backbone of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids, by the enzyme glycerol kinase. Glycerol 3-phospate may then be converted by dehydrogenation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. DHAP can then be rearranged into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P) by triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), and feed into glycolysis. The glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is used to rapidly regenerate NAD+ in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of mammals (wikipedia).
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, and also known as 5'-CDP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. CDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, CDP is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, CDP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as carobs, mexican oregano, evergreen huckleberries, green vegetables, and pepper (Capsicum baccatum).
Malic acid (CAS: 6915-15-7) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness (Wikipedia). In its ionized form, malic acid is called malate. Malate is an intermediate of the TCA cycle along with fumarate. It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle which takes place in the mitochondria. Malate's importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acid's simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. In studies on rats, it has been found that only tissue malate is depleted following exhaustive physical activity. Other key metabolites from the citric acid cycle needed for energy production were found to be unchanged. Because of this, a deficiency of malic acid has been hypothesized to be a major cause of physical exhaustion. Notably, the administration of malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate and increase mitochondrial respiration and energy production. Malic acid has been found to be a metabolite in Aspergillus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Isocitric acid, also known as isocitrate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups. Isocitric acid is a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle intermediate. It is a structural isomer of citric acid and is formed from citrate with the help of the enzyme aconitase. More specifically, Isocitric acid is synthesized from citric acid via the intermediate cis-aconitic acid by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase). Isocitrate is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to form alpha-ketoglutarate. This is a two-step process, which involves oxidation of isocitrate to oxalosuccinate (a ketone), followed by the decarboxylation of the carboxyl group beta to the ketone, forming alpha-ketoglutarate. In humans, IDH exists in three isoforms: IDH3 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle while converting NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondria. The isoforms IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the same reaction outside the context of the citric acid cycle and use NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+. They localize to the cytosol as well as the mitochondrion and peroxisome. Isocitric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Isocitric acid is a minor organic acid found in most fruit juices, especially in blackberries, youngberries, and boyberries, and in vegetables, especially in carrots. The determination of D-isocitric acid has become of importance in the analysis of fruit juices for the detection of illegal additives (adulteration). Since the quantities of citric and isocitric acids are correlated in fruit juices, a high ratio of citric to isocitric acid can indicate the addition of citric acid as an alduterant. In authentic orange juice, for example, the ratio of citric acid to D-isocitric acid is usually less than 130. Isocitric acid is mostly used in the food industry (food additive) as a food acidulant.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
3-Sulfinoalanine or cysteinesulfinic acid is an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist. It is a product of cysteine dioxygenase or CDO (EC 1.13.11.20). In humans, cysteine catabolism is tightly regulated via regulation of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) levels in the liver, with the turnover of CDO protein being dramatically decreased when intracellular cysteine levels increase. This occurs in response to changes in the intracellular cysteine concentration via changes in the rate of CDO ubiquitination and degradation. Expressed at high levels in the liver with lower levels in the kidney, brain, and lung, cysteine dioxygenase catalyzes the addition of molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, yielding cysteinesulfinic acid. The oxidative catabolism of cysteine to cysteinesulfinate by CDO represents an irreversible loss of cysteine from the free amino acid pool. Once generated, cysteinesulfinate is shuttled into several pathways including hypotaurine/taurine synthesis, sulfite/sulfate production, and the generation of pyruvate.
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Spermine, also known as gerontine or musculamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dialkylamines. These are organic compounds containing a dialkylamine group, characterized by two alkyl groups bonded to the amino nitrogen. The resultin N-carbamoylputrescine is acted on by a hydrolase to split off urea group, leaving putrescine. The precursor for synthesis of spermine is the amino acid ornithine. The intermediate is spermidine. Spermine is a drug. Spermine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. 5'-methylthioadenosine and spermine can be biosynthesized from S-adenosylmethioninamine and spermidine through its interaction with the enzyme spermine synthase. Another pathway in plants starts with decarboxylation of L-arginine to produce agmatine. In humans, spermine is involved in spermidine and spermine biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, spermine is found, on average, in the highest concentration in oats. Spermine has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as sapodilla, mexican groundcherries, cloves, sourdocks, and sunflowers. This could make spermine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. This decarboxylation gives putrescine. The name spermin was first used by the German chemists Ladenburg and Abel in 1888, and the correct structure of spermine was not finally established until 1926, simultaneously in England (by Dudley, Rosenheim, and Starling) and Germany (by Wrede et al.). In one pathway L-glutamine is the precursor to L-ornithine, after which the synthesis of spermine from L-ornithine follows the same pathway as in animals. Spermine is a potentially toxic compound.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Oxidized glutathione, also known as glutathione disulfide or GSSG, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as peptides. Peptides are compounds containing an amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by the formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another. In humans, oxidized glutathione is involved in the metabolic disorder called leukotriene C4 synthesis deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, oxidized glutathione has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as leeks, star anises, mamey sapotes, climbing beans, and common persimmons. Oxidized glutathione is a glutathione dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. Glutathione participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It is also important as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to lipophilic toxins and waste in the liver during biotransformation before they can become part of the bile. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione into S-D-lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione into glutathione and D-lactate.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It has a high energy phosphate bond, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In glycolysis, PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme enolase on 2-phosphoglycerate. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cells. In gluconeogenesis, PEP is formed from the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis of 1 guanosine triphosphate molecule. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia).
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Cytidine diphosphate, abbreviated CDP, and also known as 5'-CDP, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphates. These are pyrimidine ribonucleotides with diphosphate group linked to the ribose moiety. It is a cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. CDP exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, CDP is involved in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Outside of the human body, CDP has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as carobs, mexican oregano, evergreen huckleberries, green vegetables, and pepper (Capsicum baccatum).
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
cis-Aconitic acid is an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle produced by the dehydration of citric acid. The enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase; EC 4.2.1.3) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
2-Aminobenzoic acid, also known as anthranilic acid or O-aminobenzoate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzoic acids. These are benzoic acids containing an amine group attached to the benzene moiety. Within humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 2-aminobenzoic acid and formic acid can be biosynthesized from formylanthranilic acid through its interaction with the enzyme kynurenine formamidase. In addition, 2-aminobenzoic acid and L-alanine can be biosynthesized from L-kynurenine through its interaction with the enzyme kynureninase. It is a substrate of enzyme 2-Aminobenzoic acid hydroxylase in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation pathway (KEGG). In humans, 2-aminobenzoic acid is involved in tryptophan metabolism. Outside of the human body, 2-Aminobenzoic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as mamey sapotes, prairie turnips, rowals, natal plums, and hyacinth beans. This could make 2-aminobenzoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 2-Aminobenzoic acid is a is a tryptophan-derived uremic toxin with multidirectional properties that can affect the hemostatic system. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Chronic exposure of uremic toxins can lead to a number of conditions including renal damage, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma.
Glucose 1-phosphate (also called cori ester) is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1'-carbon. It can exist in either the α- or β-anomeric form. Glucose 1-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. Glucose 1-phosphate is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. It cannot travel down many metabolic pathways and must be interconverted by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in order to become glucose 6-phosphate. Free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase.
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Ribitol is a pentose alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. It occurs naturally in plants as well as in the cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria. Ribitol forms part of the chemical structure of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide (FMN). It is also a metabolic end product formed by the reduction of ribose in human fibroblasts and erythrocytes. In this regard ribitol is found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. Ribitol is a normal constituent of human urine (PMID: 2736321). Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with transaldolase deficiency (PMID: 11283793). Transaldolase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).  Elevated levels of ribitol in the serum or urine can be found in patients with Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency (PMID: 14988808).  Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an important enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Export of ribitol across the cell membrane indicates that can be cleared from the body without metabolic conversion (PMID 15234337). Ribitol is normally absent in Breast milk (PMID 16456418).
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid (AABA), also known as alpha-aminobutyrate, (R)-2-aminobutanoic acid or D-homoalanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as D-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the D-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid is an optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and a non-proteinogenic amino acid. Alpha-aminobutyric acid is one of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid. The two others are the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA) which is known for inducing plant disease resistance. Optically active organic compounds found in meteorites typically exist in racemic form, yet life on Earth has almost exclusively selected for L- over D-enantiomers of amino acids. D-enantiomers of non-proteinogenic amino acids are known to inhibit aerobic microorganisms. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid has been shown to inhibit microbial iron reduction by a number of Geobacter strains including Geobacter bemidjiensis, Geobacter metallireducens and Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus (PMID: 25695622). D-alpha-Aminobutyric acid is a known substrate of D-amino acid oxidase (PMID: 6127341).
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is found to be associated with transaldolase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate has been identified in the human placenta (PMID: 32033212).
Tyramine is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase. In foods, it is often produced by the decarboxylation of tyrosine during fermentation or decay. Foods containing considerable amounts of tyramine include fish, chocolate, alcoholic beverages, cheese, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and processed meat. A large dietary intake of tyramine can cause an increase in systolic blood pressure of 30 mmHg or more. Tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter via a G protein-coupled receptor with high affinity for tyramine called TA1. The TA1 receptor is found in the brain as well as peripheral tissues including the kidney. An indirect sympathomimetic, Tyramine can also serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine is a biomarker for the consumption of cheese
Hypotaurine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfinic acids. Sulfinic acids are compounds containing a sulfinic acid functional group, with the general structure RS(=O)OH (R = organyl, not H). Hypotaurine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, hypotaurine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from cysteamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase. In addition, hypotaurine can be biosynthesized from 3-sulfinoalanine through its interaction with the enzyme cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. In humans, hypotaurine is involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547).
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism. Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH. NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration. NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). NADP is formed through the addition of a phosphate group to the 2' position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Cytosine, also known as C, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidones. Pyrimidones are compounds that contain a pyrimidine ring, which bears a ketone. Pyrimidine is a 6-membered ring consisting of four carbon atoms and two nitrogen centers at the 1- and 3- ring positions. Cytosine is also classified as a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine. In Watson-Crick base pairing, cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine. Cytosine was discovered and named by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann in 1894 when it was hydrolyzed from calf thymus tissues. Cytosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Within cells, cytosine can undergo several enzymatic reactions. It can be methylated into 5-methylcytosine by an enzyme called DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) or be methylated and hydroxylated to make 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) family of enzymes transfer a methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to the 5‚Äô carbon of cytosine in a molecule of DNA. High levels of cytosine can be found in the urine of individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID). Cytosine concentrations as high as (23-160 mmol/mol creatinine) were detected in SCID patients compared to normal levels of <2 mmol/mol creatinine (PMID: 262183).
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism. FAD, also known as adeflavin or flamitajin b, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides. These are nucleotides containing a flavin moiety. Flavin is a compound that contains the tricyclic isoalloxazine ring system, which bears 2 oxo groups at the 2- and 4-positions. FAD is a drug which is used to treat eye diseases caused by vitamin b2 deficiency, such as keratitis and blepharitis. FAD exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. In humans, FAD is involved in the metabolic disorder called the medium chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (mcad) pathway. Outside of the human body, FAD has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as other bread, passion fruits, asparagus, kelps, and green bell peppers. It is a flavoprotein in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.
Nadp+, also known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate or nadp, is a member of the class of compounds known as (5'->5')-dinucleotides (5'->5')-dinucleotides are dinucleotides where the two bases are connected via a (5'->5')-phosphodiester linkage. Nadp+ is slightly soluble (in water) and an extremely strong acidic compound (based on its pKa). Nadp+ can be found in a number of food items such as small-leaf linden, redcurrant, root vegetables, and fenugreek, which makes nadp+ a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Nadp+ can be found primarily in blood, as well as throughout all human tissues. Nadp+ exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, nadp+ is involved in several metabolic pathways, some of which include folate malabsorption, hereditary, carprofen action pathway, valdecoxib action pathway, and glutathione metabolism. Nadp+ is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include monoamine oxidase-a deficiency (MAO-A), apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, hyperprolinemia type I, and hyperphenylalaninemia due to dhpr-deficiency. Moreover, nadp+ is found to be associated with pellagra. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP+ or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent .
Homoserine is a more reactive variant of the amino acid serine. In this variant, the hydroxyl side chain contains an additional CH2 group which brings the hydroxyl group closer to its own carboxyl group, allowing it to chemically react to form a five-membered ring. This occurs at the point that amino acids normally join to their neighbours in a peptide bond. Homoserine is therefore unsuitable for forming proteins and has been eliminated from the repertoire of amino acids used by living things. Homoserine is the final product on the C-terminal end of the N-terminal fragment following a cyanogen bromide cleavage. (wikipedia). Homoserine is also a microbial metabolite.
6-Phosphogluconic acid, also known as 6-phospho-D-gluconate or gluconic acid-6-phosphate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as monosaccharide phosphates. These are monosaccharides comprising a phosphated group linked to the carbohydrate unit. 6-Phosphogluconic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be biosynthesized from gluconolactone; which is mediated by the enzyme 6-phosphogluconolactonase. In addition, 6-phosphogluconic acid can be converted into D-ribulose 5-phosphate through the action of the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating. In humans, 6-phosphogluconic acid is involved in the metabolic disorder called the transaldolase deficiency pathway. Outside of the human body, 6-Phosphogluconic acid has been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as cascade huckleberries, common chokecherries, half-highbush blueberries, american cranberries, and okra.
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. cAMP is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. In humans and other mammals it is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon and ACTH. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the inner side of cell membranes. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the hormones glucagon and adrenaline and by G protein. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. cAMP is primarily used for intracellular signal transduction, such as transferring into cells the effects of hormones like glucagon and adrenaline, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. cAMP is also involved in the activation of protein kinases. In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide‚Äìgated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated cation channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. HCN channels are sometimes referred to as pacemaker channels because they help to generate rhythmic activity within groups of heart and brain cells.
NAD (or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is used extensively in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration. The reducing potential stored in NADH can be either converted into ATP through the electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism. ATP "energy" is necessary for an organism to live. Green plants obtain ATP through photosynthesis, while other organisms obtain it via cellular respiration (Wikipedia). NAD is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by a pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) (Dorland, 27th ed).
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
Adenosine monophosphate, also known as 5'-adenylic acid and abbreviated AMP, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. AMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. AMP can be produced during ATP synthesis by the enzyme adenylate kinase. AMP has recently been approved as a 'Bitter Blocker' additive to foodstuffs. When AMP is added to bitter foods or foods with a bitter aftertaste it makes them seem 'sweeter'. This potentially makes lower calorie food products more palatable.
S-Adenosylmethionine (CAS: 29908-03-0), also known as SAM or AdoMet, is a physiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in the treatment of chronic liver disease (From Merck, 11th ed). S-Adenosylmethionine is a natural substance present in the cells of the body. It plays a crucial biochemical role by donating a one-carbon methyl group in a process called transmethylation. S-Adenosylmethionine, formed from the reaction of L-methionine and adenosine triphosphate catalyzed by the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, is the methyl-group donor in the biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, epinephrine, melatonin, creatine, and other molecules.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS brevifolia. It stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form leading to cell death. [PubChem] ABI-007 (Abraxane) is the latest attempt to improve upon paclitaxel, one of the leading chemotherapy treatments. Both drugs contain the same active agent, but Abraxane is delivered by a nanoparticle technology that binds to albumin, a natural protein, rather than the toxic solvent known as Cremophor. It is thought that delivering paclitaxel with this technology will cause fewer hypersensitivity reactions and possibly lead to greater drug uptake in tumors.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Apiin is found in celery leaves. Apiin is a constituent of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and of the flowers of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). First isolated in 1843 Apiin is a chemical compound isolated from parsley and celery
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Rutin is a flavonoid known to have a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties. A large number of flavonoids, mostly O-glycosides, are polyphenolic compounds of natural origin that are present in most fruits and vegetables. The average intake of the compounds by humans on a normal diet is more than 1 g per day. Although flavonoids are devoid of classical nutritional value, they are increasingly viewed as beneficial dietary components that act as potential protectors against human diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancers, and inflammatory bowel disease. Rutin acts as a quercetin deliverer to the large intestine; moreover, quercetin is extensively metabolized in the large intestine, which suggests that quercetin liberated from rutin and/or its colonic metabolites may play a role. Rutin's anti-inflammatory actions are mediated through a molecular mechanism that underlies the quercetin-mediated therapeutic effects: quercetin-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activation. TNF-alpha-induced NFkB activity plays a central role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in progression of gut inflammation. (PMID:16132362).
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Rutin is a flavonoid known to have a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties. A large number of flavonoids, mostly O-glycosides, are polyphenolic compounds of natural origin that are present in most fruits and vegetables. The average intake of the compounds by humans on a normal diet is more than 1 g per day. Although flavonoids are devoid of classical nutritional value, they are increasingly viewed as beneficial dietary components that act as potential protectors against human diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancers, and inflammatory bowel disease. Rutin acts as a quercetin deliverer to the large intestine; moreover, quercetin is extensively metabolized in the large intestine, which suggests that quercetin liberated from rutin and/or its colonic metabolites may play a role. Rutin's anti-inflammatory actions are mediated through a molecular mechanism that underlies the quercetin-mediated therapeutic effects: quercetin-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activation. TNF-alpha-induced NFkB activity plays a central role in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in progression of gut inflammation. (PMID:16132362).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Kaempferitrin is found in linden. Kaempferitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the leaves of Hedyotis verticillata.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [PubChem]
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [PubChem]
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Harmine is found in fruits. Harmine is an alkaloid from Passiflora edulis (passionfruit
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Kaempferitrin is found in linden. Kaempferitrin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from the leaves of Hedyotis verticillata.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Umbelliferone is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
cis-Zearalenone is a metabolite of Fusarium species.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Yohimbine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [PubChem]Yohimbine is a pre-synaptic alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agent. The exact mechanism for its use in impotence has not been fully elucidated. However, yohimbine may exert its beneficial effect on erectile ability through blockade of central alpha 2-adrenergic receptors producing an increase in sympathetic drive secondary to an increase in norepinephrine release and in firing rate of cells in the brain noradrenergic nuclei. Yohimbine-mediated norepinephrine release at the level of the corporeal tissues may also be involved. In addition, beneficial effects may involve other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin and cholinergic receptors.
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Anabasine is a pyridine and piperidine alkaloid found in the Tree Tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of the common tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). It is a structural isomer of, and chemically similar to, nicotine. Its principal (historical) industrial use is as an insecticide. Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and Cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Anabasine is an unstable yellow liquid which is succeptable to light, heat and moisture. It's decomposition products include Nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases and carbon dioxide.
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Gibberellin a4 is a member of the class of compounds known as c19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids. C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids are c19-gibberellins with a carboxyl group at the 6-position. Gibberellin a4 is slightly soluble (in water) and a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Gibberellin a4 can be found in a number of food items such as passion fruit, dandelion, mamey sapote, and vanilla, which makes gibberellin a4 a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Kaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is considered to be a flavonoid molecule. A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. Kaempferol is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as saffrons, capers, and cumins and in a lower concentration in lovages, endives, and cloves. Kaempferol has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as shallots, pine nuts, feijoa, kombus, and chicory leaves. This could make kaempferol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Kaempferol is a potentially toxic compound.
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [PubChem]
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Gingerol, a plant polyphenol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger. Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness. It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Apiin is found in celery leaves. Apiin is a constituent of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and of the flowers of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). First isolated in 1843 Apiin is a chemical compound isolated from parsley and celery
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
(S)-Isocorydine is found in cherimoya. (S)-Isocorydine is an alkaloid from Peumus boldus (boldo
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Formononetin are abundant in vegetables. It is a phyto-oestrogen that is a polyphenolic non-steroidal plant compound with oestrogen-like biological activity (PMID: 16108819). It can be the source of considerable estrogenic activity (http://www.herbalchem.net/Intermediate.htm).
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Apiin is found in celery leaves. Apiin is a constituent of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and of the flowers of Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile). First isolated in 1843 Apiin is a chemical compound isolated from parsley and celery
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
7-acetyllycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). 7-acetyllycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes 7-acetyllycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
Cortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver into the active metabolite cortisol. Cortisone is a corticosteroid hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. One of cortisone's effects on the body, and a potentially harmful side effect when administered clinically, is the suppression of the immune system. This is an explanation for the apparent correlation between high stress and sickness.
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Daidzein is one of several known isoflavones. Isoflavones compounds are found in a number of plants, but soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein are the primary food source. Up until recently, daidzein was considered to be one of the most important and most studied isoflavones, however more recently attention has shifted to isoflavone metabolites. Equol represents the main active product of daidzein metabolism, produced via specific microflora in the gut. The clinical effectiveness of soy isoflavones may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic metabolite, equol, which may enhance the actions of soy isoflavones, owing to its greater affinity for estrogen receptors, unique antiandrogenic properties, and superior antioxidant activity. However, not all individuals consuming daidzein produce equol. Only approximately one-third to one-half of the population is able to metabolize daidzein to equol. This high variability in equol production is presumably attributable to interindividual differences in the composition of the intestinal microflora, which may play an important role in the mechanisms of action of isoflavones. But, the specific bacterial species in the colon involved in the production of equol are yet to be discovered. (PMID:18045128, 17579894). Daidzein is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Piperine, also known as fema 2909, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alkaloids and derivatives. These are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Piperine is a pepper tasting compound. Piperine is found in the highest concentration within pepper (Piper nigrum) and many other Piper species. Piperine has also been detected, but not quantified, in dills and herbs and spices.  Piperine is responsible for the hot taste of pepper. Piperine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Deglutition Disorders. It is used to impart pungent taste to brandy.
Adenine is a purine base. Adenine is found in both DNA and RNA. Adenine is a fundamental component of adenine nucleotides. Adenine forms adenosine, a nucleoside, when attached to ribose, and deoxyadenosine when attached to deoxyribose; it forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide, when three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical reactions. Purine inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are serious hereditary disorders, which should be suspected in any case of neonatal fitting, failure to thrive, recurrent infections, neurological deficit, renal disease, self-mutilation and other manifestations. Investigation usually starts with uric acid (UA) determination in urine and plasma. (OMIM 300322, 229600, 603027, 232400, 232600, 232800, 201450, 220150, 232200, 162000, 164050, 278300). (PMID: 17052198, 17520339).
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Zeatin belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 6-alkylaminopurines. 6-Alkylaminopurines are compounds that contain an alkylamine group attached at the 6-position of a purine. Purine is a bicyclic aromatic compound made up of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Zeatin is a cytokinin (plant growth hormone) derived from the purine adenine, which occurs in the form of a cis- and a trans-isomer and conjugates. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin has also been detected, but not quantified in several different foods, such as figs, rowanberries, red raspberries, garlic, and tree ferns. Zeatin has also been shown to promote the resistance of tobacco against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, in which trans-zeatin has a more prominent effect than cis-zeatin. Zeatin has several anti-ageing effects on human skin fibroblasts. It promotes the growth of lateral buds and, when sprayed on meristems, stimulates cell division to produce bushier plants. Zeatin and its derivatives occur in many plant extracts and are the active ingredient in coconut milk, which causes plant growth.
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [PubChem].
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
Imperatorin is found in anise. Imperatorin is present in Aegle marmelos (bael fruit) and seeds of Pastinaca sativa (parsnip).Imperatorin is a furocoumarin and a phytochemical that has been isolated from Urena lobata L. (Malvaceae). It is biosynthesized from umbelliferone, a coumarin derivative
Psoralen, also known as psoralene, ficusin or manaderm, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as psoralens. These are organic compounds containing a psoralen moiety, which consists of a furan fused to a chromenone to for 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one. Psoralen is the parent compound in a family of naturally occurring organic compounds known as the linear furanocoumarins. Psoralen is structurally related to coumarin by the addition of a fused furan ring and is considered as a derivative of umbelliferone. Biosynthetically, psoralen originates from coumarins in the shikimate pathway. Psoralen is produced exclusively by plants but can be found in animals that consume these plants. Psoralen can be found in several plant sources with Ficus carica (the common fig) being probably the most abundant source of psoralens. They are also found in small quantities in Ammi visnaga (bisnaga), Pastinaca sativa (parsnip), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Levisticum officinale (lovage), Foeniculum vulgare (fruit, i.e., Fennel seeds), Daucus carota (carrot), Psoralea corylifolia (babchi), Apium graveolens (celery), and bergamot oil (bergapten, bergamottin). Psoralen is found in all citrus fruits. Psoralen is a well-known mutagen and is used for this purpose in molecular biology research. Psoralen intercalates into DNA and on exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) radiation can form monoadducts and covalent inter-strand cross-links (ICL) with thymines in the DNA molecule. Psoralen also functions as a drug. An important use of psoralen is in the treatment for skin problems such as psoriasis and, to a lesser extent, eczema and vitiligo. This treatment takes advantage of the high UV absorbance of psoralen. In treating these skin conditions psoralen is applied first to sensitise the skin, then UVA light is applied to clean up the skin problem. Psoralen has also been recommended for treating alopecia.
Lycopsamine, also known as indicine or 9-viridiflorylretronecine, belongs to alkaloids and derivatives class of compounds. Those are naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic propertiesand is also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and more rarely other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Lycopsamine is soluble (in water) and a very weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Lycopsamine can be found in borage, which makes lycopsamine a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food product.
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [PubChem]
2'-O-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue. 2'-O-Methyladenosine is a naturally occurring 2'-O-methylpurine nucleoside with long lasting hypotensive properties; resistance of 2'-O-methyladenosine against adenosine deaminase is thought to contribute to prolonged activity. 2'-O-Methyladenosine occurs in human fluids, and they increase in urines of untreated adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients (OMIM 608958). (PMID: 9539952, 6980397).
(S)-2-Propylpiperidine is found in black elderberry. (S)-2-Propylpiperidine is an alkaloid of Amorphophalus rivieri (devil's tongue
Hepatotoxin. Causative agent of much seneciosis, e.g. accidental poisoning by S. by weed residues in bread, and characterised by venoocculosive diseas
Pilocarpine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [PubChem]Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent. It increase secretion by the exocrine glands, and produces contraction of the iris sphincter muscle and ciliary muscle (when given topically to the eyes) by mainly stimulating muscarinic receptors.
Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae (nightshades), such as henbane or jimson weed (Datura species). It is part of the secondary metabolites of plants. Scopolamine is used criminally as a date rape drug and as an aid to robbery, the most common act being the clandestine drugging of a victim's drink. It is preferred because it induces retrograde amnesia, or an inability to recall events prior to its administration. Victims of this crime are often admitted to a hospital in police custody, under the assumption that the patient is experiencing a psychotic episode. A telltale sign is a fever accompanied by a lack of sweat. An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Hordenine is a potent phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactacea. The major source of hordenine in humans is beer brewed from barley. Hordenine in urine interferes with tests for morphine, heroin and other opioid drugs. Hordenine is a biomarker for the consumption of beer
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Colchicine is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [PubChem]The precise mechanism of action has not been completely established. In patients with gout, colchicine apparently interrupts the cycle of monosodium urate crystal deposition in joint tissues and the resultant inflammatory response that initiates and sustains an acute attack. Colchicine decreases leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis and inhibits the formation and release of a chemotactic glycoprotein that is produced during phagocytosis of urate crystals. Colchicine also inhibits urate crystal deposition, which is enhanced by a low pH in the tissues, probably by inhibiting oxidation of glucose and subsequent lactic acid production in leukocytes. Colchicine has no analgesic or antihyperuricemic activity. Colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly in various cells, including leukocytes, probably by binding to and interfering with polymerization of the microtubule subunit tubulin. Although some studies have found that this action probably does not contribute significantly to colchicine's antigout action, a recent in vitro study has shown that it may be at least partially involved.
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).
Protopine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid occurring in opium poppies and other plants of the family papaveraceae. It has been found to inhibit histamine H1 receptors and platelet aggregation, and acts as an opioid analgesic.
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
(+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is found in root vegetables. (+)-4,11-Eudesmadien-3-one is a constituent of Cyperus rotundus (nutgrass).
(-)-Epigallocatechin is found in almond. (-)-Epigallocatechin is widespread in plants; broad beans are an especially good source; present in green and black tea. Potential nutriceutica
3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is found in fruits. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is a flavouring ingredient. 3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one is present in cranberries (Vaccinium microcarpa) and saffron (Crocus sativus
3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole, also known as donaxin or (1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)dimethylamine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-alkylindoles. 3-alkylindoles are compounds containing an indole moiety that carries an alkyl chain at the 3-position. An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. 3-(Dimethylaminomethyl)indole has been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as barley, brassicas, cereals and cereal products, common wheats, and lupines. This could make 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin of Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium species Sterigmatocystin is a poison of the type dermatoxin, from the fungi genus Aspergillus. It appears on crusts of cheese with mold. Sterigmatocystin is a toxic metabolite structurally closely related to the aflatoxins (compare general fact sheet number 2), and consists of a xanthone nucleus attached to a bifuran structure. Sterigmatocystin is mainly produced by the fungi Aspergillus nidulans and A. versicolor. It has been reported in mouldy grain, green coffee beans and cheese although information on its occurrence in foods is limited. It appears to occur much less frequently than the aflatoxins, although analytical methods for its determination have not been as sensitive until recently, and so it is possible that small concentrations in food commodities may not always have been detected. Although it is a potent liver carcinogen similar to aflatoxin B1, current knowledge suggests that it is nowhere near as widespread in its occurrence. If this is the true situation it would be justified to consider sterigmatocystin as no more than a risk to consumers in special or unusual circumstances. Sterigmatocystin is a number of closely related compounds such o-methyl sterigmatocystin are known and some may also occur naturally. The IARC-classification of sterigmatocystin is group 2B, which means it is possibly carcinogenic to humans. In practice, the risk is quite low however, because this substance only appears on cheese crusts with mold, and because of that the chance of daily exposure is very low. Sterigmatocystin is a molded crust is best not to be consumed in whole, but after removing the crust, the cheese can still be consumed. Sterigmatocystin is a different kind of mold than that which appears on cheese itself, which can simply be removed before further consumption
Hyoscyamine is a chemical compound, a tropane alkaloid it is the levo-isomer to atropine. It is a secondary metabolite of some plants, particularly henbane (Hyoscamus niger.). Hyoscyamine is used to provide symptomatic relief to various gastrointestinal disorders including spasms, peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, pancreatitis, colic and cystitis. It has also been used to relieve some heart problems, control some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, as well as for control of respiratory secretions in end of life care.
Bergapten, also known as O-methylbergaptol or heraclin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 5-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C5 position of the psoralen group. Bergapten is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as anises, figs, and parsnips and in a lower concentration in carrots, fennels, and celery stalks. Bergapten has also been detected, but not quantified, in several different foods, such as coconuts, pepper (c. frutescens), corianders, sesbania flowers, and cardamoms. This could make bergapten a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It is also found in rose hip, sweet marjoram, greenthread tea, and tartary buckwheat. Bergapten is a potentially toxic compound. Bergapten is a major constituent of bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia). Present in celery, especially the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Bergapten was under investigation in clinical trial NCT00533195 "Comparison of UVA1 Phototherapy Versus Photochemotherapy for Patients With Severe Generalized Atopic Dermatitis".
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Coniferaldehyde (CAS: 458-36-6), also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde or ferulaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety. Coniferaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, coniferaldehyde is found, on average, in the highest concentration within sherries. Coniferaldehyde has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as highbush blueberries, lima beans, Chinese cabbages, loquats, and greenthread tea. This could make coniferaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. BioTransformer predicts that coniferaldehyde is a product of caffeic aldehyde metabolism via a catechol-O-methylation-pattern2 reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catechol O-methyltransferase (PMID: 30612223).
1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in green vegetables. 1-Phenyl-1-pentanone is found in celer
Tomatidine is the aglycone derivative of tomatine. Tomatidine belongs to the chemical family known as Spirosolanes and Derivatives. These are steroidal alkaloids whose structure contains a spirosolane skeleton. Tomatine (the glycosylated form of tomatidine) is a mildly toxic glycoalkaloid or glycospirosolane found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants as well as in the fruit of unripened (green) tomatoes (up to 500 mg/kg).  Red, ripe tomatoes have somewhat reduced amounts of tomatine and tomatidine.  Both tomatine and tomatidine possess antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Tomatidine has been shown to exhibit anti-virulence activity against normal strains of Staphylococcus aureus as well as the ability to potentiate the effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics (PMID: 24877760).  Recent studies have shown that tomatidine stimulates mTORC1 signaling and anabolism, leading to accumulation of protein and mitochondria, and ultimately, cell growth. Furthermore, in mice, tomatidine has been shown to increase skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling, reduce skeletal muscle atrophy, enhance recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy, stimulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and increase strength and exercise capacity (PMID: 24719321).  Tomatidine has also been shown to significantly inhibit cholesterol ester accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibits cholesterol ester formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. The oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduces levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and the size of atherosclerotic lesions (PMID: 22224814).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Citrinin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are found or used in the production of human foods, such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. Citrinin has also been found in commercial red yeast rice supplements, and also in Aspergillus niveus and Aspergillus terreus (Hugo Vanden Bossche, D.W.R. Mackenzie and G. Cauwenbergh. Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, 1987).
Benzylideneacetone is a flavouring ingredient. Benzylideneacetone is present in hydrolysed soy protei
Matairesinol belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans. These are lignan compounds containing a 3,4-dibenzyloxolan-2-one moiety. Matairesinol is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, matairesinol is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods such as sesame, burdocks, and flaxseeds, and in a lower concentration in oats, asparagus, and poppies. Matairesinol has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as silver lindens, tamarinds, cherry tomato, skunk currants, and fireweeds. This could make matairesinol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Matairesinol is composed of gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).